Turkish culture is so rich and multifaceted that it does not fit into the framework of any simple definition. For thousands of years, the traditions of many peoples of Anatolia, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Eastern Europe, Central Asia and, of course, the ancient world merged into an unrepeatable alloy, which today is generally called Turkish, or Asia Minor culture. It should be added to this that the Turks themselves, who were not a single people until the beginning of the 20th century, brought with them from the depths of Central Asia many unique elements that organically fit into modern life country.

Interestingly, the predecessor of the modern Republic of Turkey - the Ottoman Empire for many centuries served as a synonym for religious and cultural intolerance and aggressive foreign policy. But modern Turkey is considered one of the most religiously tolerant and tolerant states of Asia, within which representatives of different nations coexist quite peacefully, for several centuries, and what’s there - decades ago, waged irreconcilable wars with each other. Even the ethnic composition of the population here has never been officially revealed - the vast majority of local residents consider themselves Turks first, and only then representatives of one or another ethnic group. Only the Kurds stand apart (they are called here "dogulu" - "people in the east"), the Circassians (the generalized name for all immigrants from the Caucasus region - Meskhetian Turks, Abkhazians, Adygs, Balkars and others), Laz and Arabs (to the latter here it is customary to refer to the Syrians). Otherwise, many representatives of the peoples who inhabited this land before the arrival of the Oghuz Turks (Guzes, or Torks, as Russian chronicles call them), have long been Turkified and consider themselves representatives of the "titular nation".

Family relationships and marriage

The Turkish tradition is characterized by a rather early age of marriage. At the same time, it is believed that a man should not reduce his wife's standard of living, so marriages between representatives of different social groups are quite rare. On the other hand, unions within the same religious or ethnic group are very common, although interethnic marriages in themselves are not something unusual.

In 1926, the revolutionary Turkish government abolished the Islamic family code and adopted a slightly modified version of the Swiss civil code. The new family law only requires and recognizes civil marriage ceremonies, binding consent from both parties, contracting, and monogamy. However, in traditional Turkish society, the choice of future spouses and the scenario of the marriage ceremony is still carried out only by the heads or councils of families, and the newlyweds themselves play a very minor role here. At the same time, the observance of all rituals is considered an extremely important element, as is the blessing of the marriage by the imam. Weddings here last many days and consist of several ceremonies, in which all family members are usually involved, and often residents of the entire street or even the entire village.

In the Islamic tradition, the groom is obliged to pay a ransom for the bride, although recently this tradition is becoming more and more a thing of the past - the amount of "kalym" either decreases depending on the expenses incurred for the wedding or the general wealth of the family, or is simply transferred to the young for the development of their own family. At the same time, in patriarchal provincial communities, collecting money for a ransom can become a serious obstacle to marriage, therefore, subject to the procedure itself, they try to formalize it, at the level of an agreement between the parties.

Even though divorces are not considered a sin, their number is small. Those who are divorced, especially men with children (and this is not uncommon here), quickly remarry, usually with the same divorced women. The modern code does not recognize the old rule of the husband's prerogative for the right of oral and unilateral divorce and prescribes the judicial procedure for this process. Moreover, there can be only six reasons for divorce - adultery, a threat to life, a criminal or unethical lifestyle, flight from the family, mental weakness and ... incompatibility. The apparent vagueness of these requirements is the reason for the rare recognition of claims - and divorce by mutual agreement is not provided for by local law.

The family plays a dominant role in the life of any Turk. Members of the same clan or family usually live close to each other and provide literally daily contact, financial and emotional support. This explains the large and, importantly, prompt assistance to aging parents and the younger generation, as well as the strength of family ties, regardless of the place of residence of family members. As a result, the Turks almost do not know the problem of abandoned old people and homelessness, the problem of youth crime is relatively irrelevant. And even many villages, including those located in hard-to-reach places, are maintained in a fairly high degree of safety - there will always be a couple of elderly relatives who are willing to support the "family nest", in which various festive events are often held.

The Turks themselves quite clearly distinguish between the family as such (aile) and the household (hane), referring to the first category only close relatives living together, and to the second - all members of the clan living together in some territory and leading a common household. The next important element is the male community (sulale), consisting of relatives in the male line or a common ancestor. Such communities play a prominent role in the life of the old "noble families", leading their history from the time Ottoman Empire and tribal unions. They are practically unknown among most of the townspeople, although they have a great influence on the politics of the country.

