Among the discoveries whose authors were awarded the Nobel Prize are x-rays, penicillin and the hadron collider. Among the Nobel Peace Prize winners is Nelson Mandela, 14th Dalai Lama. Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Selma Lagerlöf, Ernest Hemingway are just some of the outstanding writers who have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature (more recently, Svetlana Aleksievich became one of the Nobel Prize winners). The award has been awarded since 1901 in five categories: in physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine, in literature, as well as for achievements in the field of peacekeeping. The solemn ceremony of awarding the prize takes place annually on the same day - December 10th. Laureates in the first five nominations come to the capital of Sweden from all over the world in order to receive a gold medal and a cash prize from the hands of the Swedish king.
After the ceremony, a magnificent banquet awaits them in the city hall, where, in addition to the laureates and their families, royal persons, the prime minister and representatives of parliament and a number of high-ranking guests from different countries are invited. Nobel Prize peace, however, is not awarded in Stockholm, but in opera house in Oslo on the same day.
The legacy of Alfred Nobel
The Nobel Prize is the property of the Swedish scientist, inventor and entrepreneur Alfred Nobel (1833-1896). It was he who bequeathed all his fortune to the creation of a fund, the funds from which should be awarded to those who during the past year made a special contribution to the history of mankind. At the same time, Nobel insisted that this award be given to outstanding scientists, writers and public figures, regardless of their country of origin.
Inventor, philosopher, entrepreneur
Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm, the son of the inventor and industrialist Emmanuel Nobel, whose irrepressible energy and entrepreneurial ambitions later brought the Nobel family to St. Petersburg. There, Nobel's father worked on the development of torpedoes, and soon became interested in experiments to create explosives. The son of Emmanuel Nobel, Alfred, soon became interested in these experiments. Already at the age of 17, he declared himself as a gifted chemist. By the way, Alfred Nobel did not graduate from higher educational institutions, but he received an excellent education, thanks to the private teachers that his father found for him. He subsequently studied chemistry in Paris and also in the United States. By the end of his life, he was the owner of 355 patents for various inventions. Nobel managed to live and work, in addition to his native Sweden, in Russia, France, Great Britain, Germany and Italy. He was fluent in five languages: Russian, English, German, French and Swedish. In addition, he was a great admirer of literature, wrote poetry and composed plays.
Laureates 2018
Chemistry
Francis Arnold, USA
George Smith, USA
Gregory Winter, UK
"For his work on the directed evolution of chemical molecules."
Literature
No Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded in 2018.
Physics
Arthur Ashkin, USA
Gerard Mouroux, France
Donna Strickland, Canada
"For pioneering research in laser physics."
Medicine and physiology
James Ellison, USA
Tasuku Honjo, Japan
"for their discovery of a therapy for cancer by inhibition of negative immune regulation."
Nobel Peace Prize
Denis Mukwege, Congo
Nadia Murad, Iraq
"For his efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon in wars and conflicts."
Alfred Nobel Memorial Economic Prize
William Nordhaus, USA
Paul Romer, USA
"For integrating climate change and technological innovation into long-term macroeconomic analysis."
Alfred Nobel. Photo: The Nobel Foundation
The Godfather of Dynamite
His name is primarily associated with the invention of dynamite, a powerful explosive that began to be actively used in construction and the military industry during the life of Nobel. This invention, backed by Alfred Nobel, became one of the engines of the industrial age. A certain paradox lies in the fact that Nobel, having contributed to the invention of explosives and modern species weapons, while he was a pacifist and recklessly believed that the creation of powerful weapons would inevitably lead to the rejection of weapons by mankind. Many believe that Nobel therefore bequeathed his entire fortune to the establishment of the prize, as he was burdened by his involvement in deadly inventions and wanted to rehabilitate his name after death.
Why in Norway?
In his will, Nobel insisted that the Peace Prize be awarded in Oslo, however, he did not leave any explanation why it was there. Someone even tried to suggest that he chose Norway because he admired the talent of the Norwegian poet Bjørnesterne Bjornson (who, by the way, later won the Nobel Prize in Literature), but there are still no serious arguments in favor of this version.
In 1905, the Austrian Baroness Bertha von Suttner became the first woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize, receiving the award in recognition of her services to the peace movement in Austria and Germany. In addition, Berta was well acquainted with Nobel, they kept a heartfelt correspondence until the end of Alfred's life. It is known that it was she who inspired the inventor to ensure that the Nobel Prize was awarded in this nomination as well.
Later, Theodore Roosevelt (1906), Martin Luther King (1964), Mother Teresa (1979) became laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize, and in 1993 the prize was divided into two: Nelson Mandela and Frederick Willem de Klerk were noted by her for overthrowing the apartheid regime in South Africa.
51 women
For more than a century of history of the Nobel Prize - from 1901 to 2015 - women have become its laureates 52 times. Marie Curie was awarded twice - in physics in 1903, and in chemistry in 1911.
In total, in the entire history of the award, one can count:
17 Women Nobel Peace Prize Laureates
14 Women Nobel Prize Winners in Literature
12 - in medicine and physiology
5 - in chemistry
3 - in physics
1 - Economic Prize in memory of Alfred Nobel.
In total, since 1901, about 935 individuals and organizations have become Nobel Prize winners. To be more precise, 904 awards were given to individuals, 24 to organizations (some received the Nobel Prize several times).
Rejected Nobel Prize
Among the laureates who refused the honorary award and did not appear in the Stockholm City Hall in order to receive the coveted prize are the writer Jean-Paul Sartre and Boris Pasternak. The first neglected the prize because, on principle, he refused any form of public recognition of his talent, and the second was forced to reject it under pressure from the Soviet government.
Nobel Prize in Literature 2015 Svetlana Aleksievich. Photo: TT
Who selects candidates and how?
Applicants for the Nobel Prizes are selected and considered by several scientific institutions. Namely:
Behind Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences the right to award the Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry is secured, and the winner of the Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics is also chosen there. The Academy of Sciences was founded in 1739 as an independent organization designed to advance science and promote the practical application of discoveries. IN currently the Academy of Sciences has 450 Swedish and 175 foreign members.
Swedish Academy- a separate organization responsible for the selection of candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Founded in 1786, consists of 18 members who are elected for life.
