The ADSM vaccine is designed to protect your child from these dangerous diseases like diphtheria and tetanus. Vaccination involves the formation of a person's immune response in response to the ingestion of infectious pathogens. The vaccine contains pre-treated and highly purified toxoids, which cannot have a damaging pathogenic effect on tissues, but at the same time they contribute to the development of stable immunity.
The first year of life is vital importance for immunization against some of the most important preventable diseases by providing baseline cycles that would then require a second-year recall. It should be recalled that the 3rd month begins on the 61st day of life and that it is advisable to start the administration of the evavalent vaccine as soon as possible in order to provide rapid protection, especially against whooping cough, whose clinical severity is greater than early agreed upon. Then a second dose of monovalent hepatitis B vaccine will follow at the end of the first month; Of the 3 doses to be given from day 61, the hexadecimal combination vaccine calendar should be followed.
In the planned schedule of children's vaccination, the ADSM vaccine is always listed, but not all mothers and fathers know what it is. In fact, this is a common version of DTP, which does not have one component in it - the active pertussis toxoid.
Tetanus and diphtheria belong to a group of dangerous infectious diseases that threaten health with serious complications. To prevent these pathologies, children who have reached 4 years of age are vaccinated. At the same time, parents can voluntarily agree or, but before making the right choice, it is important to know what she can give the child.
Simultaneously with equivalent vaccination, but in a different anatomical region, the administration of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is recommended, which provides the broadest possible protection against circulating serotypes. The initial 3 doses of anti-meningococcal vaccine B should be given during the first year of life. Since the maximum incidence of invasive disease due to this etiological agent is found in the first two years of life, it is critical to initiate a dosing cycle as soon as possible.
In case the vaccination was started after the 6th month, you can use the one-time cycle with the first two recommendations, respectively, at the 7th and 9th month of life. Oral rotavirus vaccination is recommended universally for all children from the 6th week of life, consisting of 2 or 3 doses and in conjunction with other vaccinations to reach age. In any case, the vaccine cycle must be completed no later than 8 months. The risk of intussusception within 7 days of vaccine administration, although very rare, should always be communicated to parents during pre-potential counseling to recognize symptoms in a timely manner so that they can inform their health care team immediately.
Deciphering the abbreviation sounds like diphtheria-tetanus toxoid in small doses. The mechanism of action of the vaccine is based on the development of specific antibodies by the child's immune system, under the influence of microbial toxins introduced into the body, which have retained their immunogenic qualities.
As a result, a defensive reaction on causative agents of diseases - tetanus and diphtheria. AT in general terms, the vaccine works on the principle of a mild infectious process that does not threaten the health and life of the vaccinated, but develops a stable immune response of the body for many years.
From 6 months of age, influenza vaccination is recommended for children at risk. Call for vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and polio. Call for a new vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and polio. Quadrant equivalent against meningococcus.
Given the need to provide short-term protection with multiple vaccines, it is important to consider possible co-administration. Primary school entry age is the time to call for diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and polio vaccines, which can be done predominantly with combination vaccines.
There are several types of vaccines, and parents can choose one of them:
- ADSM of domestic production;
- Imovax D.T. Adult imported, this vaccine is not considered to cause unwanted reactions from the body;
- vaccines of the monovalent type - AC and AD, respectively, tetanus and
Of course, parents will have to pay a certain amount for an imported drug, but in practice it may turn out to be safer than a domestic vaccine.
Adolescence is very important point either to deliver vaccination claims that have already been made in infancy, or to administer new vaccinations in in electronic format during this period of life. For all adolescents, it is recommended to immunize diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and poliomyelitis using vaccines in combination with antigenic doses for adults.
It is also important to check vaccine status for measles, mumps, and rubella, and to start or end any incomplete vaccination cycles by giving 1 or 2 doses of vaccine as needed. In addition, for chickenpox, it is extremely important to use adolescence as a filter age to suggest a 2-dose vaccine in subjects who are abnormally negative for a previously unimmunized disease.