Traditionally, men and women play very different roles in the family. Usually the Turkish family is characterized by "male dominance", respect for elders and female subordination. The father or the oldest male in the family is considered the head of the whole family, and his instructions are usually not discussed. However, a man bears a very heavy burden - he ensures the well-being of the family (until recently, Turkish women had the right not to work outside the home at all), and represents his family before other relatives, and even bears responsibility for raising children, although formally it is simply not possible to do this. must. Interestingly, until the end of the 20th century, even going to a store or market was a purely male duty!

But the role of women in the Turkish family, despite many myths, is quite simple. Formally, the wife is required to respect and completely obey her husband, housekeeping and raising children. But it is not for nothing that the Turks say that "the honor of a man and a family depends on the way in which women behave and look after the house." A woman, being largely limited by the walls of her own dwelling, often manages all the internal affairs of the clan, and often to a much greater extent than is prescribed by tradition. The mother is respected by the younger members of the family on a par with the head of the clan, but her relationship with the children is warm and informal. At the same time, legally women have equal rights to private property and inheritance, as well as education and participation in public life, than many of the fair sex are happy to use (in 1993-1995, the Prime Minister Turkey there was a woman - Tansu Chiller). Turkish women are considered to be among the most emancipated in the Middle East, and although they still lose out to Israelis or Jordanians in terms of the overall level of education, this gap is rapidly closing.

However, local women also pay tribute to centuries-old traditions - even in the most modern cities of the country, women's dress is rather modest and closed, capes are not uncommon, partially or completely hiding the face and body, and next to a very popular European costume, you can often see traditional folk views clothes that Turkish women wear with a certain grace. In the province women costume much more modest and nondescript, and in general, women do not tend to leave their homes, although many of them work in the field, shops or markets and are not going to hide from someone else's eyes - it's just a tradition. In some rural areas, clothing is still the “calling card” of a woman and allows you to determine both her origin and social status. Interestingly, traditional women's headscarves (usually called "Basortyusu", although there are other pronunciations) that partially cover the face are simply prohibited in government offices and universities, but attempts to cancel this "Ataturk innovation" are constantly being made.

Children in Turkey are literally adored and pampered in every possible way. It is quite acceptable here to ask childless couples when they plan to have children, and then literally spend hours discussing this "problem". Even in an ordinary conversation between men, for example, children will occupy a place no less important than football or market prices. Sons are especially loved because they increase the status of the mother in the eyes of the husband and relatives from the spouse. Sons up to 10-12 years old spend a lot of time with their mother, and then, as it were, they move into the "male circle", and their upbringing is already more trusted by the men of the family. Daughters usually live with their mother until marriage. In general, the relationship between fathers and daughters is rather formal here, and their affection (often no less than for sons, by the way) is rarely demonstrated publicly. Although a daughter or son may argue or joke with their mother in public, they are respectful in the presence of their father and never dare to contradict him in public.

Relationships between brothers and sisters in Turkey are easy and informal until the age of 13-14. Later, their status changes noticeably - the older brother (agabey) takes on some of the rights and obligations of parents in relation to his sister. The older sister (abla) also becomes, in relation to her brother, like a second mother - the Turks rightly believe that this prepares the girls for their future role as a wife. In large families, grandparents also take on a lot of care for the upbringing of children. This often leads to the fact that children feel their permissiveness and sometimes behave very arrogantly, but by and large this manifests itself no more often here than in any other corner of the planet.

Even very young children visit restaurants and cafes everywhere with their parents, and at any time of the day. Many establishments make sure to keep high chairs and special tables, while including dishes for children of all ages on the menu. Most hotels have special play areas and clubs, and can also offer children's beds and cots. True, in most cases they are suitable for short local children and too small for Europeans, so it is better to order them in advance with the agreement of the required size. But child car seats are still not very common, although most major tour operators and car rental companies are able to provide them upon request.

Relations

Relations between persons of different generations and genders are also determined by local etiquette quite strictly. Unless they are close friends or relatives, it is customary to address elders with respect and courtesy, especially in public. Older men should be addressed with the obligatory "bey" ("master") after the name, a woman - "khanym" ("mistress"). Even relatives of the opposite sex in public usually do not show signs of affection; on holidays, everyone is quickly distributed among companies depending on age and gender.

Friends or close relatives of the same sex may well hold hands or greet each other with kisses on the cheek or hugs - otherwise this is not allowed. At a meeting, men shake hands in a completely European way, but they never shake hands with a woman unless she herself explicitly allows it. By the way, numerous incidents are connected with the last moment with foreign tourists, who are the first to reach out when meeting local residents, for whom this is a clear invitation to get to know each other better.

On a bus, dolmush or theater, if there is a choice of seats, women must always sit next to another woman, while a man cannot sit next to an unfamiliar woman without her permission.