Nobel Committee at the Karolinska Institute annually awards the Nobel Prize to those who have made significant discoveries in the field of medicine and physiology. The Karolinska Institute is the most respected scientific medical institution in Sweden, and the scientific community abroad also respects it. Applications for the Nobel Prize in Medicine are studied by 50 professors at the Karolinska Institute, who also choose the winners.
Norwegian Nobel Committee is responsible for presenting the Peace Prize - it is awarded to those who have made a significant contribution to "strengthening the brotherhood among peoples, disarming armies and promoting the ideas of peace." The Norwegian Committee was founded in 1897 and consists of five members appointed by the Norwegian Parliament.
The deadline for submitting information about candidates to the Nobel Committee is always the same - January 31. Every year, the list of candidates for the prize in the field of literature, physics, chemistry, medicine or physiology, as well as economics, established by the Swedish State Bank in 1968 in memory of Alfred Nobel, contains from 250 to 300 names, which can be made public only after 50 years.
Starting February 1, the Committee and a number of other institutions will launch a complex and shrouded in mystery process to select applications and determine laureates. During the second week of October, the names of the laureates are announced in strict order, one per day, starting with the Nobel Prize in Medicine winner on Monday and ending with the Peace Prize winner on Friday. The winner of the Alfred Nobel Prize in Economics will be announced the following Monday. As a rule, the laureates themselves learn about the awarding of the prize a few minutes before the start of the official press conferences.
The economics prize is not a Nobel
It is worth clarifying that the prize in economics, which is often considered a Nobel Prize, is actually not such, since Alfred Nobel himself had nothing to do with its establishment. This award is for achievements in the field of economics in memory of Alfred Nobel, which has been awarded by the Swedish Central Bank since 1968, approximately according to the same principles as the Nobel Prizes.
So why is there no prize in mathematics? ..
The story that the Nobel Prize in mathematics is not awarded because Alfred Nobel allegedly ran away from his wife with a mathematics teacher, in fact, is nothing more than a delusion. The fact is that Nobel was never married at all. According to Nobel's will, the prize should be awarded to those who made a discovery or invention that brought obvious benefits to all mankind. Thus, mathematics was excluded from the outset as an abstract science.
What is the Nobel Prize for?
Each laureate is awarded Golden medal with a recognizable silhouette of Alfred Nobel, a diploma and a cash prize, the exact amount of which is not known, however, according to existing data, it is about 1 million dollars or 8 million Swedish kronor. The amount may vary from year to year, and also depending on how many laureates share the award in one nomination.
Banquet for all banquets
The Nobel Banquet is a grandiose event that solemnly takes place annually on December 10 in the Blue Hall in the Stockholm City Hall in the presence of 1300 guests. To say that they are preparing thoroughly for this banquet means to say nothing. Hundreds of chefs working miracles in the kitchen, waiters and service staff specially trained in how to welcome high-ranking guests from all over the world - every little thing is strictly monitored here so that the celebration goes smoothly. Each laureate can bring 14 guests to the banquet, in addition to spouses and partners. The banquet is always attended by one of the representatives of the Alfred Nobel family, as well as The Royal Family Sweden.
Requirements are high. According to the will of Alfred Nobel, in the future, one-fifth of the annual income in the form of interest on his property should be directed to rewarding the one who “in the past year ... most or best contributed to the reconciliation of peoples and the abolition or reduction of regular armies, as well as hosting and supporting peace congresses”. The result is by far the most important political award in the world: the Nobel Peace Prize.
In 1901, it was awarded for the first time, and in the 115 years that have passed since then, many worthy people have received the award, for example, the freedom fighter Lech Walesa, the founder of the Order of Mercy Mother Teresa (Mutter Teresa) and the human rights activist Shirin Ebadi (Schirin Ebadi). 19 times the prize was not awarded - due to the lack of suitable candidates or due to the fact that in the midst of major wars such an award would have seemed cynical. Even more often - 22 times - an international organization had to intervene, since the members of the Nobel Committee could not agree on rewarding certain individuals.
However, along with peace activists worthy of the award and admiration, there were laureates who did not deserve this award. And some pursued such a policy that in a more or less short period of time the Peace Prize seemed absurd. List of five possibly most inappropriate Nobel Peace Prize winners:
5. Barack Obama
Barack Obama should not be at all responsible for being forced into fifth place on this list. In October 2009, the Nobel Committee announced the decision to award the 44th President of the United States "for his exceptional aspirations aimed at strengthening international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples." According to the Committee, it rarely happens that any individual so attracts the attention of the whole world and causes such high hopes for a better future.
But at that time, Obama had only been in office for nine months. He himself was skeptical of the award, nevertheless he "dutifully" accepted it - as an "incentive" for his activities in the most important political post in the world. However, time has shown that Obama failed to live up to expectations. He was unable to resolve major conflicts, while new hotbeds of tension arose; during his reign, peace on Earth became much less. And, of course, like every American president, Obama used violence in the name of protecting his country, such as drone attacks on terrorists. The fact that he ended up on the list of Nobel Peace Prize winners is not due to him, but to the wrong decision of the Committee.
4. Mikhail Gorbachev
On December 10, 1990, in Oslo, the First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR accepted the Nobel Peace Prize, which was awarded to the head of the Soviet state and party, Mikhail Gorbachev, for his contribution to the development of the peace process in the world, as well as for the unification of Germany, which was of a peaceful nature. Certainly a well-deserved award.
However, a month later, he supported the coup attempt by the Soviet military loyal to Moscow against Lithuania, which had been seeking independence from the USSR for 10 months. 14 civilians were killed in the fighting in Vilnius. In doing so, Gorbachev demonstrated his commitment to the imperialist methods of suppression that had determined the life of the Eastern Bloc countries for decades. This is the reason why he is ranked fourth on the list of the most inappropriate Nobel Peace Prize winners.
3. Kim Dae-jung
By the time the Nobel Committee awarded the Peace Prize to longtime opposition politician Kim Dae-jung in October 2000, he had only been in office for two and a half years. South Korea. The reason is his "sunshine policy" towards the North Korean regime. It involved betting on change through rapprochement (a concept closely associated with Willy Brandt, who is the only German Nobel Peace Prize winner to date).
