We have formulated the most popular problems that are reflected in the texts for the essay on the exam. Arguments addressing these issues appear under the headings listed in the table of contents. You can download all of this in table format at the end of the article.

1. Some people like to ask the question: is education even necessary? Why this education? And often they prefer to achieve more attractive goals. So did Mitrofanushka, one of the heroes comedy D. Fonvizin "Undergrowth". His famous line “I don’t want to study, I want to get married”, unfortunately, for many becomes an incentive to postpone their studies, but Fonvizin only emphasizes what kind of character is really ignorant. During the lesson and at the exam, he shows laziness and illiteracy, and even in family relationships he demonstrates the inability and unwillingness to establish contact and understand the interlocutors. The author makes fun of the ignorance of a young man so that the reader understands how relevant education is.
2. Many people simply do not want to learn something new and are fixated only on traditions, although it is important to live in the present at any time. It is this idea that the only “new man” is trying to convey in A. Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit" Alexander Andreevich Chatsky. The hero seeks to prove to the Famusov society that life does not stand still, he tries to encourage the characters to learn new trends in a rapidly developing world. Unfortunately, Chatsky is only faced with misunderstanding, and even recognized as crazy. However, the author emphasizes precisely his advanced views against servility and serfdom, since changes are long overdue. The rest of the characters simply preferred to live in the past, although the whole subtext of the comedy is that only Chatsky, misunderstood by society, remains right.

The inability to find a use for education

1. Many educated characters stood out in society, but not all were able to find a worthy use for their abilities. The reader meets the hero, disappointed and drooping in an existential crisis. A. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin". The young nobleman immediately impresses the well-read Tatyana Larina precisely by the fact that he does not look like the inhabitants of the village, moreover, he reminds her of the hero of sentimental novels. Onegin is bored with everything, science does not bring pleasure, and even love could not save the hero. Eugene, a representative of the young noble intelligentsia, was never able to realize his abilities by the end of the work.
2. The “superfluous person” in literature is a hero who can do everything, but does not want anything. This is Grigory Pechorin from the novel by M. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time". Pechorin is a young officer, a nobleman who has never been able to find happiness, despite the fact that the world is full of opportunities. Gregory often analyzes his actions, but still remains disappointed. Pechorin is really smart, but he himself reflects that he was given a high appointment, he just didn’t guess it. Lermontov in his novel raises the problem of the inability to find a worthy application for the "immense forces" that a person is endowed with.
3. It happens that even a capable person cannot or simply does not want to realize their potential. Let's turn to Goncharov's novel "Oblomov". The protagonist is a middle-aged nobleman who prefers to lie on the couch for most of his life. Ilya Ilyich has a kind soul, an honest heart, and he himself is not a rather stupid character, but in the conditions of modern society, Oblomov simply does not want to make a career. Only Olga Ilyinskaya prompted the hero to change his lifestyle for a short time, but in the end, Oblomov returns to his original place, never overcoming his laziness.

Focus on self-development

1. For some, it is knowledge and the realization of their own abilities that are primary, so they are ready to reject spiritual values. AT Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is a future doctor for whom medicine is everything. The protagonist is a nihilist, and only science remains sacred to him. From his own experience, Eugene understands that he is also capable of tender feelings, but the embodiment of medical education for him still comes first. Just as at the beginning of the novel we see Bazarov going to the swamp for frogs for experiments, so at the end of the work, when the hero has already fallen in love, he does not forget about medical practice, it also destroys him.
2. Literature often raises the topical issue of finding the meaning of life, and the German poet Johann Wolfgang Goethe is no exception. AT "Fauste" the protagonist is a real genius, a skilled doctor who has mastered philosophy, theology and jurisprudence. However, he still considered himself a fool, and only after joint adventures with the devil Mephistopheles does the hero realize that the meaning of his life is precisely in self-development. His thirst for knowledge saved his soul, and only in the education and knowledge of the world did Faust find true happiness. Neither love, nor beauty, nor wealth managed to inspire the hero so much as the desire for enlightenment.
3. It is difficult to argue that education is important, and some believe that knowledge of the sciences is above all. Let's remember "Ode to the day of the ascension ... of Elizabeth" by Mikhail Lomonosov. Having quoted an excerpt from the work, we want to note that in the 18th century education was also quite highly valued. “Sciences nourish young men, give joy to the old, decorate in a happy life, protect in an accident” - this is exactly what the great Russian poet says. Indeed, if we look back at the successes and achievements of Lomonosov, it will be difficult to disagree with how important education and the pursuit of knowledge are. A simple man from the outback made a career in the capital, determining the course of domestic scientific thought.

The role of books in human life

1. An educated person is usually intelligent and well-read. It is difficult to imagine a person striving for knowledge who does not recognize the authority of books and, in principle, does not like to read. We meet a great influence of the book on the fate of the character in the novel by F. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". The main character, Rodion Raskolnikov, goes to the murder, after which he falls into a terrible state of contemplation of his act. He lives in fear of publicizing his sin and almost goes crazy, but thanks to Sonya Marmeladova, who reads an episode from the Bible to him, he finds salvation. An excerpt from the holy book told about the resurrection of Lazarus, and this was the main key to Raskolnikov's decision: in order for the soul to come to rebirth, sincere repentance is necessary. So thanks to the book - the Bible, the hero embarks on the path of moral resurrection.
2. Many people not only take learning and reading lightly, but really believe that it is better to do without it in life. We can observe such a situation in Aldous Huxley's Brave New World. The plot is rapidly unfolding in the genre of dystopia, where books are strictly prohibited, moreover, an aversion to reading is instilled in the lower castes. Only the Savage is trying to remind society that it is absolutely impossible to live like this, and science and art should not be banned. The hedonistic society is actually an illusion, which the hero cannot stand. Due to the non-existent "brave new world" the author only emphasizes how important the book is for the formation of the individual.
3. Surprisingly, some recognized geniuses owe their success not so much to education as to passion for literature. Reading prompted W. Shakespeare to write great tragedies, which even a non-reading student has heard about. But the English poet did not receive a higher education, it was his ability to draw relevant and interesting thoughts from books that helped Shakespeare reach such heights. So the German writer Goethe found literary success due to the fact that in his youth he devoted his free time to reading. An educated person, of course, is capable of self-realization, but without reading books it is much more difficult to realize their potential.

Education as a future vocation

1. In A. Chekhov's story "Ionych" the main character is a young zemstvo doctor. At the beginning of the work, Dmitry Startsev spends time with the Turkin family, which was considered "the most educated and talented." However, after the refusal of Ekaterina Ivanovna to the marriage proposal, he moves away from this house and is disappointed in its inhabitants. Several years passed, and during this time Startsev began to look differently at many things, including his vocation. If earlier his medical education inspired him to work, now he is only interested in money. At any time, it is so important to remain passionate about your vocation so that education brings not only income, but also pleasure.
2. Many people need talent to find their calling, but education is also important to develop it. The great Alexander Pushkin studied at the Imperial Lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo, where he also developed his skills as a poet. He also raised the theme of vocation in his work, speaking of poetry. One of the poems about the purpose of the poet is the work "The Prophet", where the poet, thanks to metamorphoses, is endowed with a divine purpose. Like a lyrical hero, Pushkin adequately embodies his vocation, but in real life, education, of course, helped him a lot.

• True and false patriotism is one of the central problems of the novel. Tolstoy's favorite heroes do not speak lofty words about love for the motherland, they do things in its name. Natasha Rostova persuades her mother to give carts to the wounded near Borodino, Prince Bolkonsky was mortally wounded on the Borodino field. Genuine patriotism, according to Tolstoy, is in ordinary Russian people, soldiers who, in a moment of mortal danger, give their lives for their Motherland.
• In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" some of the characters imagine themselves to be patriots and loudly shout about love for the fatherland. Others give their lives in the name of a common victory. These are simple Russian men in soldier's overcoats, fighters from the Tushin battery, who fought without cover. True patriots do not think about their own benefits. They feel the need to simply defend the land from enemy invasion. They have a genuine holy feeling of love for their homeland in their souls.

N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer"

The Russian person belongs, by definition, N.S. Leskov, "racial", patriotic consciousness. They are imbued with all the actions of the hero of the story "The Enchanted Wanderer", Ivan Flyagin. Being a prisoner of the Tatars, he does not forget for a moment that he is Russian, and with all his heart strives to return to his homeland. Taking pity on the unfortunate old people, Ivan volunteers to be recruited. The soul of the hero is inexhaustible, indestructible. He comes out of all life's trials with honor.

V.P. Astafiev
In one of his journalistic articles, the writer V.P. Astafiev spoke about how he had a rest in the southern sanatorium. Plants collected from all over the world grew in the seaside park. But suddenly he saw three birch trees, which miraculously took root in a foreign land. The author looked at these trees and remembered his village street. Love for one's small homeland is a manifestation of true patriotism.

The legend of Pandora's box.
A woman found a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this object was fraught with a terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. In this myth, a warning sounds to all mankind: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.

M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"
In M. Bulgakov's story, Professor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".
The problem is revealed on the example of the images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are ordinary people in the novel, who do their duty without lofty phrases.

A. Kuprin. "A wonderful doctor."
A man, tormented by poverty, is ready to commit suicide in despair, but the well-known doctor Pirogov, who happened to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate, and from that moment on, the life of the hero and his family changes in the happiest way. This story speaks eloquently of the fact that the act of one person can affect the fate of other people.

And S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons".
A classic work that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Yevgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger to both the elder Kirsanov and his parents. And, although by his own admission, he loves them, his attitude brings them grief.

L. N. Tolstoy. Trilogy "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth".
In an effort to know the world, to become an adult, Nikolenka Irtenev gradually learns the world, understands that much in it is imperfect, encounters a misunderstanding of the elders, sometimes offends them himself (chapters "Classes", "Natalya Savishna")

K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram".
The girl Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram stating that her mother is sick, but the things that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, arrives in the village, it turns out to be too late: her mother is already gone ...

V. G. Rasputin "French Lessons".
The teacher Lidia Mikhailovna from the story of V. G. Rasputin taught the hero not only the lessons of the French language, but also the lessons of kindness, sympathy, and compassion. She showed the hero how important it is to be able to share someone else's pain with a person, how important it is to understand another.

An example from history.

The famous poet V. Zhukovsky was the teacher of the great Emperor Alexander II. It was he who instilled in the future ruler a sense of justice, a desire to benefit his people, the desire to carry out the reforms necessary for the state.

V. P. Astafiev. "Horse with a pink mane."
Difficult pre-war years of the Siberian village. The formation of the personality of the hero under the influence of the kindness of grandparents.

V. G. Rasputin "French Lessons"

• The formation of the personality of the protagonist in the difficult war years was influenced by the teacher. Her generosity is boundless. She instilled in him moral stamina, self-esteem.

L.N. Tolstoy "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth"
In the autobiographical trilogy, the main character, Nikolenka Irteniev, comprehends the world of adults, tries to analyze his own and other people's actions.

Fazil Iskander "The thirteenth feat of Hercules"

A smart and competent teacher has a huge impact on the formation of a child's character.

And A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
The atmosphere of laziness, unwillingness to learn, to think disfigure the soul of little Ilya. In adult life, these shortcomings prevented him from finding the meaning of life.

The absence of a goal in life, the habits of work formed a “superfluous person”, an “egoist involuntarily”.

The absence of a goal in life, the habits of work formed a “superfluous person”, an “egoist involuntarily”. Pechorin admits that he brings misfortune to everyone. Wrong education disfigures the human personality.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Education and training are the main aspects of human life. Chatsky, the main character in A.S.'s comedy, expressed his attitude towards them in monologues. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". He criticized the nobles who recruited "regiment teachers" for their children, but as a result of the letter, no one "knew and did not study." Chatsky himself had a mind "hungry for knowledge", and therefore turned out to be unnecessary in the society of Moscow nobles. These are the flaws of wrong education.

B. Vasiliev "My horses are flying"
Dr. Jansen died rescuing children who fell into a sewer hole. A man who was revered as a saint even during his lifetime was buried by the whole city.

Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
Margarita's self-sacrifice for the sake of her beloved.

V.P. Astafiev "Lyudochka"
In the episode with the dying man, when everyone moved away from him, only Lyudochka took pity on him. And after his death, everyone just pretended that they felt sorry for him, everyone except Lyudochka. A verdict on a society in which people are deprived of human warmth.

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
The story tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person the strength to live, the strength to resist fate.

V. Hugo "Les Misérables"
The writer in the novel tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole the silverware from him. But an hour later, the police detained the criminal and took him to the house, where he was given an overnight stay. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the permission of the owner. The thief, amazed by what he heard, experienced a true rebirth in one minute, and after that he became an honest man.

Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince"
There is an example of fair power: "But he was very kind, and therefore gave only reasonable orders. "If I order my general to turn into a sea gull," he used to say, "and if the general does not comply with the order, it will not be his fault, but mine" .

A. I. Kuprin. "Garnet bracelet"
The author claims that nothing is permanent, everything is temporary, everything passes and goes. Only music and love affirm true values ​​on earth.

Fonvizin "Undergrowth"
They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the loafer Mitrofanushka, experienced a genuine rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• What is the greatness of man? It is where goodness, simplicity and justice are. This is exactly what L.N. created. Tolstoy's image of Kutuzov in the novel "War and Peace". His writer calls him a truly great man. Tolstoy leads his beloved heroes away from "Napoleonic" principles and puts them on the path of rapprochement with the people. “Greatness is not where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth,” the writer argued. This famous phrase has a modern sound.
• One of the central problems of the novel is the role of the individual in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no goodness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the moods and desires of the masses, so he was great. Napoleon thinks only about his greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat.

I. Turgenev. "Hunter's Notes"
People, having read bright, bright stories about peasants, understood that it is immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement began in Tran for the abolition of serfdom.

Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. The story of M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, made society take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

A.S. Pushkin
Speaking about the role of personality in history, one can recall the poetry of the great A. Pushkin. He influenced more than one generation with his gift. He saw and heard things that an ordinary person did not notice and did not understand. The poet spoke about the problems of spirituality in art, and its high purpose in the poems “Prophet”, “Poet”, “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands”. Reading these works, you understand: talent is not only a gift, but also a heavy burden, a great responsibility. The poet himself was an example of civil behavior for subsequent generations.

V.M. Shukshin "Freak"
"Freak" - a distracted person, may seem ill-mannered. And what induces him to do strange things are positive, unselfish motives. The weirdo reflects on the problems that concern mankind at all times: what is the meaning of life? What is good and evil? Who in this life is “right, who is smarter”? And by all his actions he proves that he is right, and not those who believe

I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
This is the image of a man who only wanted to. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom".
He showed the drama of "former people" who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the rooming house and ends there.