Etiquette

Formal etiquette is of great importance in Turkish culture, defining the most important forms of social interaction. Local tradition implies an exact oral form for virtually any occasion of addressing other people and emphasizes the correctness of these rituals.

Hospitality (misafirperverlik) remains one of the cornerstones of Turkish culture, especially in rural areas. Friends, relatives, and neighbors often visit each other. An invitation to visit is usually furnished with a rather elegant set of pretexts, and one must have special tact in order to refuse without offending the hosts. Such offers usually do not have any hidden reasons - no gifts are expected from guests other than a good company and an interesting conversation. If it is really impossible to accept the offer, it is recommended to refer to the lack of time and busyness (in case of ignorance of the language, the simplest pantomime with putting the hand to the chest, showing the clock and then waving the hand in the direction of movement is quite suitable) - the Turks really appreciate such arguments. Moreover, even short visits by local standards are unlikely to last less than two hours - in addition to the obligatory tea or coffee, the guest will in any case be offered, more than once, a "snack". Usually the third is considered the final refusal, but the rules of good manners oblige the hosts to somehow feed the guest, so there can be many options. Do not try to pay the bill if you are invited to a restaurant, or give money away if you visit a private house - this is considered impolite. But the photographs sent later or a small present "on occasion" will be received sincerely and with joy.

In the local tradition - to offer the guest all the best, regardless of the wealth of the family. At the same time, despite the widespread misconception, the Turks are very tolerant of the guest's ignorance of the peculiarities of their culture and are able to easily forgive "minor sins". Traditionally, the meal is held at a low table with guests seated directly on the floor - while it is customary to hide the feet under the table. Dishes are laid out on a large tray, which is placed either on this low table, or even on the floor, and people are seated around on cushions or mats and take dishes from the tray to their plates either with their hands or with a common spoon. In cities, however, ordinary European-style tables are widespread, as well as the usual serving with individual dishes and cutlery.

As elsewhere in Islamic countries, you can take something from a common dish only right hand. It is also considered uncivilized to talk at the table without the permission of the owner of the house, to choose special pieces from a common dish, or to open your mouth wide - even if you need to use a toothpick, you should cover your mouth with your hand in the same way as when playing the harmonica, for example.

Table etiquette

It should be noted that the Turks never eat alone and do not snack on the go. They usually sit down at the table three times a day, preferring to do it with the whole family. Breakfast includes bread, cheese, olives and tea. Dinner, usually quite late, begins only after the gathering of all family members. The lunch menu most often consists of three or more courses, which are eaten in sequence, and each dish is served with a salad or other greens. It is customary to invite guests, neighbors and friends to dinner, but in this case, the time of the meal and the menu are chosen in advance. Despite Muslim prohibitions on alcohol, raki (anise tincture), wine or beer are often served at dinner (the latter is not considered an alcoholic drink at all in most parts of the country). In this case, meze will serve as an obligatory element of the meal - a variety of snacks (fruits, vegetables, fish, cheese, smoked meats, sauces and fresh bread), usually served on small plates. The meze is already followed by the main course, which is selected taking into account the assortment of appetizers - vegetable salads will be served with kebab, rice or hummus with fish or chicken, tortillas with meat, cheese and marinades with soup.

Interestingly, drinking alcoholic beverages, even beer, in public places is considered indecent. And the sale of alcohol in public places in Turkey generally prohibited. And at the same time, in many stores alcohol is sold almost freely, only in Ramadan the shelves with it are closed or blocked.

Pork is not found in the local cuisine at all, and in addition to it, there are many other products that are not officially prohibited by Islamic norms, but are avoided for other reasons. For example, members of the Yuruk tribal group avoid all seafood except fish, members of the Alevi order do not eat rabbit meat, in the central regions of the country they do not eat snails, and so on. Interestingly, on the periphery of Turkey, well-marked culinary elements of the peoples who inhabited these lands before the arrival of the Turks are still preserved. Georgian chicken in satsivi sauce, Armenian lahmacun, or lagmajo (analogue of pizza), is known as lahmacun and is considered a Turkish dish, the same applies to many Arabic and Greek dishes (meze, for example). At the same time, in rural areas, local residents eat very modestly - most of their diet consists of bread with onions, yogurt, olives, cheese and smoked meat ("pastirma").

Hospitality

Staying up late is not accepted. It is not recommended to start a meal or a tea party without the invitation of the owner of the house, even smoking in a company without the explicit permission of an older man or the organizer of the meeting is considered impolite. Business meetings are usually preceded by tea and non-business conversations; it is not customary to go directly to discussing the issue of interest. But music and songs can drag out the ceremony for a very long time - the Turks are very musical and love to play music at every opportunity. One 19th century English ambassador remarked that "the Turks will both sing and dance whenever they can afford it." Much has changed in the country since then, but not the love of the locals for music.