Timing of vaccination
The schedule for ADSM vaccinations directly depends on whether DPT vaccination was carried out in early age. If the child was vaccinated according to the general calendar, then the scheme for the subsequent administration of the vaccine will look like this:
- at the age of 6 years, revaccination No. 2 is carried out;
- at the age of 16, revaccination No. 3 is recommended.
There are situations in which the body of a small child cannot tolerate the DPT vaccination for health reasons. In such cases, the doctor prescribes the ADSM vaccine according to the following individual scheme: at 3 months, at 4.5 months, at 6 months and the first revaccination at one and a half years.
For meningococcal B vaccination, given its recent introduction, priority is now represented by its use at an age when there is maximum exposure to the disease. In adulthood, it is recommended to periodically give the diphtheria and tetanus vaccine with the adult dose, which should be actively offered, also finding suitable opportunities for this offer. The same facilities should be used to test for measles, rubella, mumps and varicella susceptibility status.
The same can be said for varicella vaccination, as it is necessary to offer 2-dose vaccination in subjects who are abnormally negative for a previously unimmunized disease. Until Friday, May 19, when the government approved the decree of Health Minister Beatrice Lorenzin, only four vaccinations were required by law at birth. Today, twelve vaccinations have become indispensable for enrolling children in Kindergarten and kindergarten. In addition, the decree provides economic sanctions for parents who will try to enroll their unvaccinated children in a compulsory school, that is, from primary school.
Then the vaccination calendar smoothly turns into the generally accepted one - at 6 and at 16 years old, as mentioned above. In the adult population, revaccination is planned every 10 years, since it is during this time period that the vaccine forms a stable immunity to diphtheria and tetanus.
How is vaccination carried out?
The drug is administered to a child under conditions of the strictest sterility intramuscularly: it can be the forearm, thigh or area under the shoulder blade.
The new rules put in place by decree are effective immediately, but the measure must be transposed into law within 60 days, and it's not clear if the text in the text will change. The requirement to provide a certificate of vaccination against the 12 diseases listed in the text at the time of enrollment in early childhood and children's education, distinguishes the old concept of vaccination from the duty of birth and the obligation to present those with access to school. non-marginal difference.
What is school risk?
This translates to a different approach: the goal is to reduce the risk that the community will be able to infect a disease for which effective protection is available. Theoretically, if a citizen does not go to school, he cannot be vaccinated. It is worth discussing what the school risk we are talking about is. Even in this time of great uncertainty and with very different percentages between geographical areas, Italy remains one of the best vaccinated European countries, with an average national coverage of over 90%.
AT buttock manipulation is undesirable, there is a possibility of such side effects as an inflammatory reaction of the sciatic nerve and the penetration of the vaccine components into the subcutaneous fat layer. Specific preparation for the procedure is not required, but there are a number of recommendations that can effectively minimize possible unpleasant consequences.
Side effects and consequences of vaccination
Therefore, in the compulsory school class, the vast majority of children must be protected from disease-prone infections: if they enter an unvaccinated children's class and got sick with one of the preventable diseases, what can cause them? In the vast majority of cases, nothing but their own suffering.
However, even in a vaccinated population, individuals at risk of infection are not vaccinated. First of all, those who avoided vaccination. There are those who, although vaccinated, have not responded to the vaccination. Finally, we have a small but growing proportion of young immigrant children in compulsory school, some of whom do not have vaccine documentation and therefore cannot know if they are susceptible.
Two days before the vaccination, it is advisable not to attend mass events, not to visit and go to crowded places in order to avoid the possibility of an infectious agent entering the body.
Also, it is not necessary to offer the child new, previously unfamiliar food products in order to exclude an additional burden on the immune system on the eve of the introduction of the vaccine. Some pediatricians may suggest taking additional antihistamine medicines 24-48 hours before vaccination to reduce the risk of an allergic reaction and associated side effects.
But what are the risks specific to this disease? In Italy there is no risk of diphtheria, polio and tetanus. For sexually transmitted or hematopoietic hepatitis B, it is not easy to hypothesize a real risk in an Italian compulsory school. For whooping cough, rubella, measles, mumps and varicella, there is a particular possibility of susceptibility in some students and remains a risk for all asymptomatic infection, but is capable of transmitting infection to others susceptible. In short, it is enough to justify an application for a vaccination certificate for those who are required to attend school: since Primary School is mandatory, legal that the state minimizes the health risks associated with its duty.