Context
Who will win the 2017 Nobel Prize in Economics?
The Wall Street Journal 05.10.2017A slap in the face to our way of life
Svenska Dagbladet 03.10.2017The luminaries of the economy predict a new crisis
Die Welt 08/21/2017 However, it soon became clear that North Korea was by no means interested in defusing, and was using the pressure relief solely to systematically develop its missiles and atomic bombs. The first nuclear tests of the DPRK took place during the lifetime of Kim Dae-chung. Undoubtedly, the "policy of solar heat" was dictated by good intentions, but achieved the opposite goal: the stability of the world has become much less.2. Yasser Arafat
The only terrorist to win the Nobel Peace Prize was Yasser Arafat. He was awarded in 1993 in Oslo, along with Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (Jizchak Rabin) and Foreign Minister Shimon Peres (Schimon Peres). From the very beginning, there was sharp criticism of this decision, since Arafat, as head of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), was directly and indirectly responsible for numerous terrorist attacks.
© AP Photo, Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres after receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 1994
Whether he was serious about seeking reconciliation with Israel, or whether he wanted to use it to buy time, is unclear. In any case, even before the start of the Second Intifada in the Palestinian territories in 2000, he was playing a double game. The authorities of the Palestinian Authority financed terrorist groups and, under the leadership of Arafat, contributed to the emergence of new conflicts instead of mitigating their severity.
1. Theodore Roosevelt
Finally, the most inappropriate Nobel Peace Prize winner was American President Theodore Roosevelt ( 26th President of the United States - approx. ed.). In 1900, as a hero of the Spanish-American War, he was elected vice president of the United States, and after the assassination of William McKinley, he advanced to a seat in the White House. Roosevelt pursued an imperialist foreign policy in keeping with the spirit of the times: he strongly promoted the interests of the United States. His motto was: “Speak softly and carry a big club with you. Then you will go far."
© AP Photo, Theodore Roosevelt
This method allowed Roosevelt to play leading role in settlement negotiations during the Russo-Japanese War in 1905-1906, for which he received the Nobel Peace Prize. He remained true to his rigid and one might even say aggressive maxim, which is why he criticized US President Woodrow Wilson for his policy of neutrality during the First World War. Perhaps Roosevelt was a good realist politician, but in fact he is completely unsuitable as an example of a person who pursued a peace-oriented public policy.
The materials of InoSMI contain only assessments of foreign media and do not reflect the position of the editors of InoSMI.
According to the will of the chemist and inventor Alfred Nobel, since 1901 the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded "to those who will make a significant contribution to the unification of peoples, the destruction of slavery, the reduction of the existing armies and the promotion of a peace agreement."
Most Deserving Laureates
In 1964 he received the Peace Prize Martin Luther King, pastor, human rights activist and famous fighter against racism and discrimination. He made a huge contribution to overcoming racial segregation in the United States and to the democratization of society, while being a supporter of non-violent struggle. King's "I Have a Dream" speech, which he delivered in 1963 in front of 300,000 Americans, gained great fame. In 1968, he was killed, and this murder caused serious unrest in society. But years later, King's dream of equal rights for white and black Americans came true.
Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso won the award in 1989. The award was given to him with the wording "for his tireless preaching of kindness, love and tolerance in relations between individuals, communities and peoples." Tenzin Gyatso, a boy from a poor peasant family, was recognized as the incarnation of a previous lama. While still a child, he became the spiritual leader of the Buddhists, and at the age of 16 he took over the political administration of the country. From the very beginning, Tenzin Gyatso tried to resolve the conflict between Tibet and China peacefully, and although the lama ended up in exile due to China's tough policy, for many decades he did not give up his attempts to resolve the Tibetan issue without violence and make Tibet a zone of peace.
In 1993, another well-known human rights activist received the award -. He devoted his life to the struggle against the apartheid regime (racial segregation of whites and blacks) in South Africa. For his work as a human rights activist and activist, he spent about 30 years in prison, and four years after his release he became the President of South Africa. Mandela received the award along with the then South African President Frederick Willem de Klerk who signed a decree on the legalization of movements against the apartheid regime.
The most controversial decisions of the Nobel Committee
From the very moment the Nobel Prize was established, it was surrounded by scandals. As for the Peace Prize, the Nobel Committee has been repeatedly reproached for being too influenced by the political situation and giving the prize to the wrong people who deserve it.
In 1994, the Nobel Committee made the controversial decision to award the Peace Prize to a Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli politicians Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin "for their efforts to bring peace to the Middle East." And this despite the fact that although Arafat fought for the creation of an independent Palestinian state, he did it by radical and violent methods, including organizing terrorist attacks against the civilian population. Yasser Arafat's famous quote: "Peace for us means the destruction of Israel." There is still no true peace in the Middle East.
In 2009, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to US President Barack Obama, who at that time not so long ago took office as head of state. The award was "for great efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples." The Americans at that time adored their new president, but the Nobel Committee because of the decision to award him the award. According to the public, Obama at that time had not yet managed to do anything important as president, and therefore did not deserve such an award as the Nobel Peace Prize. In 2013, after Obama called for an invasion of Syria, many Americans also began to believe that the committee had made a mistake.
At the same time, the person who most deserved the Peace Prize never received it. This person was Mahatma Gandhi - Indian politician and philosopher who fought for India's independence from Great Britain. In his struggle, he used the philosophy and tactics of non-violent resistance developed by him, and also for many years tried to resolve the conflict between Hindus and Muslims by peaceful means. India gained independence in 1947, and in 1948 Gandhi was assassinated by the editor of a nationalist newspaper as a result of a conspiracy.
Mahatma Gandhi was nominated for the Peace Prize five times, but the Nobel Committee always chose someone else. Subsequently, the committee acknowledged this huge mistake and deeply regretted that Mahatma Gandhi never received this award.
Russian laureates
In 1975, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the famous physicist, dissident and human rights activist Andrei Sakharov. Although Sakharov was one of the creators of the hydrogen bomb, he opposed the arms race, nuclear testing and the death penalty. Sakharov was subjected to persecution for his human rights activities and his resolute rejection of the party line. He was awarded the prize "for his fearless support for the fundamental principles of peace among people and for his courageous struggle against the abuse of power and any form of suppression of human dignity."