Turkish houses are clearly divided into guest and private areas, and asking for a tour of the entire dwelling is impolite. The soles of shoes are a priori considered dirty, and at the entrance to any private house, as well as to a mosque, it is customary to take off shoes and shoes. In public places, this is not accepted - it is quite possible to walk in street shoes. But in some offices, libraries or private shops, the guest will be offered either interchangeable slippers or shoe covers. In crowded places like mosques or government organizations, shoes can be folded into bags and taken with you inside.

Sign language

Turks use a complex and varied body language and gestures, often completely invisible to most foreigners. For example, a snap of the fingers indicates the approval of something (a good football player, a product highest quality and the like), while a click of the tongue, contrary to popular belief, is a sharp denial of something (often a surprised raise of the eyebrows is added to this gesture). A quick side to side shake of the head means "I don't understand," while a single tilt of the head to the side could very well mean "yes." And since there are many such schemes, and each region of the country may have its own specific set, it is not recommended to abuse the gestures familiar to us - here they can have a completely different meaning.

Cloth

The attitude to clothing in the country is quite free and carries noticeable elements of the Islamic tradition. A business suit, jacket and tie for men are widespread in business circles, and many Turks prefer it on festive occasions. national clothes, complementing the hat. But women approach the issue more creatively - in everyday life the National costume still holds its position, especially in the provinces, and for the holiday, Turkish women will prefer their colorful and very comfortable dress in local conditions, complementing it with various accessories. And at the same time, both of them are quite conservative in clothes, trying to adhere to once and for all accepted general schemes.

Tourist to visit Turkey you don’t have to take special care of the dress - here you can wear almost anything that suits the local hot and dry climate. However, when visiting places of worship and provincial areas, one should dress as modestly as possible - shorts, short skirts and open dresses will cause a sharp rejection almost everywhere outside the beach areas, and approaching mosques in this form can end in failure.

When visiting mosques and temples, women are advised to choose clothes that cover their legs and body as much as possible up to the head and wrists, and not to wear miniskirts or trousers. Men are strongly advised to avoid shorts and in some cases overalls. Women are allowed to enter the territory of all temples only with a covered head(you can rent a scarf and a long skirt at the entrance). Shoes when visiting the mosque, of course, are also left at the entrance. It is better not to visit mosques during prayers.

Beachwear as such (including overly open bikinis and shorts) should also be limited directly to the beach - they may simply not be allowed into a store or hotel in this form. Even just going outside in a bathing suit outside the actual beach hotel is strongly discouraged. H udism is also not accepted, although some closed hotels practice this type of recreation, but only in carefully isolated areas. Basically, fire

topless will not cause any special emotions on an ordinary beach, but it is better to correlate your desires with the traditions of the local population. Even if the owners and hotel staff are too polite to show their dissatisfaction with excessively free behavior, harsh reactions may follow from other guests. Often, in order to avoid problems, it is enough to simply consult with the staff about the traditions of a particular institution and find out the places where "free rest" is allowed - often they are specially allocated and quite safe.

During the holy month of Ramadan (Ramadan), believers do not eat, drink or smoke from sunrise to sunset. In the evening, shops and restaurants are open until late, but you should refrain from smoking and eating in the presence of those who are fasting. The end of Ramadan is noisily and colorfully celebrated for three days, so all places in restaurants and hotels, as well as tickets for transport and various performances, must be reserved in advance.

In order to make your stay in a foreign country as comfortable as possible for yourself and others, not to get into an awkward position and not to show disrespect to the locals, it is advisable to familiarize yourself with the basic Turkish traditions and rules of etiquette adopted in this country.

Turkish traditions: greeting rules

Greetings between men. If the men meet for the first time, they greet each other with a handshake and look directly into the eyes. Hugs and gentle pats on the back are accepted among friends and relatives. Kisses on both cheeks are also possible. Adherents of one political party greet each other, touching their temples. Colleagues usually do without kissing.

Greetings between women. At the first meeting, a light handshake is enough. If the women are well acquainted, they exchange kisses on the cheek and light hugs.

Greeting a woman by a man. It's quite a touchy moment. It is better to wait for some hint or signal. If you are offered a hand, respond with a simple handshake, if offered a cheek, then you can greet with a kiss on both cheeks. If neither hand nor cheek is offered, then simply nodding and/or politely saying Merhaba (hello) is sufficient. It is possible that religion forbids them from touching persons of the opposite sex.