Immediately after the manipulation, you should not quickly leave the clinic - it is better to spend 30 minutes near the treatment room. Despite the promised "lightness" of the vaccine, there remains a small chance of developing an acute allergic reaction that is not life-threatening for the child - which cannot be predicted in advance, and this condition requires urgent medical attention.
Where is adsm vaccinated
Indeed, there are many countries that, although they do not have a vaccination law, still require vaccination certification for school admission. The right to education and the right to health are rights of compilation, not opposition: it is clear that citizens must be guaranteed both in the best possible way in this structural as well as economic accessibility. Contrary to what some have done, the right to education with the right to freedom of circulation really means not understanding the terms of the question. The prevention of a disease for which there is an effective vaccine is one of the components of a constitutional right to health: therefore, a schoolgirl, in addition to the right to education, also has the right to blaspheme, so as not to risk a disease that vaccination can prevent.
By the way, all modern treatment rooms are provided with anti-shock drugs, so there is no need to worry. In the coming hours, it is undesirable to walk with the child and bathe him, as well as wet and comb the injection area.
On the day of vaccination, the child must be absolutely healthy, since the body weakened by the disease can give an unpredictable reaction in response to the introduction of a serious drug. Before visiting the treatment room, the pediatrician must measure the body temperature of a small patient and examine his mucous membranes to detect a possible infection.
Vaccination is therefore first and foremost a right. The decree sought to mediate between health and educational considerations and excluded the exclusion of unvaccinated children only between 0 and 6 years of age, and when it came to compulsory school the choice was to resort to important monetary sanctions in order to discourage parents of children who cannot be expelled from school.
We are trying to estimate the size of the "non-vaccination" phenomenon. We know that in Italy less than 2-3% of families deliberately reject and inculcate irreducible ideological motives. The proportion is so small that if vaccination programs are working properly, the risk of contracting a preventive disease from the vaccine would be completely irrelevant.
Contraindications for vaccination
The main contraindications for vaccination are:
- severe immunodeficiency;
- exacerbation of chronic diseases;
- acute course of the disease;
- an allergic reaction of the body to any of the components of the drug;
- an unexpected violent reaction to the same vaccination in the past.
We know that much higher is the hesitant vaccination: the result of doubt, fear of harm, false myths that affect a significant part of young parents who tend to delay the time of vaccination. It is the population that needs to be informed and convinced that it is the population that is at risk of vaccination coverage and may pose infectious risks again. If a well-chosen program would reduce "real" resistance to such low numbers, it would make them irrelevant to infection risk.
They need conviction and transparency
The sanctions and, more importantly, the possibility of suspension of paternity, as well as the measures provided for in the decree, seem to go in the opposite direction: not acceptance, but an obligation that does not require the right to vaccination, but coercion. True, the decree provides for the launch of an "emergency awareness campaign" on the role of vaccination in protecting health from next June. Why not immediately accompany the presentation of the decree with a clear message and able to transparently understand what is known as citizens' doubts?
The decision on vaccination is made after a medical examination of the child and a thorough study of his outpatient card - this is necessary to exclude possible contraindications in the patient.
Complications of vaccination
In most cases, in healthy children, complications are limited to redness and slight swelling at the injection site. This condition does not require outside intervention and resolves on its own in a couple of days.
Contraindications for vaccination
Much of the hunt for vaccinations is driven by a growing loss of trust in the authorities, and trust can only be restored with maximum transparency: since these twelve vaccinations, and not the cost of the vaccine for the general annual costs as health care services, how the vaccine passes. Addressing it clearly, and now only these three questions will be of great help.
Vaccine supply limits
You cannot close the discussion on the decree without mentioning the reality of the current vaccine proposal: we have a kaleidoscope of bidding, often inactive. Vaccination centers are only open during business hours that force parents to sacrifice workdays, open only a few days a week, rude reception, long waits, no parental conversations, and no respect for their fears and doubts. In some cases, even bargaining to monetize the vaccine offer, although it should be a natural component of the contract doctors and pediatricians have with the NHS.
