The term "ideology" was introduced in France at the end of the 18th century by A. Destut de Tracy, who, together with Etienne de Condillac, tried to create a science of the general principles of the formation of ideas and the basis of human knowledge. Being a follower of the sensationalistic epistemology of J. Locke, de Tracy introduced this term to designate the doctrine of ideas, understood by him as the doctrine of the general laws of the origin of ideas from the content of sensory experience. This doctrine was to act as the basic principles for guidance both in science and in social life. Therefore, Destut de Tracy saw in ideology a system of knowledge of the fundamental principles of morality, politics, and law.

Destut de Tracy and Condillac tried to influence the policies pursued by Napoleon, who was in power, who considered that they were trying to replace political reality with abstract statements, and reacted negatively to the proposals put forward. With the light hand of a great historical figure, the word "ideology" acquired a derogatory meaning, which has stuck with him up to the present time. Due to the fact that the project of de Tracy and Condillac was rejected by Napoleon, the concept of ideology was forgotten for some time.

[Edit] Marx and the Marxist tradition

The concept of ideology received a second birth thanks to K. Marx. Ideology according to K. Marx is a superstructure that depends on the basis (relations of production) [ not in source] - it expresses the specific interests of a certain class, presented as the interests of the whole society through a false consciousness, in particular commodity fetishism.

Then the concept of ideology became one of the central ones in the Marxist tradition and was developed by Antonio Gramsci, Louis Althusser and others. Lukács proposes to see ideology as a projection of class consciousness; Gramsci uses the notion of cultural hegemony to designate ideology.

Ideology according to Zizek:

…ideology. This is not a ghostly illusion that we erect to hide from an unbearable reality, it is in its very essence fantasy construction, which serves as a support for our "reality": an "illusion" that structures our concrete, real social relations and, in addition, masking the unbearable, real, incomprehensible essence(what Ernesto Laclos and Chantal Mouffe call "antagonism", that is, a traumatic social subdivision that cannot be symbolized).

Function of ideology is not to offer us a way to escape reality, but to present social reality itself as a shelter from some traumatic, real essence .

[Edit] Other definitions

There are a fairly large number of definitions of ideology, which differ, in particular, in their assessment of the phenomenon they designate.

Ideology according to K. Mannheim is a distorted reflection of social reality, expressing the interests of certain groups or classes seeking to preserve the existing order of things; opposed to utopia.

Ideology according to Roland Barthes is a modern metalinguistic myth, a connotative system that ascribes indirect meanings to objects and socializes them.

With all further changes in the direct meaning of this term, the semantic shades of the original content of the concept of "ideology" are as follows:

be a theoretical generalization of the original sensory representations;

be the most essential component of available knowledge;

in this regard, to play the role of initial principles for practical activities.

Theodor Adorno, Clifford Geertz, Henri Lefebvre, Max Horkheimer, Alexander Zinoviev and a number of other representatives of the social and human sciences also contributed to the development of the concept of ideology.

Destut de Tracy (Destutt de Tracy)

Antoine Louis Claude (July 20, 1754, Paris - March 10, 1836, ibid.), French bourgeois politician, philosopher, economist, one of early representatives vulgar school of bourgeois political economy. Born into a noble noble family. As a deputy from the nobility, he was a member of the Constituent Assembly (1789-91); monarchist, after the overthrow of the monarchy in France (August 10, 1792) emigrated. Under the Directory, he was a member of the Committee of Public Education; under Napoleon - a senator; after the restoration of the Bourbons, he was raised to the peerage.

According to his philosophical views D. de T. eclectic. He was influenced by the sensationalism of Condillac and the physiological ideas of Cabanis (he was on friendly terms with both philosophers). The main works are "Elements of Ideology", vols. 1-4, (1801-15). Here are the philosophical, ethical and economic views of D. de T. Moral, according to D. de T., is subjective, there is no objective criterion for good and evil, because each person has desires that correspond to his needs. A supporter of state non-intervention in economic life. He considered the class of capitalists, especially industrial ones, as the only productive socially useful class, enabling workers to earn a living. Marx characterized the views of D. de T. as an example of confused and pretentious thoughtlessness.

Works: Elements d "ideologie, P., 1817-1818; Traité d" économie politique, P., 1823.