Greeting elderly relatives. As a rule, when greeting an elderly aunt or uncle, the Turks put his or her hands to the forehead and then to the lips. Turks also welcome parents.

Personal space

Some foreigners may find it uncomfortable for Turks to shorten the distance when communicating. Usually colleagues and acquaintances communicate with each other at arm's length. Between relatives and friends, this distance is significantly reduced and during communication they often touch each other.

Turks love tactile contact

But there are certain rules:

• You can often see women holding each other's hands or men holding each other's.
• Sometimes women, walking, hold each other's hands or hug each other by the waist.
• Although Turks often exchange touches during friendly communication, all touching is possible only above the waist. Touching the legs can be regarded as body movements of a sexual nature.
• In public places, you are unlikely to see people of the opposite sex touching each other.
• If business partners in a conversation with a third party put their hand on his shoulder, this can be considered some sign of trust.

Eye contact

• Try to look your interlocutor in the eyes.
• Women often avoid direct eye contact with men.

Get down to business...

• The style of communication mostly depends on the topic and the situation.
• If someone is trying to build a relationship with another person, they may use an indirect style of communication. It may take forever before you get to the bottom of it, so be patient.
• On the other hand, when it comes to topics such as politics, the conversation can be very direct and confrontational.
• Some people say whatever is on their mind without thinking.
• In business negotiations, before getting to the heart of the issue, the Turks prefer to talk a little about this and that.

What's the rush?

• Turks are usually very generous with their time.
• The time frame of the conversation is also determined by the topic of the conversation and the situation.
• If you are late for some social event, it will not be considered rude. However, be prepared for the fact that punctuality is not the strongest quality of the Turks.
• Trains and buses usually arrive on time...almost. However, with regard to deliveries, as a rule, they are not carried out on the day you expect them.
• In business, punctuality is valued.

Basic gestures

• Fingers joined together, forming a circle with the thumb, and moving the hand up and down means that something is good, tasty or beautiful. Often this gesture has the soundtrack "Umum".
• A raised chin and a click of the tongue mean "no."
• When invited to enter, the person is usually called by extending the hand with the palm down and making scratching movements with the fingers towards oneself.
• To decline an offer, they usually just put their hands on their hearts.
• A hand movement near the head, imitating screwing in a light bulb, means that someone is out of his mind (quite eloquently and internationally).

What not to do

• Pointing at someone is considered rude.
• It is not customary to demonstrate a "French" kiss in public.
• It is not customary to blow your nose loudly in public places.
• When entering a house, it is customary to take off your shoes. If you are sitting in the lotus position, make sure that the soles of your feet are not pointing towards your neighbor.
• It is not customary to whisper in small companies, for example, at the table.

Strict Muslims cannot eat, drink or smoke between sunrise and sunset during Ramadan. In conservative places like Fatih, for example, it is better to refrain from eating, drinking and smoking on the street out of respect.

Customs, Traditions and Holidays in Turkey

Vacationers in numerous Turkish resorts may not even be aware of what life goes on outside of fashionable hotels. For those who are interested, it will be interesting to observe a life built on ancient traditions. and Turkey are located nearby, but there is very little in common, although you can still find something similar. As well as in Russia, the customs of this country were formed on a mixture of different ethnic groups, religions and customs. Here, many things still remind of the way of life of the ancient nomads, on which large strokes of Islamic culture are superimposed.

Muslims make up more than 80% of the local population, and this is felt literally in everything. Religiosity comes through both in the manner of communication and in the features of the Turks. Local traditions are also mixed with Islam and are rooted in the history of the Ottoman Empire. This applies, for example, to deliberate politeness in communication. Today, Turkey is considered a secular state, but the tradition of polite treatment and courtesy is in the blood of the locals. Here you should not be surprised that compliments can pour on you from all sides, it is better to keep in mind that it would be nice to reciprocate such attention.

Foreigners, as a rule, are interested in wedding ceremonies, usually magnificent and very symbolic. First, it is supposed to send matchmakers, then to announce the betrothal. Wedding celebrations usually start on Thursday and can last for several days. Many traditions have survived to this day solely for their beauty and originality. So, in the "Henna Night" the bride's hands are painted with intricate patterns. An interesting tradition is the "belt of virginity", when the bride's father ties a scarlet ribbon over a snow-white dress.

Traditions are especially honored in rural areas, but even in megacities the rite of circumcision is strictly observed. It is also not customary to eat pork here, but the family hierarchy is strictly observed. The head of the family is always a man, but a woman always enjoys the respect of her relatives, and according to the law, a man and a woman have equal rights.