In 1990 he received the award First President of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev"in recognition of his leading role in the peace process, which today characterizes an important part of the life of the international community." While he was in charge of the USSR, huge changes took place in the country, which led to the end of the Cold War, the democratization of society and, in the future, to the self-determination of nation states and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev's activities still receive conflicting assessments, although Gorbachev's image abroad is more positive than in the post-Soviet space.
About the Nobel Peace Prize
Famous Swedish engineer, chemist and entrepreneur Alfred Nobel did not want posterity to remember him as a "merchant of death" - the inventor of dynamite. Therefore, at the end of his life, he bequeathed most of his fortune to spend on the establishment and payment of international prizes - in chemistry, in physics, in medicine and physiology, in literature. In his will, Alfred Nobel also wrote about the Peace Prize.
This award has been presented annually in Norway since 1901. The winner is determined by the Norwegian Nobel Committee. It has five members who are elected by the Norwegian Parliament.
The Nobel Peace Prize is not always awarded to individuals. At various times, organizations such as, for example, the human rights movement Amnesty International received it.
In some years, the Peace Prize was not given at all. So, during the First and Second World Wars, no one received this award. Only in 1917 and 1944 was it awarded to the International Committee of the Red Cross.
Ferdinand BUISSON
French educator and peace activist Ferdinand Edouard Buisson was awarded the prize for his work aimed at restoring understanding between the French and German peoples. Buisson became the founder of the League of Human Rights, an organization that effectively fights for the preservation of peace and exposes injustice in any form.
Lech WALENSA. Nobel Peace Prize, 1983
The Polish trade union leader Lech Walesa was awarded the award primarily for political reasons. Lech Walesa's award is not only about Poles; the solidarity of which he is a conduit, presupposes unity with humanity, serves as an inspiring example for all who fight for freedom and humanity.
Eli Wiesel. Nobel Peace Prize, 1986
The American writer and educator Eliezer Wiesel dedicated his books to the suffering of the Jewish people, the victims of Nazism. For his commitment to this topic, Wiesel was awarded the prize. Wiesel addresses humanity with a message of peace, redemption, human dignity. His focus, not on the problem of the Jews, has now extended to all oppressed peoples and races.
Thomas Woodrow WILSON. Nobel Peace Prize, 1919
Thomas Woodrow Wilson, educator and 28th President of the United States, honored for bringing a fundamental law of humanity to contemporary international politics. The enduring merit of Woodrow is the establishment of the first world organization designed to preserve the world. For Europeans, Woodrow has become a symbol of the human desire for a world free of wars, injustice and hatred.
Doctors of the World for the Prevention of Nuclear War. Nobel Peace Prize, 1985
The World Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (WMPNW), the world federation of health professionals, was founded to mobilize public opinion doctors against the threat of nuclear war. For merits in informing the public and inclining the consciousness of mankind in favor of peace, the WMPNW was awarded the prize.
Alfonso GARCIA ROBLES
Mexican diplomat Alfonso Garcia Robles was awarded the prize for his major contribution to disarmament. Robles was a co-sponsor of the treaty banning nuclear weapons in Latin America. Chairman of the UN Disarmament Committee, author of 20 books and more than 300 articles on international relations.
Arthur HENDERSON. Nobel Peace Prize, 1934
Arthur Henderson, an English statesman and political figure, was awarded a prize for his persistent defense of the cause of international disarmament. Henderson saw his task primarily in creating a system of collective security in Europe. Author of an additional article to the Treaty of the League of Nations, which provided for compulsory arbitration in international disputes.
Albert Goba
The Swiss politician Charles Albert Goba was awarded the prize for his efforts in international arbitration. Under Ghoba's leadership, the Inter-Parliamentary Union became one of the main factors in international politics. Goba coordinated the activities of the Union in different countries, recruited new members and convened annual conferences.
Mikhail Gorbachev . Nobel Peace Prize, 1990
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, in the 1980s. carried out a program of economic and social reforms known as "perestroika" and "glasnost". He fought corruption, changed the foreign policy of the Soviet Union towards greater openness. He withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan. He was the first and only president of the USSR.
Charles DOWES
American statesman Charles Gates Dawes was awarded an award in recognition of his contribution to the plan that bears his name. Heading an international committee of financial experts to overcome the crisis, Dawes proposed a plan by which the German currency and credit were restored, which made it possible to solve the problem of paying reparations by Germany.
United Nations Children's Fund. Nobel Peace Prize, 1965
The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) has been awarded this award in recognition of its role in promoting brotherhood among nations. The Children's Fund carries out long-term programs to improve the health and nutrition of children in developing countries. The Fund exists solely on voluntary donations, most of its budget is formed thanks to the UN member states.
Paul D "ESTOURNELL DE CONSTANT. Nobel Peace Prize, 1909
Paul d "Estournelle de Constant, a French diplomat and peace activist, was awarded the award for arbitration treaties between France and neighboring countries. Concerned about strengthening understanding between peoples, together with Leon Bourgeois, he created the League of Nations project. At the Hague Peace Conference he tirelessly promoted the idea arbitration and was appointed a member of the Arbitration Court.
Eli DUCOMMEN. Nobel Peace Prize, 1902
Elie Ducommin, a Swiss journalist, educator and peace activist, founded the International Peace Bureau to coordinate the activities of the various pacifist societies in Europe. Ducommin corresponded, prepared annual conferences, wrote and distributed statements and pamphlets, amassing an impressive library of documents on peace and disarmament. In recognition of these achievements, Ducommen was awarded the prize.
Henri DUNANT
Jean Henri Dunant, Swiss humanist and founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), was awarded the prize for his contribution to the peaceful cooperation of peoples. Dunant founded a society for the protection of prisoners of war, initiated a campaign against the slave trade, supported the desire of European Jews to return to the homeland of their ancestors in Palestine.
Leon ZHUO. Nobel Peace Prize, 1951
The French labor leader Léon Jouhaux was awarded the peacekeeping award. Zhuo was a member of the League of Nations, drafted arms control proposals, participated in economic conferences, served on the European Union's unemployment committee, and represented workers at the Arms Control and Reduction Conference.