From the history

• Ancient historians tell that once a stranger came to the Roman emperor, who brought as a gift a shiny, like silver, but extremely soft metal. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay earth. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off.
• Archimedes, knowing that a person suffers from drought, from hunger, proposed new ways of irrigating the land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger.
• The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning.
• One English engineer in the middle of the 19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: "We are already strong, only the weak need better weapons."
• The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was prompted by the words of an ordinary peasant woman to a brilliant idea. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this, the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words the result of dark ignorance, but began to conduct observations, which led to a brilliant discovery.
• The early Middle Ages are usually called "dark ages". The raids of the barbarians, the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among commoners, but also among people of the upper class. So, for example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, could not write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherent in man. The same Charlemagne, during campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he diligently drew letters.
• Ripe apples have been falling from the trees for thousands of years, but no one has given this ordinary phenomenon any significance. The great Newton had to be born in order to look with new, more penetrating eyes at the familiar fact and discover the universal law of motion.
• It is impossible to calculate how many disasters people brought their ignorance. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, crop failure, the loss of any thing - everything was explained by the machinations of evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began, bonfires blazed. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, helping each other, people spent enormous forces on a senseless struggle with the mythical "servants of Satan", not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, with their dark ignorance, they are serving the Devil.
• It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. The legend about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian, is curious. Once talking with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and oil. Young Xenophon briskly replied: "To the market." Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. "Follow me, I'll show you!" Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship.
• The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes possession of a person so much that it makes him change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The ingenious Faraday began his journey as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer for fortifications and gave physics only his free time from work. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.
• New ideas make their way in a hard struggle with old views, established opinions. So, one of the professors, who lectured students on physics, called Einstein's theory of relativity "an unfortunate scientific misunderstanding" -
• At one time, Joule used a volt battery to start an electric motor assembled by him from it. But the battery soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joel decided that the horse would never be displaced by the electric motor, since it was much cheaper to feed a horse than to change the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the possibilities that will open up before a person.
• In the middle of the 17th century, from Paris to the island of Martinique, Captain de Clie carried a coffee stalk in a pot of earth. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. On the ship, the masts were not broken, the gear was broken. Gradually, fresh water supplies began to dry up. She was given strictly measured portions. The captain, barely on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to a green sprout ... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique.

I. Bunin in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco".
Showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and that god he worshipped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.

Yesenin. "Black man".
The poem "The Black Man" is the cry of Yesenin's perishing soul, it is a requiem for the life left behind. Yesenin, like no one else, was able to tell what life does to a person.

Mayakovsky. "Listen."
An inner conviction in the correctness of his moral ideals separated Mayakovsky from other poets, from the usual course of life. This isolation gave rise to a spiritual protest against the philistine environment, where there were no high spiritual ideals. The poem is the cry of the poet's soul.

Zamyatin "Cave".
The hero comes into conflict with himself, a split occurs in his soul. His spiritual values ​​are dying. He violates the commandment "Thou shalt not steal."

V. Astafiev "King - fish".

• In V. Astafiev's story "The Tsar is a Fish", the main character, the fisherman Utrobin, having caught a huge fish on a hook, is unable to cope with it. In order to avoid death, he is forced to let her go free. An encounter with a fish, which symbolizes the moral principle in nature, makes this poacher reconsider his ideas about life. In moments of desperate struggle with fish, he suddenly remembers his whole life, realizing how little he has done for other people. This meeting morally changes the hero.
• Nature is alive and spiritualized, endowed with a moral and punishing force, it is capable of not only defending itself, but also not punishing. An illustration of the punishing force is the fate of Gosha Gertsev, the hero of Astafiev's story "The King is a Fish." This hero does not set punishment for arrogant cynicism towards people and nature. Punishing power extends not only to individual heroes. The imbalance is a threat to all mankind if it does not come to its senses in its intentional or forced cruelty.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons".

• People forget that nature is their native and only home, requiring careful attitude to themselves, which is confirmed in the novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The main character, Yevgeny Bazarov, is known for his categorical position: "Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it." This is how the Author sees a "new" person in him: he is indifferent to the values ​​accumulated by previous generations, lives in the present and uses everything that he needs, without thinking about what consequences this may lead to.
• In the novel by I. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" the actual theme of the relationship between nature and man is raised. Bazarov, rejecting any aesthetic enjoyment of nature, perceives it as a workshop, and man as a worker. Arkady, a friend of Bazarov, on the contrary, treats her with all the admiration inherent in a young soul. In the novel, each character is tested by nature. Arkady, communication with the outside world helps to heal spiritual wounds, for him this unity is natural and pleasant. Bazarov, on the contrary, does not seek contact with her - when Bazarov was ill, he "went into the forest and broke branches." She does not give him the desired peace or peace of mind. Thus, Turgenev emphasizes the need for a fruitful and two-way dialogue with nature.

M. Bulgakov. "Dog's heart".
Professor Preobrazhensky transplants part of the human brain into the dog Sharik, turning the quite nice dog into the disgusting Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. You can not mindlessly interfere with nature!

A. Blok
The problem of a thoughtless, cruel person to the natural world is reflected in many literary works. To fight it, you need to realize and see the harmony and beauty that reigns around us. The works of A. Blok will help with this. With what love he describes Russian nature in his poems! Immense distances, endless roads, full-flowing rivers, blizzards and gray huts. Such is Blok's Russia in the poems "Rus", "Autumn Day". The poet's true, filial love for his native nature is conveyed to the reader. You come to the idea that nature is original, beautiful and needs our protection.

B. Vasiliev "Do not shoot at white swans"

• Now, when nuclear power plants explode, when oil flows through rivers and seas, entire forests disappear, a person must stop and think about the question: what will remain on our planet? B. Vasiliev's novel "Don't Shoot White Swans" also contains the author's thought about the responsibility of man for nature. The protagonist of the novel, Yegor Polushkin, is worried about the behavior of visiting "tourists", the lake that has become empty at the hands of poachers. The novel is perceived as a call to all to protect our land and each other.
• The protagonist Yegor Polushkin loves nature infinitely, always works conscientiously, lives peacefully, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not disturb the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him, they considered him not adapted to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end, he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are used only to conquer it. But the son is growing up. Who can replace his father, will respect and protect his native land.

V. Astafiev "Belogrudka"
In the story “Belogrudka”, the children killed the brood of the white-breasted marten, and she, distraught with grief, takes revenge on the whole world around her, destroying poultry in two neighboring villages, until she herself dies from a gun charge

Ch. Aitmatov "Scaffold"
Man destroys the colorful and populous world of nature with his own hands. The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. The position of the "king" in relation to animals is fraught with tragedy.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin", the main character could not find spiritual harmony, cope with the "Russian blues", including because he was indifferent to nature. And the author's "sweet ideal" Tatyana felt like a part of nature ("She loved to warn the sunrise on the balcony...") and therefore manifested herself in a difficult life situation as a spiritually strong person.

A.T. Tvardovsky "Forest in autumn"
Reading Tvardovsky's poem "Forest in Autumn", you are imbued with the primordial beauty of the world around you, nature. You hear the noise of bright yellow foliage, the crackle of a broken branch. You see a light jump of a squirrel. I would like not just to admire, but to try to preserve all this beauty as long as possible.

L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she sees. She enthusiastically tells Sonya about the beautiful night, about the feelings that overwhelm her soul. Andrei Bolkonsky also knows how to subtly feel the beauty of the surrounding nature. During a trip to Otradnoye, seeing an old oak tree, he compares himself with it, indulging in sad reflections that life has already ended for him. But the changes that subsequently occurred in the soul of the hero are associated with the beauty and grandeur of a mighty tree that blossomed under the rays of the sun.

V. I. Yurovskikh Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh
The writer Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh, in his stories, tells about the unique beauty and wealth of the Trans-Urals, about the natural connection of a village person with the natural world, which is why his story "Ivan's Memory" is so touching. In this small work, Yurovsky raises an important issue: the impact of man on the environment. Ivan, the main character of the story, planted several willow bushes in the swamp, which frightened people and animals. Many years later. The nature around has changed: all sorts of birds began to settle in the bushes, every year the magpie began to build a nest, magpie hatch. No one else wandered through the forest, because the willow tree became a guide on how to find the right way. Near the bushes, you can hide from the heat, and drink some water, and just relax. Ivan left a good memory of himself among people, and ennobled the surrounding nature.

M.Yu Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
The close emotional connection between man and nature can be traced in Lermontov's story "A Hero of Our Time". The events of the life of the main character, Grigory Pechorin, are accompanied by a change in the state of nature in accordance with changes in his mood. So, considering the duel scene, the gradation of the states of the surrounding world and Pechorin's feelings is obvious. If before the duel the sky seemed to him “fresh and blue”, and the sun “brightly shining”, then after the duel, looking at the corpse of Grushnitsky, the heavenly body seemed “dull” to Grigory, and its rays “did not warm”. Nature is not only the experience of the characters, but is also one of the characters. The storm becomes the reason for a long meeting between Pechorin and Vera, and in one of the diary entries preceding the meeting with Princess Mary, Grigory notes that "the air of Kislovodsk is conducive to love." With such an allegory, Lermontov not only more deeply and fully reflects the internal state of the characters, but also indicates his own, author's presence by introducing nature as a character.

E. Zamyatina "We"
Turning to classical literature, I would like to give as an example the dystopian novel by E. Zamyatin “We”. Rejecting the natural beginning, the inhabitants of the United State become numbers, whose life is determined by the framework of the Tablet of Hours. The beauties of native nature have been replaced by perfectly proportioned glass structures, and love is possible only if you have a pink card. The protagonist, D-503, is doomed to a mathematically adjusted happiness, which is acquired, however, after the removal of fantasy. It seems to me that with such an allegory, Zamyatin tried to express the inseparability of the connection between nature and man.

S. Yesenin "Goy you, Russia, my dear"
One of the central themes of the lyrics of the brightest poet of the 20th century S. Yesenin is the nature of his native land. In the poem “Goy you, Russia, my dear,” the poet refuses paradise for the sake of his homeland, her flock is higher than eternal bliss, which, judging by other lyrics, he finds only on Russian soil. Thus, feelings of patriotism and love for nature are closely intertwined. The very awareness of their gradual weakening is the first step towards a natural, real world that enriches the soul and body.

M. Prishvin "Ginseng"
This theme is brought to life by moral and ethical motives. Many writers and poets addressed her. In M. Prishvin's story "Ginseng", the characters know how to be silent and listen to silence. For the author, nature is life itself. Therefore, the rock is crying, the stone has a heart. It is man who must do everything to ensure that nature exists and does not fall silent. This is very important in our time.

I.S. Turgenev "Notes of a hunter"
A deep and tender love for nature was expressed by I. S. Turgenev in the “Notes of a Hunter”. He did this with penetrating observation. The hero of the story "Kasyan" traveled half of the country from the Beautiful Mosque, joyfully learned and explored new places. This man felt his inseparable connection with mother nature and dreamed that "every person" would live in contentment and justice. It wouldn't hurt us to learn from him.

M. Bulgakov. "Fatal Eggs"
Professor Persikov accidentally breeds giant reptiles that threaten civilization instead of large chickens. Such consequences can be caused by thoughtless interference in the life of nature.

Ch. Aitmatov "Scaffold"
Ch. Aitmatov in the novel "The Scaffold" showed that the destruction of the natural world leads to a dangerous deformation of man. And it happens everywhere. What is happening in the Moyunkum savanna is a global problem, not a local one.

The closed model of the world in the novel by E.I. Zamyatin "We".
1) The appearance and principles of the United State. 2) The narrator, number D - 503, and his spiritual illness. 3) "The resistance of human nature." In dystopias, the world based on the same premises is given through the eyes of its inhabitant, an ordinary citizen, from the inside, in order to trace and show the feelings of a person who is undergoing the laws of an ideal state. The conflict between the individual and the totalitarian system becomes the driving force behind any dystopia, making it possible to identify dystopian features in seemingly very different works... The society depicted in the novel has reached material perfection and stopped its development, having plunged into a state of spiritual and social entropy.

A.P. Chekhov in the story "Death of an official"

B. Vasiliev "I was not on the lists"
The works make you think about the questions that everyone seeks to answer for themselves: what is behind the high moral choice - what are the forces of the human mind, soul, fate, what helps a person to resist, show amazing, amazing resilience, helps to live and die "like a human being"?

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
Despite the difficulties and trials that befell the protagonist Andrei Sokolov, he always remained true to himself and his homeland. Nothing broke his spiritual strength and did not eradicate his sense of duty.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter".

Pyotr Grinev is a man of honor, in any life situation he acts as honor commands him. The nobility of the hero was able to appreciate even his ideological enemy - Pugachev. That is why he helped Grinev more than once.

LN Tolstoy "War and Peace".

The Bolkonsky family is the personification of honor and nobility. Prince Andrei always put the laws of honor in the first place, followed them, even if it required incredible efforts, suffering, pain.

Loss of spiritual values

B. Vasiliev "Deaf"
The events of Boris Vasiliev's story "Glukhoman" allow us to see how in today's life the so-called "new Russians" seek to enrich themselves at any cost. Spiritual values ​​are lost because culture has left our lives. The society split, in it the bank account became the measure of a person's merits. Moral wilderness began to grow in the souls of people who had lost faith in goodness and justice.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich, the hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and received a refusal, he takes revenge, speaking badly about her; during a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of notions of honor also predetermines social betrayal: as soon as Pugachev gets the Belogorsk fortress, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.

LN Tolstoy "War and Peace".

Helen Kuragina tricks Pierre into marrying herself, then lies to him all the time, being his wife, disgraces him, makes him unhappy. The heroine uses lies to get rich, to take a good position in society.

N.V. Gogol "The Inspector General".

Khlestakov deceives officials, pretends to be an auditor. Trying to impress, he composes many stories about his life in St. Petersburg. Moreover, he lies so intoxicatingly that he himself begins to believe his stories, feels important and significant.

D.S. Likhachev in "Letters about the good and the beautiful"
D.S. Likhachev, in Letters about the Good and the Beautiful, tells how indignant he felt when he learned that in 1932 a cast-iron monument on the grave of Bagration had been blown up on the Borodino field. At the same time, someone left a giant inscription on the wall of the monastery, built on the site of the death of another hero, Tuchkov: “Enough to keep the remnants of the slave past!” At the end of the 60s, the Travel Palace was demolished in Leningrad, which even during the war our soldiers tried to preserve, not to destroy. Likhachev believes that "the loss of any cultural monument is irreparable: after all, they are always individual."

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

• In the Rostov family, everything was built on sincerity and kindness, respect for each other and understanding, therefore the children - Natasha, Nikolai, Petya - became truly good people. They are responsive to other people's pain, able to understand experiences and suffering others. Suffice it to recall the episode when Natasha gives the order to free the carts loaded with their family valuables in order to give them to the wounded soldiers.
• And in the Kuragin family, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists. Both are looking for only benefits in life. They do not know what true love is and are ready to exchange their feelings for wealth.