The most popular traditional holidays in Turkey are still Ramadan, Sheker-i Eid al-Adha These are major national holidays. There are a lot of people on the streets these days, music is playing. In addition to these holidays, Turkey celebrates many local and family holidays that reflect the customs and traditions of this people.

Hospitality is highly valued in Turkey. Friends and relatives often visit here. An invitation is always accompanied by many respectful pretexts, so it is very difficult to refuse a visit without offending the host. By the way, a reason for an invitation to visit is sometimes not needed at all, only a good mood and an interesting company are expected from guests. By the way, if you really don’t have time for a visit, then it is recommended to refuse, since even the shortest of them will last at least two hours, since they are not limited to just a cup of coffee or tea when receiving guests. In no case do not try to pay off the bill if you were invited to a restaurant or pay money to the owner of the house - this is terribly unpolite. But your photos that you send after the visit or small gifts "on the occasion" will surely please your Turkish acquaintances.

Customs and mores of Turkey

A minimum knowledge of Turkish traditions and customs is necessary, this will help you communicate and avoid embarrassing situations.

The most conspicuous feature Turkish people is sincere hospitality, which is why Turkey remains one of the most popular Mediterranean resort states.

In the villages of Turkey, family traditions are strong and old habits are not erased by time.

Although women are equal in rights with men in Turkey, there are many prohibitions for them in small provincial towns; the attitude towards them in the villages is softer, and in big cities - liberal. The main emphasis is on the family and, despite the fact that decisions are usually made by men, the influence of Turkish women in the family is very strong, since in many cases they are the main breadwinners of the family, both in the village and in the city.

Women in rural areas cover their heads with headscarves, mostly to protect their hair from dust and dirt, rather than for reasons of religious conservatism. In big cities, women wear western clothes, master different professions and occupy high positions.

The Turks practically do not interfere in the private life of foreigners, because they believe that everyone has their own laws. However, for female tourists, provocative clothing can create problems. Big cities in Turkey are relatively safe compared to other countries. Of course, sidelong glances and "interesting" offers are not uncommon, but cases of violence and robbery are rare (unless you provoke yourself).

Good manners rules
1. Women in black capes should not be photographed. If you want to take a picture of a man, be sure to ask permission.

2. When entering a private house or, moreover, a mosque, you must take off your shoes and leave them at the entrance. In crowded mosques, you can put your shoes in a bag and take them inside with you. In addition, when visiting a mosque, you must be neatly dressed, exclude shorts, T-shirts, miniskirts from clothing, and observe silence.

3. Drinking alcohol on the streets can be frowned upon.

4. Tipping is optional, but according to an unspoken tradition, it is customary to leave waiters about 10% of the order value. Porters are given a tip of one dollar. Taxi drivers are usually not paid above the price.

5. You should not compare Turkey with Greece - these countries fought each other not so long ago. No need to make fun of Kemal Ataturk - although he died, according to rumors, from indefatigable drunkenness, for the Turks he remains national hero number one. Calling Istanbul Constantinople is also not recommended. The capital was called Constantinople Byzantine Empire, which was once conquered by the Ottomans. With all this, you can offend the national feelings of Turkish citizens.

Islam attaches paramount importance to the ritual side: five times prayer, fasting and hajj are among the basic principles, the "five pillars" of Islam. They include the main dogma of faith in one Allah and charitable alms - "zekat". But Turkey is an extraordinary country - nowhere in the Islamic world is there such secular legislation - religion in Turkey is separated from the state.

Now only two prescriptions are strictly observed - the ban on eating pork and the rite of circumcision. Turks circumcise a boy most often at the age of 7-12 years. This is usually done in August or early September. Circumcision is preceded by a haircut of the head, a test of knowledge of the basic prayers. The boy is dressed up in a beautiful suit with a ribbon over his shoulder, on which the Arabic saying "mashalla" is written - "God save!" Circumcision - large family celebration. Parents and guests give gifts to the hero of the occasion. Among the Turks, a godfather ("kivre") necessarily participates in the rite of circumcision - an adult male, similar to godfather at Christians.

Islam in all its manifestations determines many spheres of private and public life. Five times a day, the muezzin calls the faithful to prayer from the minaret of the mosque. During Ramadan, the Muslim fast, coffee houses and tea gardens are empty (but usually not closed in tourism centers), at sacred springs, men perform ablutions according to the canons of their faith before gathering for Friday prayers.