Lit.: K. Marx, Theories of Surplus Value (Volume IV of Capital), K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 26, part 1, p. 262-75, 278, 343; Stepanowa V., Destutt de Tracy, Z., 1908 (Diss.).

Big soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Destut de Tracy" is in other dictionaries:

Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude Destutt De Tracy Destutt de Tracy Birth name: Antoine Louis Claude Destutt De Tracy Date of birth: July 20, 1754 ... Wikipedia

- (Destutt de Tracy) Antoine Louis Claude, Count (born July 20, 1754, Paris - died March 10, 1836, Pare leFrazy) - French. philosopher, economist. Developed the doctrine of Condillac in natural history spirit, so-called. ideology; at the forefront of his theory of knowledge, he ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

- (Antoine Louis Claude, Count of Destutt de Tracy, 1754 1836) French philosopher. When the French Revolution broke out, he was an infantry colonel and a deputy from the nobility in the States General. On August 10, 1792, he emigrated with his friend and ... ...

Destutt de Tracy Destutt de Tracy Birth name: Antoine Louis Claude Destutt de Tracy Date of birth: July 20, 1754 (... Wikipedia

Destutt de Tracy Antoine Louis Claude (1754-1836) French philosopher and economist. He was influenced by E. Condillac and P. Cabanis. Considered industrial capitalists the only productive workers... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Destutt de Tracy Antoine Louis Claude (July 20, 1754, Paris - March 10, 1836, ibid.), French bourgeois politician, philosopher, economist, one of the earliest representatives of the vulgar school of bourgeois political economy. Was born… … Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (Destutt de Tracy) (1754 1836), French philosopher and economist. He was influenced by E. Condillac and P. Cabanis. He considered industrial capitalists the only productive workers. * * * DESTUT DE TRACY Antoine Louis Claude DESTUT DE… … encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Count Destutt de Tracy, 1754 1836) French. philosopher. When the French broke out. revolution, was an infantry colonel and a deputy from the nobility in the States General. Aug 10 1792 emigrated with his friend and like-minded Lafayette, but ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

DESTUT DE TRACY (Antoine Louis, Count)- French philosopher and politician (Paris, 1754 ibid., 1836). He was a deputy from the nobility in the Estates General, a peer of France during the Restoration. His sensationalist philosophy, set forth in The Elements of Ideology (1801), for the first time sheds ... ... Philosophical Dictionary

The concept introduced in the beginning. 19th century A.L.K. Destutom de Tracy to designate a science whose subject should be the universal laws of the formation of ideas. I. as a science of the universal and unchanging laws of the formation of ideas, their transformation, influence on life ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

Books

• Foundations of Ideology, Antoine Destut de Tracy. The French dictionary `Robert` dates the first use of the word `ideology` in 1796, and the word `ideologist` was first spoken in 1800. The first to use the term `ideology` was Count Destut ds ...
• Fundamentals of ideology. Ideology in the proper sense of the word, Destut de Tracy Antoine-Louis-Claude. The French dictionary "Robert" dates the first use of the word "ideology" in 1796, and the word "ideologist" was first spoken in 1800. The first to use the term "ideology" was Count Despot de ...

Antoine-Louis-Claude Destutt, Comte de Tracy (fr. Antoine-Louis-Claude Destutt, comte de Tracy, July 20, 1754, Paris-le-Fresil in Bourbonne - March 9, 1836, Paris) - French philosopher, economist, political and public figure, leader of the "ideologists" movement, creator of the word "ideology".

Born in Bourbonne in a family of Scottish aristocrats who moved to France in the 15th century. He served in the army, emigrated in 1792, but then returned to France and was arrested. Was released after the fall of Robespierre. In 1796, with the founding of the National Institute of Sciences and Arts, he became a member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences that became part of it. Under Napoleon he was appointed senator; at first he accepted the rule of Napoleon with enthusiasm, but then he became disillusioned and, together with like-minded people, formed an opposition to the regime. In turn, Napoleon began to count the so-called. "ideologists" the main subversive force in the state. In 1799 Destut de Tracy, together with Cabanis, became a member of the Committee of Public Education. Since 1808 a member of the French Academy. During the restoration of the monarchy, he became a peer of France.