Also, ADSM vaccination can cause complications. general: the child may become moody and sleepy, refuse to eat, a rise in body temperature and indigestion are possible.
These side effects of vaccination are quite natural, so parents do not need to sound the alarm - it is enough to limit themselves to symptomatic treatment of the ailments that have arisen, offering the child an antipyretic and analgesic drug (for example, Ibuprofen), drinking plenty of water and rest.
An undesirable reaction to the administration of the drug in children develops in exceptional cases. Serious complications include:
- anaphylactic shock;
- angioedema;
- post-vaccination encephalitis;
- meningitis;
- neurological disorders;
- convulsive syndrome;
- shock state.
Pros and cons
Many parents do not want to vaccinate their child because of concerns about the unpredictable effect of the drug on the child's body, the possible development of side effects and the ineffectiveness of the injection. But all these arguments against a vaccine cannot be weighed against the risk that true diphtheria and pertussis infections can cause to a person.
ADSM vaccination will always be effective if the vaccination schedule is followed, correct introduction medication and following all medical recommendations. In this case, the development of health-threatening complications becomes impossible, and children's immune protection forms the necessary response to pathogens.
After getting acquainted with the information about the vaccination of ADSM, parents can independently decide on the importance of vaccination for their child. Only in this case, they can make the right decision for themselves - to agree or, on the contrary, to refuse this medical manipulation.
In this case, the opinion of the pediatrician cannot be written off. Complications that can cause tetanus and diphtheria can leave a serious mark on a person's later life. And, most likely, the best decision will be to accept the need for vaccination than to subsequently worry about the health of your children.
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Many people do not think at all about the fact that in adulthood it is necessary to get vaccinated. It is firmly rooted in our minds that vaccinations are the destiny of children. But this opinion is erroneous, people of all ages need to be vaccinated, right up to old age, and vaccination for adults is no less necessary than for children.
ADSM vaccinations for adults, what should be done?
The vaccine gives immunity to the body from two diseases at once: tetanus and diphtheria, what is it?
Unfortunately, no one is immune from these diseases. Tetanus- a dangerous infectious disease, infection occurs through damage to the skin, for example, from an animal bite or a scratch from a rusty nail. The bulk of the causative agent of tetanus lives in the soil, the bacterium retains its activity for decades.
When you go to the emergency room, you are more likely to be vaccinated if more than five years have passed since your last vaccination, as there is no cure for tetanus.
Mortality reaches 85% of cases.
Diphtheria- a disease of the nasopharynx, has a similar clinical picture with a sore throat, only a qualified specialist can distinguish diseases. Both diseases are severe with a high probability of death.
The abbreviation ADSM stands for adsorbed diphtheria-tetanus toxoid, and the letter "m" means that it is contained in small doses. Vaccination with ADS m will also be considered the correct spelling.
It is the toxins that microorganisms produce that cause a severe course of the disease, therefore, in the manufacture of whey, deep cleaning of bacteria is carried out. Such a substance does not pose a danger to human life, but helps him form immunity to this disease.
Before making a final decision on the vaccination of ADSM, it is necessary to conduct a medical examination of the patient, as well as pass a general blood and urine test. A person must be healthy, with a weakened immune system, instead of benefit, irreparable harm will be done to the body.
ADSM vaccination for adults, given at age 26 and repeated every 10 years. If you have not been vaccinated for more than 20 years, then vaccination with ADSM is carried out in two stages, with an interval of 45 days. Further on the schedule, in 10 years.
Where is the injection made?
The injection is administered intramuscularly: shoulder, thigh, but most often under the shoulder blade.
Children are given a slightly modified vaccine - DTP, which contains components of whooping cough, which is also a dangerous and fatal disease, but only for children. The adult population becomes ill with this infection extremely rarely; when infected, it carries the disease in a mild, non-life-threatening form.
At what age are children vaccinated?
According to the vaccination calendar, it occurs in three stages: at 3 months, 4.5 months and at 6 months. This is followed by revaccination at 1.5 years, 6 years, and the last at 14-16 years old with the ADSM vaccine. Children are given the vaccine in the thigh, sometimes in the buttock.