Kinship ties are very important for the Turks. great importance. In peasant families, and in many urban families, a strict and clear hierarchy reigns: children and mother unquestioningly obey the head of the family - the father, younger brothers - the eldest, and sisters - the elder sister and all brothers. But the owner of the house is always a man. And no matter how great the power of the elder sister is, the youngest of the brothers has the right to give her orders. True, an elderly mother with many children is surrounded by respect and love of all family members.
After the Kemalist revolution, polygamy in Turkey was officially prohibited by law. However, among the wealthy segments of the population, it continues to persist. Moreover, polygamy is allowed - if not encouraged - by the Muslim clergy, who honor the canons of the Prophet Muhammad more than the laws of the founder of the Republic of Turkey, Kemal Atatürk.

In villages and provincial towns they do not attach special significance civil marriage. Here, the Muslim marriage performed by the imam has more weight. Only marriage with an imam sanctifies the creation of a family, according to fans of the tradition. But such a marriage is not recognized by the Turkish state, it is not legal.

That is why Kemal Ataturk is respected in Turkey. After all, it was thanks to his reforms that great changes took place in the fate of the Turkish woman. In her rights, she was equal to a man. Among the Turkish women there are deputies of parliament, and university professors, writers, journalists, judges, lawyers and doctors; among them are singers, ballerinas, dramatic actresses. Although quite recently, at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century. Turkish women could not even dream of all this - how many of their Russian sisters sobbed over the suffering of the unfortunate Feride from the Turkish hit film "Korolek - a singing bird" - and the situation in it is described as quite ordinary for that time. In part, the Turkish woman is still bound by Islamic customs. In everyday life, in everyday life, she is bound by countless traditional rules of behavior: she must give way to a man, she has no right to overtake him.

Women in Turkey- wonderful dancers and some of the most beautiful in the world. A lot of tourists try to get acquainted with Turkish women on vacation. Here you need to be very careful. Morality in Turkey sets very strict rules of conduct for women. Dubious connections are a stain of dishonor that casts a shadow not only on the family of the sinner, but on the entire village. There are a lot of cases when vacationers who tried to take care of Turkish women had big problems with her relatives. If you know these simple customs, then your vacation in Turkey will become truly unforgettable, and it will not be overshadowed by minor troubles.

Cultural and household traditions and the customs of Turkey are very diverse, because this multinational country was formed on the basis of the powerful Ottoman Empire, which existed for more than 600 years and subjugated the peoples of parts of Europe, Asia and Africa. Only on July 24, 1923, when the aggressive empire collapsed, did the formation of Turkey as a state begin, in which, in fact, there was no Turkish nation as such.

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The national composition of the population, inherited from the empire, had representatives of many peoples: Kurds, Circassians, Arabs, Meskhetians, Syrians, Laz, Balkars, Circassians. Each of them sought to preserve their religious, cultural and household traditions. And although now their descendants consider themselves Turks, they continue to keep their national canons, from which the extraordinary variety of Turkish customs arose.

The popular novel by the Turkish writer Gyuntekin "Korolok - a singing bird", written by him in 1922, became widely known in our country in the late 80s of the last century, as well as the film of the same name based on it. The work about love reflects all layers of Turkish society, the social inequality of the very rich and the very poor; downtroddenness and oppression of Turkish women and, of course, folk traditions.

Now everything has changed since the writing of the novel: there is no striking social contrast in society; Basically, many seek to get a good education, to master foreign languages, get a prestigious profession of a doctor, lawyer, economist, journalist. The rural population is becoming more civilized and wealthy, thanks to modern communications and connections. But as before, everyone is united by traditions and customs developed by ancestors and revered by modern descendants.

wedding customs

Marriage is given great paramount importance here, so the traditions and customs of the wedding are sacredly honored. Here it is customary to get married and get married in a pretty early age, while striving to observe the principle of social equality: a low-income man should not marry a girl from a wealthy family, so as not to infringe on her requests in the future and not worsen her financial situation.

Although there are exceptions: not all modern young businessmen and politicians choose a financially secure life partner. The most common family unions within religious and ethnic groups, but inter-ethnic are not prohibited by law.

The family code here is based on the Swiss civil code, which provides for the mutual consent of the newlyweds, the conclusion of a marriage contract and the principle of monogamy.

wedding ceremony rituals

Family discussion is held after the decision of the guy and the girl to marry, when each of them consults with members of his family, discussing all the details of the upcoming celebration.
Visit of close relatives of the groom to the bride's family to obtain consent to marriage.