A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
In the story "The Captain's Daughter", the instructions of his father helped Pyotr Grinev, even in the most critical moments, to remain an honest man, true to himself and duty. Therefore, the hero commands respect for his behavior.

N. V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
Following his father's behest to "save a penny", Chichikov devoted his whole life to hoarding, turning into a man without shame and conscience. From his school years, he valued only money, so in his life there were never true friends, a family that the hero dreamed of.

L. Ulitskaya "Daughter of Bukhara"
Bukhara, the heroine of the story “Daughter of Bukhara” by L. Ulitskaya, accomplished a maternal feat, devoting herself to raising her daughter Mila, who had Down syndrome. Even being mortally ill, the mother thought out the whole future life of her daughter: she got a job, found her a new family, a husband, and only after that she allowed herself to leave life.

Zakrutkin V. A. "The human mother"
Maria, the heroine of Zakrutkin's story "The Mother of Man", during the war, having lost her son and husband, took responsibility for her newly born child and for other people's children, saved them, became their Mother. And when the first Soviet soldiers entered the burnt farm, it seemed to Maria that she had given birth not only to her son, but to all the children of the world destitute of the war. That is why she is the Mother of Man.

K.I. Chukovsky "Alive like life"
K.I. Chukovsky in the book "Alive as Life" analyzes the state of the Russian language, our speech and comes to disappointing conclusions: we ourselves distort and mutilate our great and mighty language.

I.S. Turgenev
- Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this property, handed over to us by our predecessors, among whom again Pushkin shines! Treat this mighty tool with respect: in the hands of the skilled, it is able to perform miracles ... Take care of the purity of the language, like a shrine!

K.G. Paustovsky
- You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our minds that could not be conveyed by the Russian word ... There are no such sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language.

A. P. Chekhov "Death of an official"
The official Chervyakov in A.P. Chekhov’s story “The Death of an Official” is incredibly infected with the spirit of servility: having sneezed and spattered his bald head in front of the sitting General Bryzzhalov (and he did not pay attention to this), the hero was so frightened that after repeated humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear.

A. P. Chekhov "Thick and Thin"
The hero of Chekhov's story "Thick and thin", the official Porfiry, met a school friend at the station of the Nikolaev railway and found out that he was a privy councilor, i.e. in the service moved significantly higher. In an instant, the “thin” turns into a servile creature, ready to humiliate and fawn.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy, is sure that one should please not only "all people without exception", but even "the janitor's dog, so that it was affectionate." The need to tirelessly please also gave rise to his romance with Sophia, the daughter of his master and benefactor Famusov. Maxim Petrovich, the "character" of the historical anecdote, which Famusov tells Chatsky as an edification, in order to earn the favor of the empress, has turned into a jester, amusing her with ridiculous falls.

I. S. Turgenev. "Mu Mu"
The fate of the dumb serf Gerasim, Tatyana, is decided by the mistress. A person has no rights. What could be worse?

I. S. Turgenev. "Hunter's Notes"
In the story “Biryuk”, the main character, a forester, nicknamed Biryuk, lives miserably, despite the conscientious performance of his duties. The social structure of life is unfair.

N. A. Nekrasov "Railway"
The poem talks about who built the railroad. These are workers subjected to merciless exploitation. The structure of life, where arbitrariness reigns, is worthy of condemnation. In the poem “Reflections at the front door”: the peasants came from distant villages with a petition to the nobleman, but they were not accepted, they were driven away. The government does not take into account the situation of the people.

L. N. Tolstoy "After the Ball"
The division of Russia into two parts, rich and poor, is shown. The social world is unfair to the weak.

N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
There can be nothing holy, right in a world ruled by tyranny, wild and crazy.

V.V. Mayakovsky

• In the play "The Bedbug" Pierre Skripkin dreamed that his house would be "a full bowl." Another hero, a former worker, claims: "Whoever fought has the right to rest by a quiet river." Such a position was alien to Mayakovsky. He dreamed of the spiritual growth of his contemporaries.

I. S. Turgenev "Notes of a hunter"
Everyone's personality is important for the development of the state, but not always talented people can develop their abilities for the benefit of society. For example, in the "Notes of a Hunter" I.S. Turgenev, there are people whose talents the country does not need. Yakov ("Singers") becomes an inveterate drunkard in a tavern. The truth-seeker Mitya ("Odnodvorets Ovsyannikov") stands up for the serfs. The forester Biryuk serves responsibly, but lives in poverty. Such people are unnecessary. They even laugh at them. It's not fair.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"
Despite the terrible details of camp life and the unjust structure of society, Solzhenitsyn's works are optimistic in spirit. The writer proved that even in the last degree of humiliation it is possible to preserve a person in oneself.

A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
A person who is not accustomed to work does not find a worthy place in the life of society.

M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
Pechorin says that he felt strength in his soul, but did not know what to apply them to. Society is such that there is no worthy place for an outstanding personality.

and A. Goncharov. "Oblomov"
Ilya Oblomov, a kind and talented person, could not overcome himself and reveal his best features. The reason is the lack of high goals in the life of society.

A.M. Gorky
Many heroes of M. Gorky's stories talk about the meaning of life. The old gypsy Makar Chudra wondered why people work. The heroes of the story "On the Salt" found themselves in the same impasse. Around them - wheelbarrows, salt dust, eating away the eyes. However, no one got angry. Good feelings are born in the soul of even such oppressed people. The meaning of life, according to Gorky, is in work. Everyone will begin to work conscientiously - you see, and we will all become richer and better together. After all, "the wisdom of life is always deeper and more extensive than the wisdom of people."

M. I. Weller "The Novel of Education"
The meaning of life is for those who themselves devote their activities to the cause that they consider necessary. The “Roman of Education” by M.I. Weller, one of the most published modern Russian writers, makes one think about this. Indeed, there have always been many purposeful people, and now they live among us.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• The best characters of the novel, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, saw the meaning of life in the desire for moral self-improvement. Each of them wanted "to be quite good, to bring good to people."
• All the favorite heroes of L. N. Tolstoy were busy with intense spiritual search. Reading the novel "War and Peace", it is difficult not to be sympathetic to Prince Bolkonsky, a thinking, searching person. He read a lot, knew everything about everything. The hero found the meaning of his own life in the defense of the Fatherland. Not for the sake of an ambitious desire for glory, but because of the love of the motherland.
• In search of the meaning of life, a person must choose his direction. In Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", the fate of Andrei Bolkonsky is a difficult path of moral losses and discoveries. The important thing is that, walking along this thorny road, he retained true human dignity. It is no coincidence that M.I. Kutuzov will say to the hero: "Your road is the road of honor." I also like extraordinary people who try to live not uselessly.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
Even the failures and disappointments of an outstanding talented person are significant for society. For example, in the novel Fathers and Sons, Yevgeny Bazarov, a fighter for democracy, called himself an unnecessary person for Russia. However, his views anticipate the emergence of people capable of greater deeds and noble deeds.

V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
The problem of moral choice: what is better - to save one's life at the cost of betrayal (as the hero of the story Rybak does) or to die not a hero (no one will know about Sotnikov's heroic death), but to die with dignity. Sotnikov makes a difficult moral choice: he dies, retaining his human appearance.

M. M. Prishvin "Pantry of the sun"
Mitrasha and Nastya were left without parents during the Great Patriotic War. But hard work helped young children not only survive, but also earn the respect of their fellow villagers.

And P. Platonov "In a beautiful and furious world"
Machinist Maltsev is completely devoted to work, his favorite profession. During a thunderstorm, he became blind, but his friend's devotion, love for his chosen profession perform a miracle: having got on his beloved steam locomotive, he regains his sight.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor"
The main character has been used to working all her life, helping other people, and although she has not gained any benefits, she remains a pure soul, a righteous person.

Ch. Aitmatov Roman "Mother's field"
The leitmotif of the novel is the spiritual responsiveness of hardworking rural women. Aliman, whatever happens, has been working on the farm since dawn, on the melon field, in the greenhouse. She feeds the country, people! And the writer does not see anything higher than this share, this honor.

A.P. Chekhov. The story "Ionych"

• Dmitry Ionych Startsev chose an excellent profession. He became a doctor. However, the lack of perseverance and perseverance made the once good doctor a simple layman, for whom money-grubbing and his own well-being became the main thing in life. So, it is not enough to choose the right future profession, you must preserve yourself morally and morally in it.
• There comes a time when each of us faces the choice of a profession. The hero of the story A.P. dreamed of honestly serving people. Chekhov "Ionych", Dmitry Startsev. The profession he has chosen is the most humane. However, having settled in a city where the most educated people turned out to be small and limited, Startsev did not find the strength to resist stagnation and inertia. The doctor turned into a simple man in the street, thinking little about his patients. So, the most valuable condition for not living a boring life is honest creative work, no matter what profession a person chooses.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"
A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are ordinary people in the novel, who do their duty without lofty phrases.

F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment"
Rodion Raskolnikov creates his own theory: the world is divided into those "who have the right" and "trembling creatures." According to his theory, a person is able to create history, like Mohammed, Napoleon. They commit atrocities in the name of "great goals". Raskolnikov's theory fails. In fact, true freedom lies in the subordination of one's aspirations to the interests of society, in the ability to make the right moral choice.

V. Bykov "Obelisk"
The problem of freedom can be seen especially clearly in V. Bykov's story "Obelisk". Teacher Frost, had the choice to stay alive or die along with the students. He always taught them goodness and justice. He had to choose death, but he remained a morally free man.

A.M. Gorky "At the bottom"
Is there a way in the world to break free from the vicious circle of life's worries and desires? M. Gorky tried to answer such a question in the play "At the Bottom". In addition, the writer raised another vital question: is it possible to consider a free person who has resigned himself. Thus, the contradictions between the truth of the slave and the freedom of the individual is an eternal problem.

A. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
Opposition to evil, tyranny attracted the special attention of Russian writers of the 19th century. The oppressive power of evil is shown in the play by A. N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm". A young, gifted woman, Katerina, is a strong person. She found the strength to defy tyranny. The conflict between the atmosphere of the "dark kingdom" and the bright spiritual world, unfortunately, ended tragically.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago"
Pictures of bullying, cruel treatment of political prisoners.

A.A. Akhmatova Poem "Requiem"
This is a work about the repeated arrests of a husband and son, the poem was written under the influence of numerous meetings with mothers, relatives of prisoners in the Cross, a St. Petersburg prison.

N. Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad"
In Nekrasov's story there is a terrible truth about the heroism of those people who in a totalitarian state have always been considered "cogs" in the huge body of the state machine. The writer mercilessly condemned those who calmly sent people to death, who shot for a lost sapper shovel, who kept people in fear.

V. Soloukhin
The secret of comprehending beauty, according to the famous publicist V. Soloukhin, lies in admiring life and nature. The beauty poured into the world will enrich us spiritually if we learn to contemplate it. The author is sure that it is necessary to stop in front of her, "without thinking about time", only then she "will invite you to interlocutors."

K.Paustovsky
The great Russian writer K. Paustovsky wrote that “you need to immerse yourself in nature, as if you plunged your face into a pile of leaves wet from the rain and felt their luxurious coolness, their smell, their breath. Simply put, nature must be loved, and this love will find the right ways to express itself with the greatest power.

Yu.Gribov
A modern publicist, writer Y. Gribov argued that "beauty lives in the heart of every person and it is very important to wake her up, not let her die without waking up."

V. Rasputin "Deadline"
Children from the city gathered at the bedside of their dying mother. Before death, the mother seems to go to the place of judgment. She sees that there is no previous mutual understanding between her and the children, the children are disunited, they have forgotten about the lessons of morality received in childhood. Anna leaves life, difficult and simple, with dignity, and her children still live and live. The story ends tragically. Hurrying about some business, the children leave their mother to die alone. Unable to bear such a terrible blow, she dies that same night. Rasputin reproaches the children of the collective farmer for insincerity, moral coldness, forgetfulness and vanity.

K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram"
The story of K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram" is not a banal story about a lonely old woman and an inattentive daughter. Paustovsky shows that Nastya is not soulless: she sympathizes with Timofeev, spends a lot of time organizing his exhibition. How could it happen that Nastya, who cares about others, shows inattention to her own mother? It turns out that it’s one thing to get carried away with work, to do it with all your heart, to give it all your strength, physical and mental, and another to remember your loved ones, your mother, the most holy being in the world, not limited only to money transfers and short notes. Nastya failed to achieve harmony between caring for the "distant" and love for the closest person. This is the tragedy of her situation, this is the reason for the feeling of irreparable guilt, unbearable heaviness that visits her after the death of her mother and which will settle in her soul forever.

F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
The protagonist of the work, Rodion Raskolnikov, did many good deeds. He is a kind person by nature who is hard going through the pain of others and always helps people. So Raskolnikov saves children from the fire, gives his last money to the Marmeladovs, tries to protect the drunk girl from men pestering her, worries about her sister Dunya, seeks to prevent her marriage with Luzhin in order to protect her from humiliation, loves and pities her mother, tries not to disturb her with his problems. But the trouble with Raskolnikov is that he chose a completely inappropriate means to fulfill such global goals. Unlike Raskolnikov, Sonya performs truly beautiful deeds. She sacrifices herself for the sake of loved ones, because she loves them. Yes, Sonya is a harlot, but she did not have the opportunity to quickly earn money in an honest way, and her family was dying of hunger. This woman destroys herself, but her soul remains pure, because she believes in God and tries to do good to everyone, loving and compassionate in a Christian way.
The most beautiful act of Sonya is the salvation of Raskolnikov ..
The whole life of Sonya Marmeladova is self-sacrifice. By the power of her love, she elevates Raskolnikov to herself, helps him overcome his sin and rise again. The actions of Sonya Marmeladova express all the beauty of a human act.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Pierre Bezukhov is one of the writer's favorite characters. Being at odds with his wife, feeling disgusted with the life in the light that they lead, experiencing after his duel with Dolokhov, Pierre involuntarily asks eternal, but so important questions for him: “What is wrong? What well? Why live, and what am I? And when one of the smartest Masonic leaders urges him to change his life and purify himself by serving good, to benefit his neighbor, Pierre sincerely believed "in the possibility of a brotherhood of people united in order to support each other on the path of virtue." And to achieve this goal, Pierre does everything. what he considers necessary: ​​he donates money to the brotherhood, arranges schools, hospitals and shelters, tries to make life easier for peasant women with small children. His actions are always in harmony with his conscience, and the feeling of being right gives him confidence in life.

Pontius Pilate sent the innocent Yeshua to be executed. For the rest of his life, the procurator was tormented by his conscience, he could not forgive himself for his cowardice. The hero received peace only when Yeshuya himself forgave him and said that there was no execution.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment".

Raskolnikov killed an old pawnbroker to prove to himself that he was a "higher" being. But after the crime, his conscience torments him, a persecution mania develops, the hero moves away from relatives and friends. At the end of the novel, he repents of the murder, embarks on the path of spiritual healing.