Bertha von ZUTNER. Nobel Peace Prize, 1905
Austrian writer Bertha von Sutner received the award for active pacifist work. Novel "Down with weapons!" forced to talk about her as a leading fighter for peace. Sutner led the European peace movement. At a time when women hardly took part in public life, Sutner won universal respect, including Alfred Nobel.
Nobel Peace Prize, 1904
The Institute of International Law is one of the first organizations in the world that defined the principles of international law, undertook its codification and proposed ways of solving international problems. Most historians agree that the IMP played a key role in the development of the law of the international community. The Institute sees itself as an academic organization whose mission is to "persuade and recommend".
Rene CASSIN. Nobel Peace Prize, 1968
French lawyer René Samuel Cassin was awarded the prize to mark the 20th anniversary of the Declaration of Human Rights. It was Cassin who drafted the text of the declaration. Human rights and peace remained Cassin's primary concern: he was a founding member of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Ludwig KVIDDE. Nobel Peace Prize, 1927
The German pacifist Ludwig Quidde was awarded the prize for preparing French and German public opinion for peaceful cooperation. Quidde was among those who, on the eve of the First World War, tried to curb the arms race. He published pamphlets in which he outlined ways to eradicate wars by reorganizing international relations.
Frank Kellogg. Nobel Peace Prize, 1929
American lawyer and statesman Frank Kellogg was awarded the prize for the preparation of the Paris Pact. The Kellogg-Briand Pact, condemning war as an instrument of national policy, was called the "international kiss". As US Secretary of State, Kellogg helped end the border conflict between Chile and Peru and advocated American intervention in Nicaragua.
Martin Luther KING. Nobel Peace Prize, 1964
American clergyman and civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. was awarded the Prize for his work in favor of equal rights for blacks. King's unique contribution to the cause of human rights made possible his commitment to the principles of Christian philosophy. Although Martin Luther King Jr. is not involved in international affairs, his struggle serves the cause of peace.
Henry KISSINGER
American political scientist and statesman Henry Alfred Kissinger reached a ceasefire agreement with North Vietnamese leader Le Duc Tho. For this first, but incredibly important step on the difficult road of peace in Vietnam, Kissinger was awarded the prize. Kissinger's diplomacy led to a ceasefire between Israel and Egypt and the opening of the Suez Canal.
Mairead CORRIGAN
Irish pacifist Mairead Corrigan has been honored for her fearless pursuit of peace and harmony. Corrigan established the Community of Peaceful People with a program for the coexistence of religions through the cooperation of various sects. The initiator of the "demilitarization campaign", which called on terrorist groups to lay down their arms. Corrigan advocated uniting Protestant and Catholic youth in voluntary labor camps.
William CREAMER. Nobel Peace Prize, 1903
William Randall Creamer, English pacifist and Labor leader, is honored with the award to commemorate efforts to achieve peace through arbitration. Creamer was elected Secretary of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, a position he held for life. At Union conferences, various peace proposals were discussed, and measures for arbitration were outlined.
Christian LANGE. Nobel Peace Prize, 1921
Norwegian internationalist Christian Lowes Lange was awarded the prize for advocating arbitration as a means of resolving international conflicts. Convinced that war could not be made humane, Lange devoted his efforts primarily to the cause of disarmament. Lange took an active part in the work of the League of Nations, heading the political affairs committee.
Henri LAFONTAIN. Nobel Peace Prize, 1913
Belgian politician and peace activist Henri Lafontaine has been awarded the prize as a true leader of the popular movement for peace in Europe. He proposed a blueprint for a world constitution, a world parliament, a world bank, a single language, and statistical centers for labor, trade, and other matters. The works of Lafontaine had a great influence on the development of the League of Nations.
LE DUC THO. Nobel Peace Prize, 1973
Vietnamese political figure Le Duc Tho was awarded an award in recognition of his services in connection with the truce in Vietnam. The award was the most controversial in the history of the Nobel Committee. The Vietnam Civil War continued to claim hundreds of lives. Le Duc Tho, who denounced the United States and South Vietnam for violating the Paris Accords, refused the award.
League of Red Cross Societies. Nobel Peace Prize, 1963
The League of Red Cross Societies, a voluntary humanitarian organization, is a federation of national Red Cross societies that provide assistance to victims around the world. The prize was awarded to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the existence of the ICRC. Today, the League includes 144 national groups, which include 250 million people.
Albert LUTULI. Nobel Peace Prize, 1960
South African politician Albert Lutuli was awarded the award for his efforts to establish justice between people and nations. As the first black African laureate, Lutuli accepted the award in recognition of the role that the African people have played for half a century in establishing a society where individual qualities, not race, determine human status.
Wangari Maathai. Nobel Peace Prize, 2004
Wangari Maathai is honored for her contributions to sustainable development, democracy and peace. She actively fought for the establishment of democracy in Kenya, combining work in an environmental niche with politics. Thanks to her activities, it was possible to stop the transformation of African forests into a desert. During the 25 years of its existence, the participants of the Maathai Green Movement have planted more than 20 million trees throughout the African continent.
Sean McBride
Irish lawyer and politician Sean McBride received the award for establishing international human rights monitoring mechanisms. His idea of creating an International Court of Human Rights, endowed with broad powers, his work in Amnesty International, the International Commission of Jurists, and the International Peace Bureau was noted.
George MARSHALL. Nobel Peace Prize, 1953
The American statesman George Marshall, the first professional military among the laureates, was awarded the prize for peacetime achievements, expressed in the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan was the largest program of economic assistance, it was he who made possible the so-called economic miracle of Germany in the 50s.
"Amnesty International". Nobel Peace Prize, 1977
Amnesty International, a human rights NGO, has been awarded an award for defending human dignity from torture, violence and decay. Amnesty International organizes international campaigns to end torture as a means of public policy for the abolition of the death penalty. A lot of attention "M.a." gives to prisoners of conscience, people convicted for nationality, language and religion.
The International Labour Organization . Nobel Peace Prize, 1969
The International Labor Organization (ILO) has been awarded the prize for its work in creating the "infrastructure of peace" and strengthening brotherhood among peoples. ILO programs are aimed at improving working conditions and relations between workers and entrepreneurs, social security, and developing professional and managerial training. The ILO implements the principle: "If you want peace, promote justice".