Side effects
After the introduction of the vaccine, it is necessary to remain under the supervision of medical workers for at least half an hour, since in rare cases a sharp deterioration in well-being is possible, for example, Quincke's edema (suffocation). Under the supervision of doctors, help will be provided in a timely manner.
Adverse reactions often occur after ADSM vaccination. They all come in different forms. According to patient reviews, very few cases do without consequences. Most people feel unwell in the evening.
Side effects in adults
After the ADS vaccine, complications are manifested by the following symptoms: aching joints, fever, runny nose, swelling and soreness at the injection site, headache, drowsiness. All this is considered absolutely normal, and means that your body has come to grips with the trapped "enemy" cells.
In this way, immunity to these diseases is developed. Unfortunately, the vaccine does not guarantee that you will never get tetanus and diphtheria, thanks to the vaccine, you will experience the disease in a milder form, without serious consequences for the body. Most often, discomfort lasts for three days, rarely increases to a week.
Children often complain that their leg hurts after an injection and that they can limp - this is also considered the norm and should not cause concern.
In children, an adverse reaction to the vaccine is mainly manifested in the form of drowsiness, tearfulness, a rise in temperature to 38-39 degrees, which must be brought down with antipyretic drugs.
Redness, swelling and soreness at the injection site can be disturbing, just like adults for a month. As practice shows, with each vaccine introduced, the child's body reacts more sharply, as it develops immunity.
Do not be afraid, follow the recommendations of the pediatrician. Usually, before each vaccination, the doctor prescribes an antihistamine, antipyretic, and pain medication to the child to reduce the feeling of malaise and the rise in body temperature in the child.
It is forbidden to hold water procedures on this day, in the future it is recommended to replace taking a bath with a shower, in order to avoid an increase in body temperature. Do not rub the injection site with a washcloth, otherwise the wound may fester.
After vaccinations, the immune system is weakened, so it is necessary to monitor the baby more carefully so that he does not get cold. It is advisable to avoid large crowds of people in order to prevent infection with various viral infections.
Contraindications
Adults should not be vaccinated during pregnancy, an allergic reaction to medications, during an exacerbation of a viral or chronic disease. Under a strict ban is alcohol, a few days before the injection and for a week after.
Contraindications for children
If your child has just had a respiratory illness, or is sick in this moment- the doctor gives a medical challenge for a month.
If not the child is sick, but one of the family members is sick, the baby is in an unfavorable epidemiological situation, the procedure will have to be postponed for one to two weeks.
Blood diseases - even a low hemoglobin level is a contraindication.
Absolute contraindications for vaccination: severe forms of allergies, a history of Quincke's edema, convulsions, severe diseases of the nervous system.
Premature and small children (birth weight less than 2500 g) select an individual schedule and dosage of the drug, as a rule, postponing the first administration of the drug to 6 months or more.
In case of bronchial asthma, the dose of the solution for administration is reduced.
After suffering serious diseases such as hepatitis, meningitis, tuberculosis and others, vaccination is postponed from six months to a year after complete recovery.
Disputes about whether to get vaccinated or not do not fade away for a long time. Adults do not get vaccinated for various reasons, some - because of the lack of information that it is necessary, others - believing that they will no longer get sick with "childhood" diseases.
Children are not vaccinated because in the age of the Internet, when looking for information about vaccinations, parents often read between the lines, paying attention only to side effects.
Doctors complain about the need for vaccinations, sometimes too obsessively "fulfilling the plan" for vaccination, using the arguments: "Without vaccinations, the child will not be accepted to kindergarten and school." Everyone has the right to choose whether or not to be vaccinated, of course, you can refuse, but in this case you will have difficulty obtaining a medical book, your children visiting educational institutions during the quarantine period.
Unfortunately, outbreaks of long-forgotten diseases periodically appear, not least an important reason for this is the large influx of refugees and visitors to work from disadvantaged countries. Be sure to weigh all the pros and cons and make the right choice. After all, most often the disease is much worse than the side effects of the drug.