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who, during the war,
lost all relatives. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act indicates that love and desire
doing good gives a person strength for life, strength in order to resist fate.

LN Tolstoy "War and Peace".

The Kuragin family are greedy, selfish, vile people. In pursuit of money and power, they are capable of any immoral acts. So, for example, Helen marries Pierre by deceit and uses his wealth, bringing him a lot of suffering and humiliation.

N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls".

Plyushkin subordinated his whole life to hoarding. And if at first this was dictated by frugality, then his desire to save crossed all boundaries, he saved on the most necessary, lived, limiting himself in everything, and even broke off relations with his daughter, fearing that she was claiming his “wealth”.

The role of flowers

I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov".

Oblomov, in love, presented Olga Ilyinskaya with a lilac branch. Lilac became a symbol of the hero's spiritual transformation: he became active, cheerful, cheerful when he fell in love with Olga.

M. Bulgakov "Master and Margarita".

Thanks to the bright yellow flowers in Margarita's hands, the Master saw her in the gray crowd. The heroes fell in love with each other at first sight and carried their feelings through many trials.

M. Gorky.

The writer recalled that he had learned a lot from books. He did not have the opportunity to get an education, so it was in books that he drew knowledge, an idea of ​​the world, knowledge of the laws of literature.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".

Tatyana Larina grew up on romance novels. Books made her dreamy, romantic. She created for herself the ideal of a lover, the hero of her novel, whom she dreamed of meeting in real life.

- V. Astafiev(morality in response to the question: why violent death? In the story "Belogrudka"The children killed the brood of the white-breasted marten, and she, distraught with grief, takes revenge on the whole world around her, destroying poultry in two neighboring villages, until she herself dies from a gun charge.)

The novels "Tsar-fish", "Last bow" (anxiety about the native land).

- S.A. Yesenin. Poems about nature. ("Birch", "Powder", "Dozed off golden stars. Feeling of the unity of man with the natural world, its plant animal nature)

- B. Vasiliev "Do not shoot white swans"(the main character Yegor Polushkin loves nature infinitely, always works in good conscience, lives peacefully, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not disturb the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him, considered him not fit to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end, he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are accustomed only to conquer it. But the son grows up. Who can replace his father, will respect and take care of your native land.

- Ch. Aitmatov "Scaffold"(a man destroys the colorful and populous world of nature with his own hands. The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. The position of the “king” in relation to animals is fraught with tragedy.

* In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin", the main character could not find spiritual harmony, cope with the "Russian blues", including because he was indifferent to nature. And the author's "sweet ideal" Tatyana felt like a part of nature ("She loved to warn the sunrise on the balcony...") and therefore manifested herself in a difficult life situation as a spiritually strong person.

* The rebellious, conflict-minded and eternal struggle lyrical hero of M.Yu. Lermontov finds harmony only by merging with nature: “I go out alone on the road; Through the mist the flinty path gleams; The night is quiet. The desert listens to God, And the star speaks to the star.

* F.I. Tyutchev wrote:

Not what you think, nature:

Not a cast, not a soulless face -

It has a soul, it has freedom,

It has love, it has a language...

* The well-known writer and publicist S. Zalygin writes that “nature once sheltered a man in his house, but he decided that he was the sole owner, and created his own supernatural house in the house of nature. And now he has no choice but to shelter nature in this house of his.”

* The Russian writer Yu. Bondarev wrote: “Sometimes it seems to self-satisfied humanity that, like a universal commander, it has subjugated, conquered, curbed nature ... A person forgets that in a long war, victory is deceptive, and wise nature is too patient. But in due time everything comes to an end. Nature menacingly raises a punishing sword.

* Ch. Aitmatov in the novel "The Scaffold" showed that the destruction of the natural world leads to a dangerous deformation of man. And it happens everywhere. What is happening in the Moyunkum savanna is a global problem, not a local one.

The problem of a person's attitude to the landscape, to the external appearance of his native places, to his small homeland with its natural world

* Our great-grandfathers worshiped the Sun, Rain, Wind. Each tree, each blade of grass, flower meant something special and unique. Our ancestors believed in the harmony of Mother Nature and were happy. We have lost this faith. Our generation is indebted to our children and grandchildren. V. Fedorov wrote:

To save myself and the world,

We need, without wasting years,

Forget all cults and enter

An infallible cult of nature.

* I was struck by the story told by the famous writer Y. Bondarev about a cut down birch tree, which, dying, groaned painfully from death pain, like a person.

* The well-known modern publicist V. Belov wrote that a meeting with a small homeland, with those places where childhood was spent, brings a person a feeling of joy and happiness. The author recalled his childhood, believing that it is the past in his native village that does not allow him to grow old, heals the soul with its green silence.

* The secret of comprehension of beauty, according to the famous publicist V. Soloukhin, lies in admiring life and nature. The beauty poured into the world will enrich us spiritually if we learn to contemplate it. The author is sure that it is necessary to stop in front of her, "without thinking about time", only then she "will invite you to interlocutors."

* The great Russian writer K. Paustovsky wrote that “you need to immerse yourself in nature, as if you plunged your face into a pile of leaves wet from the rain and felt their luxurious coolness, their smell, their breath. Simply put, nature must be loved, and this love will find the right ways to express itself with the greatest power.

* A modern publicist, writer Y. Gribov argued that "beauty lives in the heart of every person and it is very important to wake her up, not let her die without waking up."Friendship

Do not take care of clothes - it will break, do not keep friendship - break off Tuvan proverb

A cowardly friend is more dangerous than an enemy, because you fear the enemy, but you hope for a friend Russian proverb

A friend in need is a friend indeed. Russian proverb

Human needs human,

To open up the soul in communication

And take in the light of your treasures.

Human needs human. N.KonoplyovaStory

By learning the old, you learn the new Japanese proverb

If you shoot at the past with a pistol, then the future will shoot at you with a cannon Eastern Proverb

2. The problem of preserving historical memory . The epigraph to this topic could be the words of the academicianD.S. Likhachev : "Memory is active. It does not leave a person indifferent, inactive. It owns the mind and heart of a person. Memory resists the destructive power of time. This is the greatest meaning of memory."The theme of those who were innocently repressed and tortured during the years of Stalinist terror sounds particularly prominent. People need to know the truth, no matter how cruel it may be. The revival of our history is painful. In the story “A golden cloud spent the night” by A. Pristavkin, the writer seeks to convey with the utmost certainty the atmosphere that prevailed in our country during the years of repression. Even the air was poisoned by general suspicion and fear, when for one careless word a person was thrown into prison, declared an "enemy of the people", his family was destroyed. He carefully examines the influence of the situation on people, their psychology, trying to find an answer to the question of what happened to us after all. Today, the education of memory is no less important for us. We all run from life, without looking back, in a hurry. And we do not notice how our personal history goes further and further. How many of us know our ancestry? Many cannot even name a grandfather. And they immediately ask a surprised question: “Why is this necessary? What are we, princes? Is it really only the princes that Russia is glorious for? After all, there were also hero soldiers, and masters - golden hands, and just honest people! From here, from this ignorance, come all the main troubles of our society.

* K. Balmont wrote:

You can leave everything cherished, you can stop loving everything without a trace,

But you can not cool down to the past But you can not forget about the past.

* In the story "Farewell to Matyora" V. Rasputin talks about a small village standing in the middle of the mighty Siberian river Angara. According to the plan, the island should be flooded. It seems to the locals that "the light has broken in half." The author painfully shows that with the loss of roots, traditions, the irreparable can happen - the spill of lack of spirituality, the shallowing of morality and the loss of humanity.

The arrogant footman Yasha from A. Chekhov's play The Cherry Orchard does not remember his mother and dreams of leaving for Paris as soon as possible. He is the living embodiment of unconsciousness.

Ch. Aitmatov in the novel "Stormy Station" tells the legend of the mankurts. Mankurts are people forcibly deprived of memory. One of them kills his mother, who tried to wrest her son from the captivity of unconsciousness. And over the steppe sounds her desperate cry: “Remember your name!”

- Bazarov, who is dismissive of the "old men", denies their moral principles, dies from a trifling scratch. And this dramatic finale shows the lifelessness of those who have broken away from the "soil", from the traditions of their people. – Futurists – rejection of the past

6. The problem of disrespectful attitude of youth towards old age and old people. Loneliness problem.

V. Rasputin "Deadline". Children who came from the city gathered at the bedside of their dying mother. Before death, the mother seems to go to the place of judgment. She sees that there is no previous mutual understanding between her and the children, the children are disunited, they have forgotten about the lessons of morality received in childhood. Anna leaves life, difficult and simple, with dignity, and her children still live and live. The story ends tragically. Hurrying about some business, the children leave their mother to die alone. Unable to bear such a terrible blow, she dies that same night. Rasputin reproaches the children of the collective farmer for insincerity, moral coldness, forgetfulness and vanity.

The story of K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram" is not a banal story about a lonely old woman and an inattentive daughter. Paustovsky shows that Nastya is not soulless: she sympathizes with Timofeev, spends a lot of time organizing his exhibition. How could it happen that Nastya, who cares about others, shows inattention to her own mother? It turns out that it’s one thing to get carried away with work, to do it with all your heart, to give it all your strength, physical and mental, and another to remember your loved ones, your mother, the most holy creature in the world, not limited only to money transfers and short notes. Nastya failed to achieve harmony between caring for the "distant" and love for the closest person. This is the tragedy of her situation, this is the reason for the feeling of irreparable guilt, unbearable heaviness that visits her after the death of her mother and which will settle in her soul forever.

3. The problem of assessing talent by contemporaries . M. Bulgakov. (The fate of the Master and his novel), misunderstanding of creativity by contemporaries,Vysotsky's songs, not officially recognized, distributed in the form of amateur recordings, performed by the author at semi-legal concerts and just at parties, "went to the people", became known throughout the country, were disassembled into quotes, individual phrases turned into proverbs.

4., the problem of the Russian character. In the center of stories, short stories, novels, poems of many Russian writers and poets is the problem of the Russian national character. In the works of B. Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man", B. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet", M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", V, Rasputin "Fire", A. Solzhenitsyn "Matrenin Dvor" In search of the Russian national character Solzhenitsyn looks into "the most interior Russia" and finds a person who perfectly preserves himself in the inhuman conditions of reality - Matryona Vasilievna Grigorieva. According to Solzhenitsyn, independence, openness, sincerity, goodwill towards people are natural for the national character. She "couldn't refuse" anyone. At the same time, she did not even feel a hint of envy if she saw abundance in others, she was sincerely happy for people, she understood the uselessness of material wealth. She considered all this nonsense and did not approve. People were stupid who did not understand the true value of life and argued over the hut of the deceased Matryona)

Work

If you want to eat kalachi, don't sit on the stove. Russian proverb

Whoever has a light in his chest, everything is burning in his hands Russian proverb

The most difficult courage is the courage of everyday, many years of work. V.A. Sukhomlinsky

Labor feeds a person, but laziness spoils. Russian proverb

customs

In what people you live, keep that custom. Russian proverb

Problem of drug addiction.

Drug use (like alcohol once) has become a virtually ubiquitous problem.
Aitmatov was one of the first to raise this topic in fiction.
Indeed, Ch. Aitmatov was the first to openly say that there is drug addiction, it is gaining strength. And you and I must know the nature of this phenomenon, the ways of distribution, the possibilities of struggle.

The problem of drug addiction in Russia: statistical data

Every year, 70,000 Russians die from drugs.b) Growth dynamics
Parents of drug addicts are very hard to bear the disease of their children. For parents, this is a great grief, severe stress, shame, shame, huge expenses. Because of this, the parents of drug addicts also do not live out their lives and die prematurely from diseases.
In addition, many drug addicts contribute to the spread of drug addiction among their friends, who also become suicide bombers.
Secondly, the destruction of the population occurs without killings, without blood and violence. There is no need to waste time, money and labor on a neutron bomb and military operations. Everything will be done by drug addicts with their own hands .

The problem of love for the motherland

AT . G. Rasputin "French Lessons" (1973), "Live and Remember" (1974), "Farewell to Mother" (1976) history, in respectful preservation in memory will accept their small homeland, in a sense of responsibility for the past, present and future of their land. The writer rightly believes that a Russian person sees the highest meaning of his life in serving the Fatherland. It is very important for everyone to feel that they are not a random person on Earth, but a successor and continuation of their people. In the story "Farewell to Matyora", a vivid embodiment of the national character is the image of Daria, who surpasses her fellow villagers with her strength of mind, firmness of character, independence, she stands out among her mother's old women "with her strict and fair character", primarily because she managed to keep in herself those qualities that were characteristic of her ancestors. This appeal of the heroine to the experience of the past testifies to the precious sense of kind given to her, the feeling that only "in a small fraction lives now on earth."

The son cannot look calmly

On the mother's mountain,

There will be no worthy citizen

To the fatherland cold soul. N.A. Nekrasov

While we burn with freedom

As long as hearts are alive for honor,

My friend, we will dedicate to the Fatherland

Souls are wonderful impulses. A.S. Pushkin

If every man on a piece of his land would do everything he can, how beautiful our land would be.

A.P. Chekhov

A person is first of all a son of his country, a citizen of his fatherland V. G. Belinsky

Without a sense of one's country - especially, very dear and sweet in every little thing - there is no real human character. K.G. Paustovsky

Russia cannot be understood with the mind,

Do not measure with a common yardstick:

She has a special become -

One can only believe in Russia. F.I. Tyutchev

Man cannot live without his homeland

The outstanding Russian singer Fyodor Chaliapin, who was forced to leave Russia, always carried some kind of box with him. Nobody knew what was in it. Only many years later, relatives learned that Chaliapin kept a handful of his native land in this box. It is not for nothing that they say: the native land is sweet in a handful. Obviously, the great singer, who passionately loved his homeland, needed to feel the closeness and warmth of his native land.

Leo Tolstoy in his novel "War and Peace" reveals the "military secret" - the reason. which helped Russia in the Patriotic War of 1812 to defeat the hordes of French invaders. If in other countries Napoleon fought against the armies, then in Russia he was opposed by the whole people. People of different classes, different ranks, different nationalities rallied in the struggle against a common enemy, and no one can cope with such a powerful force.

The great Russian writer I. Turgenev called himself Antey, because it was love for the motherland that gave him moral strength.

7. The problem of choosing a profession . Freedom of choice and meaningful pursuit of one's calling is one of the newest privileges of mankind, the choice is influenced by many factors (the opinion of parents and friends, social status, the state of the labor market, His Majesty the occasion), but the last word usually remains with us. Dmitry Kharatyan, for example, who did not think about an acting career, was called to a screen test by a girl friend. And of all the contenders, it was Kharatyan that director Vladimir Menshov chose for the main role in the film "Joke". Conclusion The choice of a profession is as important for a young person as food, rest, sleep, etc. Taking a step towards a profession suitable for himself, a young man rises to a new step in his life. His whole life depends on his choice. And there is nothing wrong with the fact that a young man has chosen a profession that is not suitable for himself. You can fix anything in life if you try. But if a person from the first time chooses a profession that suits him and enters a university, and then works in his own special way, then a person’s life can be considered successful.
And most importantly, never lose heart. There is always a way out of any situation. The main thing is to believe and know that it does not depend on success at school whether you will be successful or not, but on the person himself. Therefore, if you did not study well at school, do not think that nothing good will come of you in life. If you want, you can achieve more than your classmates who studied only for fives.