Destutt de Tracy belonged, like Cabanis, to the "ideologists" (les idéologues) - a philosophical school that united the followers of Locke and Condillac and became a connecting thread between the philosophy of the 18th century and the and positivism. Destuta de Tracy's ideas are set forth in Elements of Ideology (Eléments d'idéologie, 1801-1815). In this essay, written in connection with the task of reorganizing the education system, the significance of ideology (in the broad sense) was substantiated as a system of ideas designed to restore the unity of the sciences. In the first part of this work, Ideology as such (Idéologie proprement dite, 1801), ideology is treated as the science of ideas.

In the second part of the work, General Grammar (Grammaire générale, 1803), the doctrine of the signs by which ideas are expressed is set forth; here the elements of speech and the forms of their connection are investigated. The third part, Logic (Logique, 1805), is devoted to the substantiation of the analytical and synthetic methods of cognition. Finally, in the Treatise on the will and its effects (Traité de la volonté et de ses effets, 1815) we are talking about the problems of morality; here the origin of human desires and their correspondence or inconsistency with the true aims of life are examined.

Other works by Destut de Tracy include: Memoire on the Faculty of Thinking (Mémoire sur la faculté de penser, 1798); Principles of Logic, or Collection of Facts Relating to the Human Mind (1817).

Destut de Tracy had a significant influence on T. Jefferson, with whom he corresponded intensively for twenty years (1806-1826) and who translated into English language and published two of his books - Commentary on the Spirit of the Laws of Montesquieu (Commentaire sur l'esprit des lois de Montesquieu) and a Treatise on Political Economy (Traité d'economie politique, 1818).

Books (1)

Fundamentals of ideology

The French dictionary "Robert" dates the first use of the word "ideology" in 1796, and the word "ideologist" was first spoken in 1800. The first to use the term "ideology" was Count Destut de Tracy. He clarified it on June 20, 1796, in a report "Project of Ideology", read at the National Institute of Sciences and Arts, and then in the book "Fundamentals of Ideology".

Destutt de Tracy belonged to the "ideologists" - a philosophical school that united the followers of Locke and Condillac and became a connecting thread between the philosophy of the XVIII century. and positivism. The ideas of Destut de Tracy are set forth in the work "Fundamentals of Ideology". In this essay, written in connection with the task of reorganizing the education system, the significance of ideology (in the broad sense) was substantiated as a system of ideas designed to restore the unity of the sciences.

In the work, ideology is considered as the science of ideas. The science of ideology is an analysis of human abilities based on the concept of Condillac. Destut de Tracy identifies four human abilities involved in the formation of ideas: feelings, memory, judgment, will.

Destut de Tracy(Antoine Louis Claude, Count of Destutt de Tracy, 1754-1836) was a French philosopher. When the French Revolution broke out, he was an infantry colonel and a deputy from the nobility in the States General. On August 10, 1792, he emigrated with his friend and associate Lafayette, but soon returned and on November 2, 1793 was arrested. Only the fall of Robespierre brought him freedom. Under Napoleon he was a senator, and during the restoration of the Bourbons in 1814 he was raised to the peerage. From the very foundation of the National Institute he was a member of it. One of the best French metaphysicians, D. sought to mitigate sensationalism, partly leaning towards the materialism of Cabanis. Proceeding from the position that a simple sensory sensation cannot give an idea of ​​the existence of things outside of us, D. tried to explain this idea and in this sense transformed the teachings of Condillac. He accepts that only voluntary movement teaches us the existence of external objects. The connection between the inner and outer worlds, on the one hand, is action, which is the object of desire and sensation, on the other hand, opposition. The same sentient force cannot want and at the same time resist itself. Matter, which would not counteract, could not be known. A being that does not make movements, or, although it does, but does not feel them, would know nothing but itself. D's work: "Elements d" idéologie "(5 vol., Par., 1817-18; new ed. 1824-25; translated, by the way, into Italian and Spanish); the last two parts of this work" Traité de la volonté et de ses effets" is an essay on political economy. He enjoyed great fame, especially in North America, even his "Commentaire sur l" esprit des lois de Montesquieu "(originally in English, Philadelphia, 1811; on French Par., 1819).

Wed Charles Chabot, "Destutt de Tracy" (1885).

Article about the word Destut de Tracy" in encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Efron has been read 597 times

July 20, 1754 - March 9, 1836 (81) Prominent French philosopher, politician and economist. Introduced the term "ideology".