Engagement, which consists in presenting the bride with gold jewelry: rings, earrings, bracelets after cutting the red thread connecting the rings of the bride and groom into 2 parts.

wedding preparations

Henna night is a kind of bachelorette party held two days before the wedding, in which only women participate. The traditional attire of the bride on this night should be a purple velvet dress, she (the bride) is seated in the center of the room, a plate of henna diluted with water is placed, where a lighted candle is placed. Those present, performing ritual songs, dance around the bride, and she sobs with her mother as a sign of sadness from the imminent separation from her parental home.

wedding ceremony

The wedding ceremony, where 200-300 guests are invited, begins with wild fun, accompanied by bravura music and graceful dances. Before the end of the celebration, it is the turn of presenting gifts according to the kinship hierarchy: first, the closest give, then the farthest, and so on in descending order.

The wedding night

"Gerdek" - the first wedding night - is a very important and responsible stage, when the virgin purity of the bride is checked, which is still of great importance in Turkey. Until now, in the morning, the bride must demonstrate to everyone on the sheet the traces of the loss of innocence. With mutual desire, young people can deceive the vigilance of relatives if they already had intimacy before the wedding.

Traditions of etiquette

hospitality rules

Turkish hospitality is akin to Caucasian, the Turks willingly invite guests to their place, using a special set of phrases and sentences that emphasize the desire of the hosts to see the guests at home. The guests who have come, traditionally placed on the floor on spread out pillows and mats, are supposed to be offered the best and most delicious. Meals are served on a beautiful capacious tray, which is placed on a low table. But now in most city houses the feast is held according to European standards: at a large table served with a full set of eating utensils.

Table etiquette

It must be remembered that pieces from a common dish should be taken only with the right hand, you can talk at the table with the permission of the owner. It is considered indecent to quickly and greedily absorb food, to be away for a long time, to smoke without permission; participation in dances and performance of songs is welcomed. The houses of the Turks are divided into guest and host halves, so guests can only enter their own half, taking off their shoes before entering.

IN Turkish families it is not customary to eat alone; they strictly ensure that everyone living in the same house is present at the table during meals. Turks eat a lot of greens and vegetable salads, which are served with every meal; they can drink aniseed tincture or beer at dinner, which are not considered alcoholic beverages among them, although they are strictly forbidden to drink in public places. Pork is never used in cooking, either in home or in catering.

Common gestures

Residents of Turkey use specific gestures, sometimes understandable only to them: snapping fingers means approval; click of the tongue - on the contrary, disapproval or denial. Misunderstanding is expressed by a quick shake of the head from side to side or a surprised raise of the eyebrows. The consent sign is indicated by tilting the head to one side. When communicating with Turks, foreigners need to be more careful with their gestures, as they can be perceived by them in a completely different way.

Wearing traditions

Conservative residents of Turkey, both men and women, prefer to wear traditional clothes especially in rural areas. A mandatory attribute of national Turkish clothing are harem pants, in which representatives of both sexes go. Men's clothes are sewn from denser fabrics, and women's clothes are made from thin transparent fabrics, with decorations in the form of intricate patterns.

Over the trousers, women put on long dresses and robes made of satin, brocade, taffeta, muslin, and men wear long shirts tucked into trousers. Until now, many men wear a traditional headdress - a fez - a low cap made of red wool intertwined with blue, black or blue cord with a tassel.

Women wear bright, beautiful scarves on top. Now most business men wear European suits, shirts and ties. Young urban women are more committed to traditional dresses, complementing them with modern accessories and shoes, while older women strictly follow the customs of national attire.

Turks are intolerant of foreign tourists who appear off the beach in too revealing clothes: short shorts, low-cut tops or blouses. When going to a public place, you need to dress modestly, choosing a dress or skirt below the knees and with a small neckline; preferably in a hat or with a sleek hairdo. Visiting mosques and temples requires tourists to be very careful: men should not appear there in shorts, women should wear a long dress that covers their arms and legs; and cover your head with a scarf or scarf.

Customs associated with the birth of children

All close relatives, coming to congratulate the family on the birth of a child, should give the mother gold and silver jewelry and coins. The choice of a name is also discussed by the family clan, the approved name is pronounced aloud three times, one of the grandmothers reads a prayer in the ear of the newborn in a whisper. On the fortieth day of a newborn's life, prayers are also read for his health; before bathing, the child's body is rubbed with salt so that a bad smell does not come from him in the future.

Great importance is attached to the appearance of the first tooth in children: different objects are laid out in front of the baby and, according to what the child takes first, they make an assumption of who he (she) will become.

An important stage in the development of a boy is the rite of circumcision, for which he is prepared from an early age. This is a magnificent celebration when a boy, dressed like a king, is driven in a smartly decorated car, accompanied by a cortege to musical accompaniment. The boy is given gold coins as a sign that he has become a man that day and should have money.