Russian language

Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this property handed down to us by our predecessors, among whom again Pushkin shines! Treat this mighty tool with respect: in the hands of the skilled, it is able to perform miracles ... Take care of the purity of the language, like a shrine!

I.S. Turgenev

You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our consciousness that could not be conveyed by the Russian word ... There are no such sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would be no exact expression in our language. K.G. Paustovsky

8. The problem of human action . Beauty will save the world ... ”- said F. M. Dostoevsky, referring to the inner content of this quality, a kind of harmony. Hence, a beautiful deed, according to the writer, must meet God's commandments, must be kind.
Which of the characters in Dostoevsky's novel acted really beautifully?
The protagonist of the work, Rodion Raskolnikov, did many good deeds. He is a kind person by nature who is hard going through the pain of others and always helps people. So Raskolnikov saves children from the fire, gives his last money to the Marmeladovs, tries to protect the drunk girl from men pestering her, worries about her sister, Dunya, seeks to prevent her marriage with Luzhin in order to protect her from humiliation., loves and pities her mother, tries not to disturb her with her problems. But the trouble with Raskolnikov is that he chose a completely inappropriate means to fulfill such global goals. Unlike Raskolnikov, Sonya performs truly beautiful deeds. She sacrifices herself for the sake of loved ones, because she loves them. Yes, Sonya is a harlot, but she did not have the opportunity to quickly earn money in an honest way, and her family was dying of hunger. This woman destroys herself, but her soul remains pure, because she believes in God and tries to do good to everyone, loving and compassionate in a Christian way.
The most beautiful act of Sonya is the salvation of Raskolnikov ..
The whole life of Sonya Marmeladova is self-sacrifice. By the power of her love, she elevates Raskolnikov to herself, helps him overcome his sin and rise again. The actions of Sonya Marmeladova express all the beauty of a human act.

Heroes L.N. Tolstoy is highly characteristic of the feeling of the need to meet certain moral criteria in his life, the absence of discord between actions and his own conscience. Undoubtedly, this is the position of the author, who often deliberately leads his characters through difficult life trials so that they can realize their actions and develop strong moral principles in their souls. These beliefs, gained from the heart, in the future will not allow the heroes to go contrary to what they have consciously learned from everyday difficulties. Pierre Bezukhov, one of the writer's favorite heroes, becomes a particularly significant example of the unity of thought and action. Being at odds with his wife, feeling disgusted with the life in the world that they lead, experiencing after their duel with Dolokhov. Pierre involuntarily asks eternal, but such important questions for him: “What is wrong? What well? Why live, and what am I? And when one of the smartest Masonic leaders urges him to change his life and purify himself by serving good, to benefit his neighbor, Pierre sincerely believed "in the possibility of a brotherhood of people united in order to support each other on the path of virtue." And to achieve this goal, Pierre does everything. what he considers necessary: ​​he donates money to the brotherhood, arranges schools, hospitals and shelters, tries to make life easier for peasant women with small children. His actions are always in harmony with his conscience, and the feeling of being right gives him confidence in life.

9. The problem of moral duty, moral choice.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" (Tatyana's choice of a husband, following her moral duty); L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" (choice of Andrei B., Pierre);

B. Vasiliev "I was not on the lists." The works make you think about the questions that everyone strives to answer for themselves: what is behind the high moral choice - what are the forces of the human mind, soul, fate, what helps a person to resist, show amazing, amazing vitality, helps to live and die "like a human"?

Let us recall the main character of M. Sholokhov's work "The Fate of a Man". Despite the difficulties and trials that fell to his lot, he always remained true to himself and his homeland. Nothing broke his spiritual strength and did not eradicate his sense of duty.

V. Vysotsky has many poems in which a person is faced with a choice and he needs courage, will to win:

Yes, you can turn around the precipice, but we choose the hard way,

Dangerous as a military trail.

AT Politicians start wars, but the people lead. This is especially true of the Patriotic Wars. The idea of ​​the popular nature of the war lies at the heart of the epic novelL. Tolstoy "War and Peace".

Recall the famous comparison of two swordsmen. The duel between them was at first conducted according to all the rules of a fencing fight, but suddenly one of the opponents, feeling wounded and realizing that this is a serious matter, but concerns his life, throws his sword, takes the first club he comes across and begins to “nail” it. Tolstoy's thought is clear: the course of hostilities does not depend on the rules invented by politicians and military leaders, but on some kind of inner feeling that unites people. In war it is the spirit of the army, the spirit of the people, this is what Tolstoy called "the hidden warmth of patriotism."

The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “a Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone from a skeleton and go against a fascist with it” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people, their steadfastness is the true reason for victory. In the novelY. Bondareva "Hot snow" the most tragic moments of the war are reflected, when Manstein's brutalized tanks rush to the group surrounded in Stalingrad. Young gunners, yesterday's boys, are holding back the onslaught of the Nazis with superhuman efforts. The sky was blood-smoked, the snow melted from bullets, the ground burned under their feet, but the Russian soldier survived - he did not allow the tanks to break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, defying all conventions, without award papers, presents orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What can I do, what can I do…” he says bitterly, approaching another soldier.War and Peace

Listen, people, and sound the alarm! Block the road to mortal war.

Let there be no more grief or tears Under the roar of guns and the groans of birches.

Sofia Skorokhod

My country paid such a price for the peace of the Earth,

That no insane force can be defeated. E. Lavrentieva

11. The problem of the moral strength of a simple soldier

H the bearer of people's morality in the war is, for example, Valega, the orderly of Lieutenant Kerzhentsev from the storyV. Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad » . He is barely literate, confuses the multiplication table, will not really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a rickety hut in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And when it comes down to it, he will show these Germans where the crayfish hibernate. A simple peasant guy who is only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is sure that such a soldier as Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.

12. The problem of the heroic everyday life of war

G the heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoron metaphor that unites the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. Get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze with its suddenness. There is an episodeV. Nekrasov ("In the trenches of Stalingrad") : the dead soldier lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a smoking cigarette butt stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now - death. And it is simply unbearable for the hero of the novel to see this... As for the heroes of In the Trenches of Stalingrad, Karnaukhov is read by Jack London, the divisional commander also loves Martin Eden, someone draws, someone writes poetry. The Volga is foaming from shells and bombs, and the people on the shore do not change their spiritual predilections. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not succeed in crushing them, throwing them back across the Volga, and drying up their souls and minds.

Literature and poetry

… Not the poet who knows how to weave rhymes And, creaking with feathers, does not spare paper: Good poetry is not so easy to write ... A.S. Pushkin

Our literature is our pride, the best that we have created as a nation. All philosophy is in it, great impulses of the spirit are imprinted in it; minds of great beauty and strength, hearts of holy purity, the minds and hearts of true artists, still burn brightly in this marvelous, fabulously quickly built temple. A.M. Gorky

To be a poet means the same, If the truth of life is not violated, To scar oneself on delicate skin, To caress other people's souls with the blood of feelings. S.A. Yesenin

The joy of working on a book is the joy of victory over time, over space. It seems to me that real writers always have a bit of something fabulous in their feeling of joy from a finished work. K.G. Paustovsky

The power, wisdom and beauty of literature is revealed in all its breadth only before an enlightened and knowledgeable person. K.P. Paustovsky - The word is a great thing. Great because with a word you can unite people, with a word you can also separate them, with a word you can serve love, with a word you can serve enmity and hatred. L.N. Tolstoy

Mind, knowledge, book, science

The mind is a garment that you will never wear out; knowledge is a spring that you will never exhaust Kyrgyz proverb

The sun will rise - nature comes to life, you read a book - the mind is enlightened. Mongolian proverb

Books are the spiritual testament of one generation to another, the advice of a dying old man to a young man who begins to live, an order transmitted by sentries going on vacation, to sentries who take the place of A.I. Herzen

Reading good books is a conversation with the best people of the past, and, moreover, such a conversation when they tell us only their best thoughts. R. Descartes

The role of books in human life

*According to the famous writer F. Iskander, "the main and invariable sign of the success of a work of art is the desire to return to it, re-read it and repeat the pleasure."

* The well-known writer and publicist Y. Olesha wrote: “We read a wonderful book more than once in our lives and each time, as it were, anew, and this is the amazing fate of the authors of golden books ... They are out of time.”

*M. Gorky wrote: "I owe everything good in me to books."

* In Russian literature, there are many examples of the positive influence of reading on the formation of a person's personality. So, from the first part of M. Gorky's trilogy "Childhood" we learn that books helped the hero of the work overcome the "lead abominations of life" and become a man.

good and evil

You will repay good with good - well done, you will answer evil with good - you are a sage. Turkmen proverb

In a house where the stove smokes, you can live, but where anger flares, you won’t live. Japanese proverb

In "White Clothes" V. Dudintsev tried to answer the question: how to recognize good and evil, how to distinguish white clothes of good from camouflage thrown over evil.

Good Speech

Good speech is good to listen to. Russian proverb

Speech is the image of the soul. Latin proverb

The spoken language is fading away

Conversational beauty;

Retreating into the unknown

Speeches of Russian miracles.

Hundreds of words native and well-aimed,

locked up

Like birds in cages

Dozing in thick dictionaries.

You let them out of there

Return to everyday life,

So that speech - a human miracle -

Not missing these days. V.Shefner

The development of the language follows the development of folk life N.G. Chernyshevsky

The vagueness of a word is an invariable sign of the vagueness of thought. L.N. Tolstoy

A wound inflicted by a sword will heal, but a wound by the tongue will not.

Armenian proverb

We can't predict

How our word will respond, -

And sympathy is given to us,

How grace is given to us ... F.I. Tyutchev

conscience, morality

There is only one undoubted happiness in life - to live for another. L.N. Tolstoy

Everything should be beautiful in a person: face, clothes, soul, and thoughts. A.P. Chekhov

Gratitude is the least of the virtues, ingratitude is the worst of the vices English proverb

Life without a goal is a man without a head. Assyrian proverb

As you treat others, so will they treat you. Assyrian proverb

Judge not lest ye be judged. From the Sermon on the Mount of Jesus Christ

Youth, youth

Youth is the main force, the fundamental power of tomorrow's humanity. A.V. Lunacharsky

Life gives every person a huge invaluable gift - youth, full of strength, youth, full of aspirations, desires and aspirations for knowledge, for struggle, full of hopes and hopes N.A. Ostrovsky

Whoever in his youth did not bind himself with strong ties to a great and wonderful cause, or at least to simple, but honest and useful work, he can consider his youth completely lost, no matter how fun it was and no matter how many pleasant memories it left. . D.I. Pisarev

Will, freedom

Only he is worthy of life and freedom,

Who every day goes to fight for them. Goethe

The meaning of life, duty, profession

Why deep knowledge, thirst for glory,

Talent and passionate love of freedom,

When we can't use them. M.Yu.Lermontov

A person who has fulfilled his duty is a rather high concept. And the one about whom this is said should perceive this as a high and at the same time accurate assessment of his activity or his act. K.M.Simonov

All works are good - Choose to taste. V.V.Mayakovsky

Know how to live even when life becomes unbearable. Make it useful. N. Ostrovsky

The most precious thing for a person is life. It is given to him once, and it is necessary to live it in such a way that it would not be excruciatingly painful for the aimlessly lived years, so that the shame for the petty and petty past would not burn ... N. Ostrovsky

The best pleasure, the highest joy of life is to feel needed and loved by people. A.M. Gorky

Everything beautiful on earth is from the sun, and everything good is from man. M.M. Prishvin

The wise power of the builder is hidden in every person, and it must be given free rein to develop and flourish so that it enriches the earth with even greater miracles. A.M. Gorky

Great will is not only the ability to wish and achieve something, but also the ability to force oneself and give up something when necessary. Will is not just a desire and its satisfaction, but it is a desire and a stop, and a desire and a refusal. A.S. Makarenko

I would be glad to serve, it is sickening to serve.

Chatsky's words from A.S. Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit"

Man! It's great! It sounds…proud. A.M. Gorky

About mother poets have already found the words,

Equalizing it to the Fatherland...

O woman!.. O mother!.. You are the salt of the earth!

Without a mother, the field of life would have died out.

Artists you lit up the world,

Revealing their wondrous forms...

Shakespeare without Desdemona is not Shakespeare,

And heaven would become hell without Beatrice! T. Zumakulova

Woman is a great word. In her is the purity of a girl, in her is the selflessness of a friend, in her is the feat of a mother.

N.A. Nekrasov

All the pride of the world comes from mothers. Without the sun, flowers do not bloom, without love there is no happiness, without a woman there is no love, without a mother there is neither a poet nor a hero! A.M. Gorky

Heroism, deeds

Let you die! .. But in the song of the brave and strong in spirit you will always be a living example, a proud call to freedom, to the light! ... A.M. Gorky

In life there is always a place for exploits. A.M. Gorky

A feat, like a talent, shortens the path to the goal. A.Leonov

Great people and heroes most fully express the appearance of their people, and their names live for centuries. J. Lafitte

A hero is a person who, at a decisive moment, does what needs to be done in the interests of human society. Yu.Fuchik

Let's not forget those heroes

What lie in the damp earth,

Giving life on the battlefield

For the people, for you and me ... S.V. Mikhalkov

In important epochs of life, sometimes a spark of heroism flares up in the most ordinary person, unknown until now smoldering in his chest, and then he does things that he had never even dreamed of before. M.Yu.Lermontov

Art

Art is the highest manifestation of power in man. L.N. Tolstoy

Simplicity, truth, naturalness - these are the three great principles of beauty in all works of art K. Gluck

Sports, movement

Movement is the storehouse of life. Plutarch

HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY

Today man, he alone, is responsible for everything on earth. For thousands of years he fought nature as an enemy. Now he is responsible for her as a senior ... Who is this person? This is all of us together and each separately.

D.S. Likhachev

The problem of responsibility.

* Well-known publicist D.S. Likhachev noted that "to be responsible for others means to be able to answer for oneself." The author compares our Earth with a spaceship, and us with its team, on whose coordinated work a lot depends. A person cannot transfer responsibility for the planet to anyone, since he alone is endowed with the power of reason.

A person must live in the sphere of goodness, made by him… Goodness unites, unites, unites.

D.S. Likhachev

What's in your heart? Isn't it darkness? Take some of my light. A. Reshetov

The heart will break into pieces,

If we learn to love. E. Ogonkova

The outstanding Russian writer B. Vasiliev spoke about Dr. Jansen. He died saving children who fell into a sewer hole. A man who was revered as a saint even during his lifetime was buried by the whole city.