Destutt de Tracy was the last prominent representative of the sensualist school. His attention was focused on psychology, or - in Destutt de Tracy's own terms - on the ideology of man. According to his views, ideology is the science of how the mind produces ideas from sensations. In addition to sensations, the source of ideas is memory, judgment and will. The French philosopher outlined the foundations of the science of ideas in his work “Elements of Ideology”, was a passionate popularizer of “market harmony” and the principle of state non-intervention in the economy.

Of the thinkers Enlightenment Two figures have had the greatest influence on liberal thought:

Jean Jacques Rousseau writer, thinker, composer. He developed a direct form of government of the people by the state - direct democracy, which is used to this day, for example in Switzerland. In the treatise "On the Social Contract" (1762), Rousseau gave a new understanding of this concept. He noticed that many people

Main philosophical works Rousseau, which outlines his social and political ideals: "New Eloise", "Emil" and "Social Contract".

Rousseau, for the first time in political philosophy, tried to explain the causes of social inequality and its types, to comprehend the contractual mode of origin of the state in a different way. He believed that the state arises as a result of a social contract. According to the social contract, the supreme power in the state belongs to all the people.

The sovereignty of the people is inalienable, indivisible, infallible and absolute.

The law, as an expression of the general will, acts as a guarantee of individuals against arbitrariness on the part of the government, which cannot act in violation of the requirements of the law. Thanks to the law as an expression of the general will, relative property equality can also be achieved.

Rousseau solved the problem of the effectiveness of the means of control over the activities of the government, substantiated the rationality of the adoption of laws by the people themselves, considered the problem of social inequality and recognized the possibility of its legislative solution.

Not without the influence of ideas Rousseau New democratic institutions such as the referendum, the people's legislative initiative, and such political demands as a possible reduction in the term of deputy powers, a mandatory mandate, and the recall of deputies by voters emerged.

Voltaire(fr. Voltaire; November 21, 1694, Paris, France - May 30, 1778, Paris, France; birth name François-Marie Arouet, fr. - one of the greatest French philosophers-enlighteners of the 18th century, poet, prose writer, satirist, historian, publicist, human rights activist; founder of Voltairianism.

The most important philosophical articles Voltaire published in the "Encyclopedia" and then published as a separate book, first under the title "Pocket Philosophical Dictionary" (fr. Dictionnaire philosophique portatif, 1764). In this work, Voltaire showed himself as a fighter against idealism and religion, relying on scientific achievements of his time. In numerous articles he gives vivid and witty criticism religious beliefs christian church, religious morality, denounces the crimes committed by the Christian Church.

Voltaire as a representative of the school of natural law, he recognizes for each individual the existence of inalienable natural rights: freedom, property, security, equality.

Along with natural laws, the philosopher identifies positive laws, the necessity of which he explains by the fact that "people are evil." Positive laws are designed to guarantee the natural rights of man. Many positive laws seemed unjust to the philosopher, embodying only human ignorance.

The idea that ordinary people should go about their business without being dictated by monarchs, the aristocracy, or the church remained largely a theory until American and french revolution. All later liberal revolutionaries followed these two examples to one degree or another.

Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson

April 13, 1743, Shadwell, Virginia - July 4, 1826, Charlottesville, Virginia) - prominent figure Wars of Independence of the United States, author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), 3rd President of the United States in 1801-1809, one of the founding fathers of this state, an outstanding politician, diplomat and philosopher of the Enlightenment. The main events of his presidency, successful for the country, were the Louisiana Purchase from France (1803) and the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806).

In colonial America, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, and John Adams convinced their countrymen to rise up in the name of life, personal freedom and the pursuit of happiness- almost a quote from Locke, but with one important amendment: Jefferson replaced the word "property" in Locke with "the pursuit of happiness." main goal revolution became a republic based on personal freedom and government with the consent of the governed.

James Madison believed that a system of checks and balances was needed to ensure effective self-government and protect the rights of economic minorities. It was reflected in the US Constitution (1787): a balance between federal and regional authorities; separation of powers into executive, legislative and judicial branches; bicameral parliament. Civilian control was introduced over the army, and measures were taken to return officers to civilian life after serving. Thus, the concentration of power in the hands of one person became almost impossible.