International Peace Bureau. Nobel Peace Prize, 1910
The International Peace Bureau (PBI) has been awarded an award for organizing conferences on disarmament. Disarmament negotiations continue to be the concern of the MBM. The Bureau publishes reports on conferences, books and pamphlets, and the Geneva Monitor magazine is sent out six times a year to peacekeeping organizations, diplomatic missions, and research institutes. Peace Prizes have been awarded to many public figures associated with the MBM.
Nobel Peace Prizes, 1917, 1944, 1963
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) was awarded the third Peace Prize on its 100th anniversary. The achievements of the Red Cross are deeply symbolic - acts of peace in the disastrous hour of battle. Since the First World War, the ICRC has been providing assistance to war victims, prisoners of war, delivering medicines, food, and organizing medical care.
Ernesto COIN
Italian journalist Ernesto Moneta received the award for his tireless work in the name of peace. To disseminate information about the movement for peace, he published the almanac “Friend of the World”. Moneta founded the journal International Affairs, which gained a high reputation for articles on peace and arbitration. He was the Italian representative of the International Peace Bureau.
John MOTT. Nobel Peace Prize, 1946
American public figure John Mott was awarded the prize for missionary activity. Under the leadership of Mott, the World Student Christian Federation was created. Mott wrote books, articles, pamphlets in which he promoted Christian ideals and missionary work, tirelessly organized campaigns to raise funds for the federation's programs.
Alva Myrdal. Nobel Peace Prize, 1982
Swedish sociologist and public figure Alva Myrdal was awarded the Disarmament Disarmament Prize. Myrdal played a leading role in the movement for the political and economic equality of the Swedish woman. She led the Swedish delegation to the UN Geneva Conference on Disarmament. Published an important essay: The Disarmament Game: How the United States and Russia Are Fanning an Arms Race.
Fridtjof NANSEN. Nobel Peace Prize, 1922
Norwegian researcher and philanthropist Fridtjof Nansen has been honored for his longstanding efforts to help the defenseless. expedition to North Pole brought Nansen international fame. Representing Norway in the League of Nations, Nansen developed international agreements on documents for refugees, which were called "Nansen passports"; was engaged in providing housing for 1.5 million Russian emigrants who fled the revolution.
Nansen International Refugee Organization. Nobel Peace Prize, 1938
The Nansen International Organization for Refugees (NWRI) has received the award for its work in helping the defenseless. Representative offices of this institution in the largest states played the role of consulates for holders of "Nansen passports". From its modest means, the NMWR even provided benefits to those in need. The institution played a significant role in the adoption of the Refugee Convention.
Philip NOEL-BAKER. Nobel Peace Prize, 1959
The English pacifist and diplomat Philip John Noel-Baker was awarded the prize as the greatest expert on disarmament. A tireless leader of the League of Nations and the United Nations, Baker proved his commitment to the cause of peace and the protection of refugees throughout his life. He published two books, "The League of Nations in Action" and "Disarmament", which brought him wide popularity.
Carl von Ossietzky. Nobel Peace Prize, 1935
Carl von Ossietzky, German writer and pacifist, was awarded the prize for fighting militarism in Germany. For anti-war articles, Ossietzky was sentenced to prison. The prize awarded to Ossietzky "almost paralyzed the German government", and Ossietzky began to be persecuted as a traitor. The government declared that no German would receive a Nobel Prize.
Frederic Passy. Nobel Peace Prize, 1901
French political economist and peace advocate Frédéric Passy has been awarded the prize for many years of peacekeeping efforts. Recognized leader European movement For peace, Passy considered a peaceful settlement based on arbitration an alternative to international armed conflicts. Until the end of his life, Passy was sure that the future did not belong to war, but to peace, work - and arbitration.
Adolfo Perez Esquivel. Nobel Peace Prize, 1980
Argentine sculptor and human rights defender Adolfo Pérez Esquivel was awarded the prize as a tireless advocate of the principle of non-violence in the struggle for socio-political freedoms. State terrorism in Argentina led to mass repression, the disappearance of thousands of Argentines. Esquivel took part in the campaign to investigate these crimes, created the Ecumenical Movement for Human Rights.
Georges PIR. Nobel Peace Prize, 1958
Belgian humanist priest Georges Pier was awarded the prize for helping refugees. The feast helped people leave their camps and return to the world of freedom and dignity, especially the disabled, the elderly and the infirm. Organized "European villages", where displaced people gradually created urban communities. The merit of Pir is the creation of the World Friendship Agency, which ensures the flow of aid to refugees.
Lester PEARSON. Nobel Peace Prize, 1957
Canadian statesman Lester Pearson is honored for his role in overcoming the Suez Crisis. Pearson was the head of the Canadian delegation to the UN and was an excellent mediator during crises. Pearson came up with a project to create a UN peacekeeping force. The adoption of this project made it possible to curtail hostilities.
Linus K. PAULING. Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954 Nobel Peace Prize 1962
American chemist Linus Carl Pauling received the award as the author of the draft nuclear test ban treaty. Pauling became a founding member of the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists and opposed his government's decision to build a hydrogen bomb, calling for an end to all atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons. Pauling made public information about the unacceptable increase in the level of radioactivity.
Louis Renault. Nobel Peace Prize, 1907
The French jurist Louis Renault was awarded the prize as a true genius of international law in France. As a member of the International Court of Arbitration in The Hague, Renault enjoyed such prestige that he was called to hear cases more than any other lawyer. Renault represented France at international conferences, and was awarded the title of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary for his great services.
Theodore ROOSEVELT. Nobel Peace Prize, 1906
Theodore Roosevelt, historian, politician and 26th President of the United States, was awarded a prize for his role in signing the Treaty of Portsmouth. The Treaty of Portsmouth ended the Russo-Japanese War. Roosevelt, the first American laureate, broke with the traditions of American isolationism and initiated diplomatic contacts with the peoples of Asia, Europe and the Caribbean.
Elihu RUTH. Nobel Peace Prize, 1912
Elihu Ruth, an American lawyer and statesman, was awarded the award for his efforts to promote peace in the Western Hemisphere. Most important achievements Root as Secretary of State is in the areas of arbitration, international cooperation, and peace. The most constructive were Root's efforts to strengthen pan-American cooperation and the creation of the Central American Court of Justice.