At M.Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of a Man". AT it tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person the strength to live, the strength to resist fate.

In ancient Babylon, the sick were taken out to the square, and every passer-by could give him advice on how to be healed, or simply say a sympathetic word. This fact shows that already in ancient times people understood that there is no other person's misfortune, there is no other person's suffering.

The life drama of Eugene Onegin, an outstanding man, is caused precisely by the fact that "hard work was sickening to him." Having grown up in idleness, he did not learn the most important thing - to work patiently, achieving his goal, to live for the sake of another person. His life turned into a joyless existence "no tears, no life, no love."

It is more correct to divide all the heroes of L. Tolstoy not into good and bad, but into those who change, and those who have lost the ability for spiritual self-development. Moral movement, relentless search for oneself, eternal dissatisfaction is, according to Tolstoy, the most complete manifestation of humanity.

N. Gogol, the exposer of human vices, is persistently looking for a living human SOUL. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become "a hole in the body of mankind," he passionately urges the reader, who enters adulthood, to take with him all the "human movements", not to lose them on the road of life.

The image of Oblomov is the image of a person who only wanted to. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play "At the bottom" showed the drama of "former people" who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the rooming house and ends there.

False Values

I. Bunin in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and that god he worshipped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.

* The well-known writer, publicist V. Soloukhin believes that technology has made the state and humanity as a whole more powerful. But he immediately asks the question: when a person is left alone without these greatest inventions, will he be more powerful than all his predecessors on planet Earth?

At everyone in the hands fate peace

A. Kuprin wrote the story "The Wonderful Doctor", based on real events. A man, tormented by poverty, is ready to desperately commit suicide, but the well-known doctor Pirogov, who happened to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate, and from that moment on, his life and the life of his family changes in the most happy way. This story speaks eloquently of the fact that the act of one person can affect the fate of other people.

The role of personality in history

1) "Hunter's Notes" AND. Turgenev played a huge role in the public life of our country. People, after reading the bright, vivid stories about the peasants, realized that it was immoral

own people like cattle. A broad movement began in the country for the abolition of serfdom.

2) After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. The story of M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, made society take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

The role of art (science, mass media) in the spiritual life of society

) Many front-line soldiers talk about the fact that soldiers exchanged smoke and bread for cuttings from a front-line newspaper, where chapters from A. Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin" were published. This means that an encouraging word was sometimes more important for the fighters than food.

When the Nazis laid siege to Leningrad, the 7th symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich had a huge impact on the inhabitants of the city. which, according to eyewitnesses, gave people new forces to fight the enemy.

7) In the history of literature, a lot of evidence has been preserved related to the stage history of the Undergrowth. They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the loafer Mitrofanushka, experienced a genuine rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland.

Interpersonal relationships

Fear in a person's life

B. Zhitkov in one of his stories portrays a man who was very afraid of cemeteries. One day a little girl got lost and asked to be taken home. The road went past the cemetery. The man asked the girl: "Aren't you afraid of the dead?""WITH I'm not afraid of you!" - the girl answered, and these words made the man gather his courage and overcome the feeling of fear.

The well-known revolutionary G. Kotovsky was sentenced to death by hanging for robbery. The fate of this not ordinary person excited the writer A. Fedorov, who began to petition for a pardon for the robber. He achieved the release of Kotovsky, and he solemnly promised the writer to repay him with kindness. A few years later, when Kotovsky became a red commander, this writer came to him and asked him to save his son, who was captured by the Chekists. Kotovsky, risking their lives, rescued the young man from captivity.

* The well-known writer and publicist A. Solzhenitsyn wrote: “Human freedom includes voluntary self-restraint in favor of others. Our obligations must always exceed the freedom granted to us.

* The story of the moral decay of the personality of Andrei Guskov is told by V. Rasputin in the story “Live and Remember”. This man was in the war, was wounded and shell-shocked more than once. But, having been discharged from the hospital, he did not go to his unit, but thievishly made his way to the village, became a deserter.

*Ch. Aitmatov wrote about the moral decline of Oberkandalovites and anashists in "The Scaffold".

The uncontrolled development of science and technology worries people more and more. Let's imagine a toddler dressed in his father's costume. He is wearing a huge jacket, long trousers, a hat that slips over his eyes... Doesn't this picture resemble a modern person? Having failed to grow morally, grow up, mature, he became the owner of a powerful technique that is capable of destroying all life on Earth.

2) Mankind has achieved great success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But it's a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious is the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we heading? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver driving at breakneck speed in his brand new car. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Mankind is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what is lurking there, around the corner.

In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.

The press reported that very soon there will be an elixir of immortality. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. What will this immortality mean for a person?

9) Until now, disputes about how legitimate, from a moral point of view, experiments related to human cloning do not fade away. Who will be born as a result of this cloning? What will this creature be? Man? Cyborg? means of production?

History knows many unsuccessful attempts to forcefully make a person happy. If freedom is taken away from people, then paradise turns into a dungeon. The favorite of Tsar Alexander 1, General Arakcheev, creating military settlements at the beginning of the 19th century, pursued good goals. Peasants were forbidden to drink vodka, they were supposed to go to church at the appointed hours, their children were to be sent to schools, they were forbidden to be punished. It would seem that everything is correct! But people were forced to be good. they were forced to love, work, study... And a man deprived of his freedom, turned into a slave, rebelled: a wave of general protest arose, and Arakcheev's reforms were curtailed.

Man and knowledge

Archimedes, knowing that a person suffers from drought, from hunger, proposed new ways of irrigating the land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger.

3) The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning.

The problem of conscience

* One of the heroines of V. Rasputin's story "Farewell to Matyora" recalls the main of the precepts of the fathers: "The main thing is to have a conscience and not to endure from conscience."

* In the "Fire" by V. Rasputin, the tribe of Arkharovtsy is described, devouring the spiritual values ​​\u200b\u200bof a great people, already losing their idea of ​​goodness and justice, truth and lies.

* Well-known scientist, publicist D.S. Likhachev believed that one should never allow oneself to compromise with conscience, to try to find an excuse for lying, theft, etc.

Many people tend to blame adverse conditions for everything: family, friends, lifestyle, rulers. But after all, it is the struggle, overcoming difficulties, that is the most important condition for a full-fledged spiritual formation. It is no coincidence that in folk tales the true biography of the hero begins only when he passes the test (fights a monster, saves a stolen bride, obtains a magical item).

Science knows many cases when a child abducted by wolves, bears or monkeys was brought up: for several years away from people. Then he was caught and returned to human society. In all these cases, a person who grew up among animals became a beast, lost almost all human features. Children could not learn human speech, walked on all fours, which at they lost the ability to walk upright, they barely learned to stand on two legs, their children lived for about the same years as the animals that raised them live on average ...

Owhat does this example say?Othat the child needs to be brought up daily, hourly, purposefully manage his development. About what is outside of human societychildturns into an animal.

Scientists have long been talking about the so-called<<пирамиде способностей». AT at an early age there are almost no untalented children, there are already significantly fewer of them at school, even fewer in universities, although they go there by competition; in adulthood, there remains a very insignificant percentage of truly talented people. It has been calculated, in particular, that only three per cent of those engaged in scientific work actually move science forward. In socio-biological terms, the loss of talent with age is explained by the fact that a person needs the greatest abilities during the period of mastering the basics of life and self-affirmation in it, that is, in the early years; then acquired skills, stereotypes, acquired knowledge firmly deposited in the brain, etc. begin to prevail in thinking and behavior. people, in general - to the world

The problem of spirituality

According to the well-known publicist S. Soloveichik, many confuse this concept with intelligence, good breeding, and education. Spirituality is the strength of the spirit, the desire for goodness, truth. Visiting theaters, reading books, unfortunately, is not always good for the soul of some people.

E. Bogat believes that "spiritual life is communication with people, art, the autumn forest and with oneself."

The problem of preserving the concept of "honor" in the modern world

D. Granin wrote that the concept of "honor" is given to a person once along with the name and that it can neither be compensated nor corrected, but can only be saved. This is the moral core of a person.

D. Shevarov, in one of his essays, reflected that the concept of honor, enduring and universal, includes the ability to protect one's life values, a clear conscience, honesty, dignity, and the impossibility of lying. The author does not call for the return of the duel, he only uses the example of A.S. Pushkina argues that honor must be defended.

* In the story "Powerlessness" Y. Bondarev tells about two young people who collided on the street. One hit the shoulder of the other, the second was not timid, but fear of the will of a more courageous opponent stopped him from fighting back. The author concludes that both of them, the winner and the vanquished, in a short street battle of primitive egos, appeared as miserable, insignificant males.

* Y. Bondarev in the story "Beauty" gave an assessment of the behavior of an ugly, at first glance, girl and a dandy guy who invited her to a dance in order to expose her to ridicule. The heroine accepted the challenge of handsome. The author writes that a proud look transformed her into a beauty. The writer admires a man who managed to resist meanness, meanness, without dropping his dignity.

The problem of resisting evil, aggression

The famous writer, publicist V. Soloukhin told the story of a long enmity between two neighbors. In response to aggression, each of them responded with a new evil deed. During this war, the rooster of one and the kitten of the other died. The author writes that a grain of evil gave birth to a pea of ​​evil, a pea gave birth to a nut, a nut - an apple. And now an ocean of evil has accumulated, where all of humanity can drown. One of them made the right decision - to go in peace to a neighbor. Peace reigned in the house. Therefore, only good can resist evil.

The Christian commandment says: "If you hit one cheek, turn the other." Only then can you help heal the one who hit you.

In the story of A.S. Pushkin's "Snowstorm", the main character Marya Gavrilovna, having learned to live in accordance with God's commandments, becomes happy. Her mutual love with Burmin is God's gift for both.

The main idea of ​​the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" is simple and clear. She is the embodiment of God's sixth commandment - "Thou shalt not kill." The author proves the impossibility of committing a crime in good conscience using the example of the story of Rodion Raskolnikov.

The problem of Christian morality

D. Orekhov in the book "Buddha from Benares" talks about the teachings, about the transmigration of souls, about the magical world of ancient Indian spirituality.

A striking example of an arrogant attitude towards people around is the heroine of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" Helen Kuragin. Beautiful outwardly, she was spiritually empty, hypocritical, false.

In the story "Old Woman Izergil" M. Gorky tells the legend about Lara, who was not enough to be happy pride and confidence in his superiority. And the greatest blessing - life - becomes for him a hopeless torment.

* The features of manic stinginess are presented in the image of Plyushkin, the hero of the poem by N.V. Gogol's Dead Souls. Taking care of an insignificant trifle, showing penny stinginess, the landowner loses hundreds and thousands, blowing his fortune into the wind, ruining his estate.

The moral and ethical problem of a person's attitude to what is called "to have more than others", "to live for show".

The well-known publicist I. Vasiliev wrote that “the same thing happens with the category of the self-satisfied, who live for show, as with the “hiding” - closing, distance, isolation from people. Their destiny is spiritual loneliness, which is more terrible than criminal punishment.

Having a lot, according to I. Vasiliev, is becoming a fashion. The desire to "have" turns into a painful passion for hoarding. But a metamorphosis takes place with a person: acquiring more and more material things, he becomes impoverished in soul. “The place of generosity, responsiveness, cordiality, kindness, compassion is replaced by stinginess, envy, greed.”

The well-known publicist G. Smirnov wrote that "in the 21st century, mankind will face a painful rejection of the fictitious values ​​of material life and the difficult acquisition of the values ​​of the Spirit."

The hero of V. Astafiev's novel "The Sad Detective" refers to people who "know how to live." Fedya Lebeda has a police salary, but he bought a two-story dacha. And all because he adheres to the principle: "Don't touch us, we won't touch..."

Recall the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Jumper". The main thing that attracted Olga Ivanovna to the world of art was the desire to make acquaintances with celebrities, and by no means a spiritual need for beauty. While admiring mediocre artists and writers, she failed to see in Dr. Dymov a talented scientist whose interest in art was truly genuine.

In the drama A.N. Ostrovsky's "Dowry" merchant Knurov, not finding himself worthy interlocutors, travels to talk to St. Petersburg and abroad. And the “Europeanization” of Vozhevatov is expressed in the fact that in the morning he drinks champagne poured into teapots in a coffee shop.

* In L.N. Tolstoy’s story “Lucerne”, a scene is depicted when all its noble and preoccupied with global problems residents came out onto the balcony of a hotel for very rich people to listen to a poor wandering musician playing the violin. Listening to beautiful music, people experienced the same emotions, thought about the same things, and even seemed to breathe in unison.

* The well-known scientist and thinker D.S. Likhachev draws the image of our Earth as “defenselessly flying in the colossal space of a museum.” He is convinced that the human culture created over the millennia is designed to unite all people living on the planet.

Science fiction writer A. Belyaev in the novel "Professor Dowell's Head" tells that the fruits of scientific thought in the hands of presumptuous and irresponsible people become a real disaster for the entire human race. The author at the same time convinces the reader that evil will not go unpunished.

The famous French writer D. Koveler in the documentary book "Clone Christ?" tells how yesterday's science fiction becomes today's reality.

* The protagonist of V. Shukshin's story "Cut off", Gleb Kapustin, is confident in the truth of his knowledge, obtained as a hodgepodge from various sources. He is pleased when he manages to “click on the nose” of visitors, whom he severely examines.

The problem of heredity

* The well-known publicist L. Serova discussed the problem of heredity in one of her essays. She believes that the manifestation of the genotype will vary depending on the conditions in which a person develops.

* Theodosius Dobzhansky, a geneticist of the 20th century, noted that "a person is what he is, because his genotype plus his biography made him so."

* V. Kharchenko wrote that scientific activity requires patience, perseverance, and courage. It brings pleasure and joy to the scientist and helps to survive in difficult life circumstances.

Importance of the Humanities

* Well-known publicist, scientist D.S. Likhachev argued that the humanities are very important, since it is they who teach to understand art, history, and educate morality. * The ruler of thoughts, Einstein, was inspired by the work of F.M. Dostoevsky. And the famous scientist R. Yakobson said that before writing his works he liked to examine the paintings of Larionov or Goncharova.

* Well-known publicists often turn to the problem of the truth of art. So, I. Dolgopolov, admiring the creations of Andrei Rublev, notes that the creations of true masters live for more than one century, because they are written from the heart. They can be superficially simple, but wise "with that bottomless spiritual depth that marks Pushkin's poetry, Glinka's music, Dostoevsky's prose."
* The power of the magical skill of the great painters is also shown by I. Dolgopolov in his essay on Raphael's "Sistine Madonna". According to the author, our soul, "despite all the dictates of the mind, suggesting that this is just a mirage, the artist's inventions," freezes, contemplating this miracle of painting.