Carlos SAAVEDRA LAMAS. Nobel Peace Prize, 1936
Argentine statesman Carlos Saavedra Lamas was awarded the prize for his peacekeeping role in the Bolivian-Paraguayan conflict. Lamas played an active role in the Pan American Union aimed at deepening cooperation between American states. Thanks to the efforts of Lamas, a reconciliation commission was created and the Bolivian-Paraguayan agreement was concluded. A year later, Saaavedra Lamas became chairman of the Assembly of the League of Nations.
Anwar Sadat. Nobel Peace Prize, 1978
Egyptian statesman and politician Mohammed Anwar al-Sadat was awarded the prize for the preparation and conclusion of fundamental agreements between Israel and Egypt. Sadat's actions were regarded as an act of the greatest courage, personal and political. Some semblance of peace was achieved, but the treaty was never concluded.
Eisaku SATO. Nobel Peace Prize, 1974
Japanese Prime Minister Eisaku Sato was awarded the prize for the policy of amilitarism. The Sato cabinet conditioned Japan's condemnation of nuclear weapons, the only one of the great powers. Although the Japanese were encouraged by the recognition of their country's anti-militarism, many questioned Sato's pacifism. The Japanese remembered that Sato approved the bombing of North Vietnam.
Andrey SAKHAROV. Nobel Peace Prize, 1975
Russian physicist and human rights activist Andrei Sakharov was awarded the prize for his fearless support for the fundamental principles of peace between people and his courageous fight against abuse of power and any form of suppression of human dignity. Sakharov did a lot both for the development of nuclear weapons and for the use of the power of the atom for peaceful purposes.
Nathan Söderblum. Nobel Peace Prize, 1930
The Swedish Archbishop Jonathan Söderblum was awarded the prize in commemoration of his merits in achieving peace through religious association. Strengthening ecumenism, which involved overcoming sectarian differences for the sake of the unity of the churches, became the task of his whole life. Söderblum's work resulted in the creation of the World Council of Churches.
Robert CECIL. Nobel Peace Prize, 1937
The English statesman Robert Cecil, in commemoration of his services to the League of Nations, was awarded a prize. Cecil organized an informal plebiscite showing that more than 11 million English people were in favor of disarmament and peace initiatives. Through Cecil's efforts, an international peace campaign was created, public organization in support of disarmament and the formation of a mechanism for resolving conflicts by the forces of the League of Nations.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Nobel Peace Prize 1954, 1981
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has been twice awarded for its tireless and often thankless efforts to help refugees and bring their needs to the attention of the authorities. Providing housing, food, medical care and clothing for refugees in all disadvantaged parts of the globe remains the main task for the service.
Council of Friends in the Service of the Society. Nobel Peace Prize, 1947
The Council of Friends in the Service of the Society was formed to coordinate the missionary and charitable activities of the Religious Society of Friends, better known as the Quakers. The award was given to commemorate the humanitarian contributions of Quakers throughout their many years of service. The pioneers of social service direct their efforts primarily to what is called the service of appeasement.
Mother TERESA. Nobel Peace Prize, 1979
Albanian nun Mother Teresa is honored as she promotes peace in the most important area, defending the inviolability of human dignity. Accepting the award in the name of the hungry, the naked, the homeless, all those who see neither help nor care, Mother Teresa used the funds received to build shelters for the poor.
Nobel Peace Prize, 1984
South African Archbishop Desmond Tutu was awarded the Prize for courage and heroism in the fight against apartheid. The award is a sign of support not only for Tutu and his South African Council of Churches, but for all people and groups in South Africa who have won sympathy for their commitment to human dignity, brotherhood and democracy.
Betty Williams. Nobel Peace Prize, 1976
Irish peace activist Betty Williams is honored with Mairead Corrigan in recognition of her contribution to peace. Speaking out against terror during civil war in Ireland, Williams organized a peaceful procession of women, founded a movement called the "Community of Peaceful People".
Alfred Fried. Nobel Peace Prize, 1911
The Austrian journalist and pacifist Alfred Fried was awarded the prize for his international work. Several of his books were devoted to the defense of peace, in particular, The Handbook of the Peace Movement. The Peace Watch magazine, which Freed published and edited, became the most effective in the pacifist movement around the world.
Cordell HULL. Nobel Peace Prize, 1945
American statesman Cordell Hull, known as the "Father of the United Nations", was awarded the prize in recognition of his services to establishing peace in the Western Hemisphere, strengthening trade and establishing the UN. Under the leadership of Hull, a document was developed and ratified, which was called the Charter of the United Nations.
Dag Hammarskjold. Nobel Peace Prize, 1961
Swedish statesman and politician Dag Hammarskjöld was awarded the prize for his work in the UN. Thanks to Hammarskjöld, the UN has become an effective international organization capable of breathing life into the principles expressed in the UN Charter, managed by a strong secretariat and led by a person whose feelings and actions are worthy of her.
Joseph Austin CHAMBERLAIN. Nobel Peace Prize, 1925
English statesman and politician Joseph Austin Chamberlain was awarded the prize for his role in the Locarno negotiations. The Locarno Accords were regarded as an unprecedented contribution to the cause of peace, they made it possible the international cooperation needed to restore the political and economic systems in Europe.
Albert SCHWEITZER. Nobel Peace Prize, 1952
The German physician, theologian and musicologist Albert Schweitzer was awarded the prize for his missionary work. Schweitzer founded a hospital in Africa to help the natives, where he worked as a doctor. Making trips to Europe to raise funds for the hospital, Schweitzer gave lectures, gave concerts, which won him fame all over the world.
Gustav Stresemann. Nobel Peace Prize, 1926
The German statesman Gustav Stresemann was awarded the prize for his role in concluding the Locarno Pact. The pragmatic conservative Stresemann fought for the restoration of the power of the state, prosperity and the preservation of order, but sought to be flexible in the choice of political means to achieve these goals. Stresemann prepared and signed a neutrality treaty with the Soviet Union.