*G.I. Ouspensky has repeatedly noted that a true work of art can transform a person morally. The writer in his work "Rightened" recalls the impression that the statue of Venus de Milo in the Louvre made on him, about "the life-giving mystery of this stone creature." Beauty ennobles the soul of a person, the creations of brilliant masters "fascinate the eye." Such is the wonder of painting!

* N.V. narrates about the true purpose of art. Gogol in the story "Portrait". The author tells about two artists, each of whom chose his own "type" of creativity. One began to work without much effort. Nevertheless, it brought him a decent income. Another decided to penetrate the essence of art and devoted his whole life to learning. In the finale, he creates a true masterpiece, although his path was not accompanied by universal fame.

The famous scientist, publicist A.F. Losev compared the benefits of education with the harvest on the land by a peasant who works, despite all the hardships in the summer, but then enjoys rest and material prosperity all year round.

Psychologist Landreth said: "Education is what remains when everything learned is forgotten."

The mother of the protagonist of the novel, I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" believed that education is not such an important thing, for which you need to lose weight, lose your blush and skip holidays. It is only needed for promotion.

L. Gumilyov wrote that different subjects are taught at school. Many of them do not arouse any interest, but they are necessary, because without a wide perception of the world there will be no development of the mind and feelings. If children have not learned physics, they will not understand what energy and entropy are. Without knowledge of languages ​​and literature, connections with the surrounding world of people are lost, and without history, with the legacy of the past.

The problem of attitude to learning

*According to the famous scientist and publicist Max Planck, "science and religion in truth do not contradict each other, but for every thinking person they need to complement each other."

* A well-known publicist, scientist A. Menu believes that "science and religion - two ways of knowing reality - should not just be independent areas, but in a harmonious combination contribute to the general movement of mankind along the path to Truth."

* The brilliant scientist A. Einstein noted: “The more knowledge about the world science gives us, the more clearly I see the hand of the Almighty, ruling the Universe.”

* Newton, who discovered the laws of motion of celestial bodies, as if exposing the greatest secret of the universe, was a believer and was engaged in theology.

* The great Pascal, the genius of mathematics, one of the creators of the new physics, was not just a believer, but also a Christian saint (although not canonized) and one of the greatest religious thinkers in Europe.

In the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" the main character I. Shukhov, despite all the difficulties of his position, lives and enjoys life. He did not exchange his spiritual ideals for someone else's plate of food or felt boots.

In the comedy "Woe from Wit" by A. Griboyedov, Molchalin lives according to the principle bequeathed to him by his father:

Firstly, to please all people without exception - the Master, where you happen to live,

To the chief with whom I will serve, to his servant who cleans dresses,

Doorman, janitor, to avoid evil, Dog janitor, to be affectionate.

A vivid example of the image of the mores of bureaucratic Russia in the 19th century is the comedy of N.V. Gogol's "Inspector". According to the author, sheer lawlessness, bribery, embezzlement, the widespread arbitrariness of the landowners and the inactive neglect of state institutions have become the norm. Ridiculing and criticizing bureaucracy, the writer reveals the entire inconsistency of the administrative structure of the state.

The problem of philistinism

In the play by A.N. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" describes the life of the provincial town of Kalinov. The life of the inhabitants here is boring and monotonous. It sucks like a quagmire, and there is no way to get out of it, to change something. “It’s better in the grave,” says the main character Ekaterina Kabanova, and she finds a way out only in death.

In the story of A.P. Chekhov "Ionych" tells about the fate of Dr. Startsev, who gradually becomes a layman. He is destroyed by the desire for satiety and peace, which suppresses all previous impulses, hopes and plans.

In the play "Petty Bourgeois" M. Gorky, on the one hand, presented the world of petty bourgeoisie in the person of the foreman of the paint shop Vasily Bessemenov and his family, on the other hand, people who oppose this musty life, led by Nil.

* The well-known publicist V. Levy wrote that “people with the talent to be happy are sunny people. Near them it is always light, breathe freely.

* I.A. Bunin in the poem "Evening" wrote:

We always remember happiness.

And happiness is everywhere. Maybe it is

This autumn garden behind the barn

And clean air pouring through the window ...

The hum of the thresher is heard on the threshing floor...

I see, I hear, I am happy. Everything is in me.

* The modern well-known publicist E. Lebedeva wrote that one should try to appreciate the unpretentious moments of life in order to feel like a happy person for no reason.

* In the story “The Scream”, Y. Bondarev tells about an incident that happened to him on one of the autumn days. The author enjoyed walking along the street, strewn with rustling golden leaves, and pondered the secrets of nature. But suddenly he heard a desperate cry of a woman from the window of the house. At that moment, happiness turned to bitterness. It seemed to the writer that humanity itself was screaming from unbearable pain, having lost a sense of the joy of its unique existence.

F. Abramov, in one of his essays, spoke about his teacher Alexei Fedorovich Kalintsev, who possessed such qualities as erudition, energy, self-esteem, devotion to his work, etc. According to the author, "a teacher is a person who holds in his hands the day of the country, the future of the planet."

Giovanni Odarinni wrote: "A teacher is a candle that shines on others while burning itself."

In V. Rasputin's story "French Lessons", the teacher Lidia Mikhailovna taught her student the main lesson ... of kindness and mercy.

A. Dementiev wrote:

Don't you dare forget the teachers! May life be worthy of their efforts!

Russia is famous for its teachers. The disciples bring glory to her.

*I remember lines from one poem:

If there were no teacher, then there would probably be no

No poet, no thinker, No Shakespeare, no Copernicus...

Without his sunny smile, Without his hot fire

To the light of our eyes sunflowers Could not turn.

*We repeat with N.A. Nekrasov his lines:

Teacher, before your name

Let me humbly kneel...

* The famous poet, writer, publicist R. Rozhdestvensky believed that the irresponsibility of officials at various levels leads to tragic consequences in our lives. Disregard for one's own and other people's work breeds mismanagement. To deal with it, you need to ask each person.

* A. Platonov wrote about the problem of irresponsibility in the story “Doubting Makar”, ridiculing the dairy boss, who referred to the authorities from Moscow, and he himself was indifferent to his work.

* The problem of irresponsibility was ridiculed in the "Directive Bow" by I. Ilf and E. Petrov, and at the beginning of the 20th century they asked: "When will this end?" Almost a hundred years have passed, and we are still faced with mismanagement and our own negligence in our work.

The problem of the Russian village

* A. Solzhenitsyn in the story "Matryonin Dvor" described the wretched life of the village in the early fifties. People worked for workdays. The main entertainment after work was dancing, drinking, street fights.

The problem of the heroic struggle of the people for their independence

In the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" tells about the heroic struggle of the Ukrainian people for national liberation from the Polish magnates. For people living in the Zaporozhian Sich, there is nothing higher than the interests of the people, the freedom and independence of the Motherland.

In The Tale of Igor's Campaign, the chronicler spoke about the struggle of the Russian people against the Polovtsians.

The problem of love of freedom

In the image of Katerina Kabanova, the main character of the play "Thunderstorm" - A.N. Ostrovsky captured all the beauty and broad nature of the freedom-loving Russian soul.

“An unusual phenomenon of Russian power” was called by N.V. Gogol is the main character of his story Taras Bulba. Stern and adamant, the leader of the Cossack army leads a life full of hardships and dangers. Zaporizhzhya Sich - that's his element. And the soul is imbued with only one desire - for the freedom and independence of its people.

Mtsyri, the main character of the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov, despised people who had come to terms with life in a prison-monastery. Having tasted freedom, he paid a high price for those wonderful moments that he lived in freedom - his life.

The famous poet V. Vysotsky wrote:

But is this life when in chains,

But is it a choice, if constrained.

* L.G. Protopovich in the book "Where did the Indigo come from?" talks about children for whom there are no geographical, linguistic or cultural barriers. They are born in any country. Their distinguishing feature is the bright blue color of the aura. Another distinguishing feature was their special talents and super-high level of intelligence.

In the tragedy "Boris Godunov" A.S. Pushkin raises political and moral questions. The people, which at first became a blind instrument in the hands of the criminal king, is shown by the author as an ideal of truth and conscience.

A.S. Pushkin continued to reflect on the role of the people in the history of Russia in the story "The Captain's Daughter". This work tells about the peasant uprising of 1773-1775 led by E. Pugachev. The author is trying to find ways to bring nobles and peasants closer together, but concludes that this is not yet possible.

A.N. Tolstoy in the novel "Peter the Great" touched upon the eternal problem of the relationship between state power and the people. The writer resolutely denies any violence of the state over its people, no matter how it is justified.

In the review novel "The History of a City" M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin shows that the city of Foolov exists only because of the obedience and ignorance of the people. The mayors rob, tyranny, and ordinary people die of hunger, endure torture, and console themselves with false promises of power. Only sometimes they rebel, but the rebellion ends in a flogging. And again, everyone lives in fear.

V.F. Myasnikov, a member of the round-the-world Antarctic expedition that sailed along the course of Bellingshausen and Lazarev, tells in his book Journey to the Land of the White Sphinx about the courageous work of hydrographers beyond the Southern Arctic Circle.

Yuri Modin is one of the most successful Soviet spies. His memoirs about the heroic work of the famous spy group “Cambridge Fives” in the book “The Fates of Scouts. My Cambridge Friends.

In B. Vasiliev's novel "Don't Shoot White Swans", Yegor Polushkin was not afraid to go against the poachers, saving the birds, because he felt his responsibility for them. Osip Dymov, the hero of the story by A.P. Chekhov's "The Jumper", perfectly aware of the danger, the risk he takes, decides to save the boy suffering from diphtheria. The patient recovers, but the doctor dies.

The problem of selfless labor

* Osip Dymov, hero of the story by A.P. Chekhov's "The Jumper", perfectly aware of the danger, the risk he takes, decides to save the boy suffering from diphtheria. The patient recovers, but the doctor dies. The author believes that the ability to follow one's professional duty even under dangerous circumstances is a gift without which society cannot survive.

* In the story "A Photograph Where I'm Not", V. Astafiev tells about young teachers who renovated the school, found textbooks, etc. One day one of them rushed to save the children from a snake. Probably, just such a person will become a worthy example for his students.

* The teacher Ales Moroz, the hero of V. Bykov's story "Obelisk", in occupied Belarus, risking his life, brought up hatred for the invaders in his students. When the guys are arrested, he surrenders to the Nazis to support them in a tragic moment.

* We learn about the heroism of soldiers from A. Fedorov's book "Nightingales".

*The cruel truth of the war is shown in B. Vasiliev's story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet".

*Looking back, we have no right to forget the countless victims. E. Yevtushenko is right when he wrote in the story "Fuku":

The one who forgets yesterday's victims,

Maybe tomorrow's victim will be.

The problem of the heroism of people of peaceful professions during the years of WWII

Breeders of besieged Leningrad, in conditions of wild famine, managed to preserve priceless varieties of breeding wheat for a future peaceful life.

E. Krieger, a well-known modern prose writer, in the story "Light" tells how, during the hostilities, the workers of the power plant decided not to evacuate with the inhabitants of the village, but to work. The “light-emitting power plant,” as its author called it, not only generated electricity, but also inspired the soldiers, helped them remember what they were fighting for.

The cycle of stories by A. Krutetsky “In the steppes of Bashkiria” shows the hard work of collective farmers living with the slogan “Everything for the front, everything for victory!”

F. Abramov's novel "Brothers and Sisters" tells about the feat of Russian women who spent the best years of their lives on the labor front during the Great Patriotic War.

Teacher Ales Moroz, the hero of V. Bykov's story "Obelisk", in occupied Belarus, risking his life, brought up hatred for the invaders in his students. When the guys are arrested, he surrenders to the Nazis to support them in a tragic moment.

In the poem “Ukraine”, M. Rylsky wrote: You see: the Russian is with you, the Bashkirs and the Tajik, All brothers and friends are an avalanche of formidable rati. Holy is our union, the people are infinitely great, Infinitely strong in their lion's fury.

POW problem

The story of V. Bykov "Alpine Ballad" shows the tragedy of people who were captured.

The story of M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" shows the tragic fate of Andrei Sokolov. The protagonist went through the trials of fascist captivity, lost his family, but managed to defend his human dignity, did not lose the will to live, a sense of compassion for people.

The problem of patriotism

Talking about the Patriotic War of 1812 in the novel "War and Peace", L.N. Tolstoy with love and respect draws people of different social class, who were united by a common love for Russia.

In the novel "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy paints pictures of military operations and various types of their participants. We see both faithful sons of the Fatherland (Denis Davydov, elder Vasilisa, etc.), and false patriots who think only about their own selfish interests.

* In the article by I. Dolgopolov "Genius" it is noted that a genius is not a light-winged angel who appears to people once a century. The only passion of a genius - the desire to create - completely rejects his other aspirations, and therefore the true creator is doomed to eternal suffering. And, nevertheless, despite all the hardships that fell on the lot of geniuses, "the light from them continues to come to us even through a string of centuries after their death."

*Famous writer and publicist V.G. Belinsky wrote in an article about Lomonosov: “Willpower is one of the main signs of a genius

The protagonist of A. Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" is an extraordinary person. Shukhov survives in the vile camp life thanks to his extreme diligence and long-suffering. In the world of evil and violence, lack of rights and enslavement, "sixes" and "blatars" who profess the camp law "you die today, and I - tomorrow", it is not easy to save the soul and human warmth. But Ivan Denisovich had his own sure means to restore a good mood - work.

About the inhumanity, the horror of the situation that prevailed in the country during the era of Stalin's rule, Y. Bondarev told in his work "Bouquet". The fate of the heroine was typical for that time. The fault of the heroine consisted only in the fact that she was young, good-looking, naively believed in the decency of those who were in power.

The role of personality in history

The true spokesman of the national spirit was M.I. Kutuzov. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" historically accurately painted the image of the great commander.

A.N. Tolstoy in the novel "Peter the Great" tells about the life of the reformer tsar. On the one hand, Peter the Great seems to love his people and believes in their creative forces, on the other hand, he brutally cracks down on the participants in the archery rebellion, and later builds a beautiful city on the bones of convicts and serfs. The main tragedy, according to the author, is that for Peter the people are only a means, an instrument for the realization of his plans.

Y. Ovsyannikov in the book “Peter the Great. The First Russian Emperor” tells how Peter determined the character of the new Russia with his activities. Under the clash of axes and the thunder of cannons, the medieval state entered the union of European countries as an equal partner. which must be reckoned with.

In M. Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita" the history of Palestine and Jerusalem is resurrected. The author prophetically showed the inevitable tragedy of the Jewish religious authorities, claiming a monopoly in the spiritual and legal sphere.

D. Lyskov in the book “Stalin's repressions. The Great Lie of the 20th Century" tries to understand the problem of terror objectively and impartially, avoiding ideological cliches, relying not on emotions, but on facts.

A. Pristavkin's story "A Golden Cloud Spent the Night" tells about the tragic fate of the Kuzmyonysh brothers, who became unwitting participants in an interethnic conflict. Small children, whose orphanage was destroyed by the Chechens, became victims of the struggle of the state machine with small nations.