Norman ANGELL. Nobel Peace Prize, 1933
Ralph Norman Angell, English publicist and pacifist, was awarded the Prize for Peace Promotion. In his articles and books, Angell explored the economic roots of the war, analyzed the current situation in the world. Angell's idea of a permanent community of nations for protection international peace and security had an impact on the project of the League of Nations.
TASS-DOSIER. On October 6, the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, the most authoritative international award in the field of socio-political and humanitarian activities, was announced in Oslo. The award was given to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons. According to Alfred Nobel's will, the prize is awarded "to those who will make a significant contribution to the rallying of peoples, the elimination or reduction of standing armies or the development of peace initiatives." The editors of TASS-DOSIER have prepared material on the procedure for awarding this award and its laureates.
Awarding and nominating candidates
At the request of the Nobel, this prize is awarded by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, which consists of five people who are elected by the country's parliament. The Committee is completely independent in its decisions. The announcement of the laureate takes place on the premises of the Norwegian Nobel Institute (founded in 1904), whose main task is to assist the Committee in choosing the laureate of the prize.
The Peace Prize can be received by both individuals and organizations. Nominations are open to current and former members of the Committee; members of national parliaments and governments; members of the board of organizations - laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize; rectors of prestigious universities and authoritative professors who teach courses in jurisprudence, history, philosophy, theology and social sciences; directors of research institutes on problems of peace and international relations; winners of the Nobel Peace Prize. The nomination process begins in September and ends on 1 February of the following year.
318 candidates nominated for the 2017 award - 215 individuals and 103 organizations. The record for the number of applicants - 376 (228 people and 148 organizations) - was set in 2016. According to the Committee, in past years, the number of nominating organizations, as a rule, did not exceed 50.
Laureates
In total, 104 people (including 16 women) and 23 organizations have received the Nobel Peace Prize in history.
Among the laureates are many well-known politicians and public figures: US President Theodore Roosevelt (1906), Norwegian Arctic explorer and public figure Fridtjof Nansen (1922), fighter for the rights of African Americans Martin Luther King (1964), German Chancellor Willy Brandt (1971), US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger (1973), Mother Teresa (1979), leader of the Polish Solidarity trade union Lech Walesa (1983), US President Barack Obama (2009). Our compatriots were awarded twice: Academician Andrei Sakharov in 1975 "for the fight against abuse of power and any form of suppression of human dignity" and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev in 1990 "in recognition of his role in the peace process."
Religious figures have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in different years. Among them are Lutheran Archbishop Lars Nathan Söderblom from Sweden (1930), head of the World Association of Christian Students John Mott (1946), German Protestant theologian Albert Schweitzer (1952), Dominican friar George Peer from Belgium (1958), Anglican Archbishop Desmond Tutu from South Africa (1984), 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (1989), Catholic Bishop Carlos Belu from Indonesia (1996).
Three times the prize was awarded to persons in custody: in 1935 - to the German anti-fascist Karl von Ossietzky (arrested by the Nazis in 1933), in 1991 - to the politician of Myanmar Aung San Suu Kyi (in 1989-1995 was under house arrest ), in 2010 - to Chinese human rights activist Liu Xiaobo (in 2009 he was sentenced to 11 years in prison for "inciting to undermine state power"in China).
The only time the Peace Prize was awarded posthumously - in 1961, the UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden), who died in September 1961 in a plane crash, was awarded the prize. In 1974, the Nobel Foundation banned posthumous awards.
The only winner who refused the Peace Prize is the Vietnamese politician (representative of North Vietnam) Le Duc Tho. He was awarded the award in 1973 with Henry Kissinger for his efforts to negotiate an agreement to restore peace in Vietnam, but did not accept it as hostilities continued in the country.
Among the organizations awarded the prize are the International Committee of the Red Cross (1917, 1944, 1963), the Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (1954, 1981), the United Nations Children's Fund (1965), Amnesty International (1977), the Doctors of the World for Prevention of Nuclear War" (1985), UN International Peacekeeping Forces (1988), "Doctors Without Borders" (1999), the UN and its Secretary General Kofi Annan (2001), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and its CEO Mohammed al-Baradei (2005) European Union(2012), Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (2013).
In 2016, Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos received the award "for his efforts to resolve the conflict in the country."
Statistics
In 1901-2016 the Peace Prize was awarded 97 times (19 times the Norwegian Nobel Committee did not find a worthy candidate: in 1914-1916, 1918, 1923, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1939-1943, 1948, 1955, 1956, 1966, 1967, 1972. ). Throughout history, 29 prizes have been shared between two laureates. Three people have won it twice at once: in 1994, the chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization, Yasser Arafat, and Israeli Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres, and in 2011, women: Liberian President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf and human rights activists from Liberia and Yemen Leima Roberta Gbove and Tawakkul Karman.
The median age of those awarded is 62, with the oldest being 87-year-old Englishman Joseph Rotblat (1995), and the youngest being 17-year-old Pakistani human rights activist Malala Yousafzai (2014).
According to the Nobel Prizes website, the largest number of laureates (65) have received the prize for their peacekeeping activities; 34 - for conducting peace negotiations; 28 - for the fight for human rights; 24 - for humanitarian work; 19 - for activities in the field of arms control and disarmament (one award may be awarded for efforts in several areas).
Peace Prize Candidates
Over the past century (1901-2001) 4,167 people have been nominated for the prize. 1694 candidates were from countries Western Europe, of which 44 received the award; 964 applicants were from North America, of which 19 were awarded; out of 677 nominees from Asian countries, 12 received the award; 345 candidates were citizens of Latin American countries, of which only five became laureates; 323 people from Eastern European countries were nominated for the award, of which only three were awarded; out of 164 representatives of the African continent, only six won the award.
Of the 690 organizations nominated for the award, only 20 received it.
Among the most famous people who were nominated for the Peace Prize, but did not receive it, Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini. Among the applicants were also British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953), US Presidents Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman and Dwight Eisenhower, German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer. Figures of art and literature were also nominated for the Peace Prize - Leo Tolstoy, Erich Maria Remarque, Nicholas Roerich, as well as monarchs - Nicholas II, King Albert I of the Belgians, King Paul I of Greece. In 1939, a member of the Swedish Parliament proposed the candidacy of Adolf Hitler, but she was rejected by the Nobel Committee.