One of the founders of historical romance A. Chapygin in the novel "Stepan Razin" describes the era of the great peasant war, headed by S. Razin.

V. Rasputin's story "Live and Remember" presents the story of the deserter Andrey Guskov.

V. Bykov in the story "Sotnikov" Rybak becomes a traitor, and later the executioner of his former comrade.

The problem of motherhood

The topic of motherhood is touched upon by N.A. Nekrasov in the poem "Nightingales". A mother teaches her children to appreciate beauty, to love nature. She really wants her children to be happy. Expressing the dream of all mothers, she says that if there were lands for the people where they would live freely, then “peasant women would take them all in the arms of their children.”

Matryona Timofeevna, one of the heroines of the poem by N.A., brings up her children by her personal example. Nekrasov "Who is it good to live in Russia?" She takes upon herself the humiliating punishment intended for her son, protects his pure soul from shocks.

The well-known writer A. Fadeev in his “Word about Mother” urged readers to look back at their lives and answer the question: “Is it not our failures and our grief that make our mothers gray?” He noted with chagrin that "the hour will come when all this will turn into a painful reproach to the heart at the mother's grave."

The story of V. Astafiev tells about the cat Belogrudka, whose kittens were taken away by the guys from the village. The author writes with pain about the pain of a mother looking for her children.

The well-known writer A. Fadeev wrote in his “Word about Mother”: “Is it not because of our failures, mistakes, and is it not because of our grief that our mothers turn gray? But the hour will come when all this at the mother’s grave will turn into a painful reproach to the heart.

In the short story "Happiness", the famous writer Y. Bondarev tells about a story that happened in one ordinary family. The main character was thinking about hopelessness, about the misfortunes that haunt people throughout their lives. She was struck by the fact that her father considered himself a happy person, because everyone is alive, there is no war, the whole family is together. The woman’s heart warmed up, she realized that happiness is to feel loved by loved ones and give them her love.

In the story "White Goose", the famous children's writer E. Nosov tells about a handsome goose who, during a strong hail, covered his babies with himself. All twelve fluffy "dandelions" survived. He himself died.

* The famous talented writer I. Bunin in the story "Beauty" tells about the cruel treatment of a stepmother to her little stepson. It is also terrible that the father chose to betray his own child, exchanging it for his own well-being, peace of mind.

The life and fate of women

* The essence of the life of the main character of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" by Natalia Rostova is love.

* A.N. wrote about the female share in his works. Nekrasov.

The problem of finding the meaning of life

The closest and dearest for L.N. Tolstoy, the heroes are those who are in constant moral search, whose soul is working on the problem of choice, on the solution of the eternal question about the meaning of life. Those, of course, are Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov. These are people with a restless soul and a proud heart. They are in continuous internal development. Wishing to depict the formation of their personality, it was for them that the artist prepared a difficult fate.

The protagonist of the novel by V. Hugo "Les Misérables", having gone through many trials, having been in hard labor, did not become callous in soul, but was able to continue his life's journey, helping others and even compassionate enemies.

*Famous writer and publicist V.P. Astafiev wrote in one of his essays that the moral health of the nation depends on each of us. People must understand that it is not necessary to look for the causes of vices on the side. The fight against drunkenness, lies, etc. in society must begin with eradicating such things in oneself.

M.A. Bulgakov in the novel "The White Guard".

Heroes-intellectuals were portrayed by writers of the 19th and 20th centuries. For example, in the novel by M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”, it was the writer, weak and not adapted to life, who managed to see and reflect in his novel those eternal moral values ​​that humanity developed and which in the 30s of the 20th century could resist social evil .

The famous Russian writer, translator, literary critic V. Nabokov wrote about the role of the intelligentsia in the modern world. The author believes that the presence of such people is a guarantee of a "better future for the whole world", because they are an example of self-denial and moral purity.

V. Dudintsev wrote about the plight of the intelligentsia in White Clothes.

The problem of lonely old age

*I.S. Turgenev in his prose poem “How good, how fresh were the roses...” contrasts the loneliness and cold of old age with the passionate feeling of youth. He bitterly regrets the lost youthful years, about everything that warmed the soul, with which life was once filled. Just as “a candle dims and goes out,” so does human life come to an end.

* The well-known publicist M. Molina wrote: “For Russian-speaking people living in Russia or dispersed all over the world, language is the only common heritage ... The first concern is not to let it die.”

*WITH. Erichev noted that "with the help of verbal mental images, we can create or destroy our genetic structure... Some words heal the body... others destroy it."

* "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy begins with a lengthy dialogue in French, and the babbling of Anatole Kuragin, who unsuccessfully tried to tell a joke in Russian, looked very pitiful.

* Well-known publicist A. Prosvirnov in the article “Why do we need imported weeds?” resents the unreasonable misuse of foreign words and jargon in our language.

* S. Kaznacheev in one of his essays wrote that the "blind" use of borrowing today leads to a distortion of the alphabet, the destruction of words, disruption of the functioning of the language, and the loss of cultural traditions.

* N. Gal believes that one of the most dangerous diseases of our speech is clerical. Stamps oppress the "living core" of the language, they are dangerous both in the live speech of people and in the speech of characters in literary works.

*Publicist V. Kostomarov is sure that "the language is subject to the people who use it." It reflects the state of society. So “it’s not the language that needs to be corrected now ...”

The Problem of Inspiration

* The famous writer K. Paustovsky noted: “Inspiration enters us like a radiant summer morning that has just thrown off the mists of a quiet night, splashed with dew, with thickets of wet grass. It gently breathes its healing coolness into our faces.

* Tchaikovsky argued that inspiration is a state when a person works with all his strength, like an ox, and does not coquettishly wave his hand.

* The well-known writer, publicist S. Dovlatov, in his essay, reflected on what an inferiority complex is: a perpetual brake or a perpetual motion machine. He is sure that everything depends on us.

*According to the popular scientist and publicist M. Moltz, “inferiority and superiority are two sides of the same coin. Getting rid of them is in realizing that the medal itself is fake.”

The problem of fathers and children

*Modern publicist A.K. Perevozchikova believes that the constant repetition of the conflict of generations is inevitable. The reason often lies in the fact that young people are trying to deny the experience accumulated by their fathers. The older generation should take a position of greater compromise due to the fact that they are able to analyze the situation better, because they have more life experience and more information about similar situations in the history of mankind.

* The problem of relationships between generations is one of the most important in the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The change of generations is always a complex and painless process. "Children" receive from the "fathers" as an inheritance the entire spiritual experience of mankind. In this case, there is a certain revaluation of values. The experience is being rethought. In the novel, the rejection of the experience of the "fathers" is embodied in Bazarov's nihilism

The hero of the story V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician", born blind Peter, had to go through many obstacles on the way to happiness. The inability to see the light, the beauty of the world around him upset him, but he imagined it thanks to his sensitive perception of sounds.

At different stages of history, people treated people with disabilities in different ways. For example, in Sparta, newborn children with physical disabilities were killed.

In the esoteric thriller "The Way of the Fool" S. Sekorisky writes that "naturally physically strong people are rarely smart, since their minds are replaced by fists."

The well-known Russian writer, publicist V. Soloukhin writes in one of his essays that limitation is a relative concept. The space not known by man is so large that all of humanity as a whole can be considered limited.

The novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov was a very intelligent man with vast life experience. But still, his knowledge was limited and gave rise to many contradictions.

* The brilliant psychiatrist A. Adler believed that this complex "is even useful, because a person, solving his problems, is forced to improve."

* F. Iskander in his essay "Soul and Mind" writes that humanity can be divided into "wretched" and "beasts". The fate of the first in this case is to do good during a short life, since "they are doomed to perish." The second has nothing left to do but to recognize the fidelity of the life position of the "wretched" and return back to the shell of self-defense.

* N. Gumilev in the poem "Excerpt" wrote:

Christ said: blessed are the poor,

The fate of the blind, the crippled and the poor is enviable,

I'll take them to the over-stellar villages,

I will make them knights of the sky

And I will call the most glorious of the glorious ...

* A. Pristavkin talks about one of the children's colonies in his work “Kukushata, or a lamentatory song to calm the heart”. On behalf of juvenile delinquents, one of the heroes says: “We have only anger left. Yes, even brutalized against all souls: against the cops, against the village ... Yes, and against the world in general.

* L. Gabyshev wrote about the difficult fate of juvenile delinquents in his work “Orlyan, or the Air of Freedom”.

*Modern publicist A.K. Perevozchikova, in one of her essays, wrote that the danger of a non-standard spiritual search for young people is that it can lead to spiritual and physical destruction of the individual.

*Which of us does not remember Mowgli, the hero of the fairy tale of the same name by R. Kipling? Incredible trials fell to his lot, and the only phrase: "You and I are of the same blood - you and me!" - turned wild animals into friends and helpers. A wonderful fairy tale, probably more for adults, because it teaches love for everything around, teaches you to live in complete harmony with the world.

*At L.N. Tolstoy in his diary there is an interesting entry that “a powerful means to true happiness in life is, without any laws, to let out of itself in all directions, like a spider, a whole web of love and catch everything that has got there ...” Similar foundations of worldview the hero of the story, S. Dovlatov, also preaches. Kenneth Bowers believed that the people of the world are related.

* The famous writer A. Kondratiev wrote that the mixing of languages, races, cultures has been going on for centuries. There are no higher and lower races, no "cultural" and "barbarian" languages, no "entirely independent" and "totally borrowed" cultures. For us, people of the 21st century who know their past, every person on the globe belongs to a single family - HUMANITY.

* The well-known publicist I. Rudenko wrote that “in a country that has won fascism, suffered from fascism, where the very word“ fascist ”is still a curse, lovers of the swastika will be able to lead people ... The superiority of some over others, the fall in the value of human life is a breeding ground from which fascism can grow."

* Scientist, publicist D.S. Likhachev believed that "nationalism is a manifestation of the weakness of the nation, and not its strength." In his opinion, weak peoples become infected with nationalism. A great people with its great culture and national traditions must be kind, especially if the fate of a small people is connected with it.

* L. Zhukhovitsky in his essay told about how in Moscow he was severely beaten by police sergeants Hero of Russia, aircraft and spacecraft tester Magomet Tolboev just because they wanted to more thoroughly check the face of Caucasian nationality. Thanks to journalists, this story became known to the public. They apologized to the victims. But the author asks: “What if a simple person were in Tolboev’s place?”

* The famous Russian writer M. Prishvin in the story "Treacherous Sausage" tells about the amazing, interesting world of animals. The author believes that our four-legged pets are sometimes unusually smart and are able to surprise us with their behavior no less than people.

* The famous Russian writer M. Prishvin in the story "Treacherous Sausage" argued that if there is a four-legged friend in the house, the owner must be responsible for him, educate him in order to avoid unpleasant misunderstandings and tragedies.

*WITH. Exupery wrote: "We are responsible for those whom we have tamed."

* D. Granin, in an essay on the book of the English veterinarian D. Harriot "On all creatures - large and small," admires the work of this man, who heals every day, and sometimes saves our smaller brothers.

* In M. Moskvina's story "Don't step on the beetle," seventh-grader Zhenya learns that her classmates kill dogs and give them to businessmen to make hats. The girl asks: “What do people think? How will they live?

* In N. Leonov’s story “The Vultures”, an outwardly respectable young man destroys animals, and then a person, for the sake of self-assertion…

* In the work of V. Mayakovsky there is a wonderful poem about a horse that "crashed on its croup." The poet condemns people who do not notice a fallen animal in the bustle of the city, which looks at everything upside down and understands that no one needs it. The author is very sorry for the horse, he convinces the reader that not only people can suffer, worry. For some reason they just forget about it.

* In the story “Ors”, Y. Bondarev tells how the owners killed a dog with a shovel just because it did not protect apples in the garden from thieves.

The problem of attitude to learning

* The well-known publicist S. Soloveichik believes that "there are two types of occupations in the world: teaching with torment and teaching with passion." And it is teaching with passion - "a happy life."

* An irresponsible attitude to learning is shown in D. Fonvizin's "Undergrowth".

* Well-known publicist A.A. Zinoviev writes that computers "have become the omnipotent deities of our Global human life." According to the author, they are considered the materialization of our spiritual life, our souls, a kind of "confessors" of our thoughts.

The problem of the future of the book

* The popular publicist S. Kuriyu argued in the essay "The Book and the Computer Age" about whether the book will die under the condition of the development of modern information technologies. The author argued that a book is primarily a text, but in what format it is presented does not matter for the essence of the work.

* V. Soloukhin writes about the enormous advantage of the book over the cinema. The reader, in his opinion, “directs” his film himself, the film director does not impose on him the appearance of the characters. Thus, reading books is a more creative process than sitting in front of a “box”, when a person is more a consumer than a creator.

I. Bukin - Honored Artist of Russia, famous entertainer, author of the book "Well, burn me at the stake! ..." In his work, he tells about how he walked the ladder of success, as well as about such performers as A. Pugacheva, I. Kobzon and others, with whom he worked together.

In the book by N Nadezhdin "Freddie Mercury:" I want to become a legend ", he presented the biography of a wonderful singer, leader of the Queen group, a unique voice, the expressive manner of singing of which fans of his work will long remember.

V. Kholodkovsky in the book "House in Klin" spoke about the life and work of the great Russian composer P.I. Tchaikovsky.

* A modern publicist A. Varlamov believes that "there is a totalitarian offensive of yellowness." In contrast to it, it is necessary to publish literary journals that will be called upon to preserve our main wealth - language, must make life facts a fact of literature, present Russian life in all its richness from the western borders to the eastern.

* The well-known publicist V. Kutyrev believes that television is likened to the "gifts of the Danaans." This is an illusory good, fraught with a threat, depriving a person of joy and direct communication.

* V. Soloukhin wrote that the general enthusiasm for television programs forms a consumer attitude towards art and reduces the cognitive and creative activity of a person. Entertainment programs are of the greatest interest, and special programs are more likely to interest a non-specialist.

* I. Petrovsky in the essay “We Remain. Where are we to go?" writes with regret that there are few truly talented, useful, interesting programs on television. From year to year, the increasing disproportion between what the viewer needs and what is beneficial to television itself cannot but disturb people who think in the slightest.

*Love...What is this feeling? Why do people deify him? Light, gentle bliss or all-consuming passion? This is a question to which we will search for an answer, perhaps for the rest of our lives. Let us recall the poetic lines of W. Shakespeare:

What is love?

Madness from fumes

Playing with fire leading to fire

ignited a sea of ​​tears,

Thinking - thoughtlessness for the sake of,

A mixture of poison and antidote...

* The well-known publicist O. Kozhukhova wrote: “Love exalts and has mercy, but it also punishes with the objectivity of an impartial, but strict judge, rejecting the insignificant, vile, petty. The power of attraction to a beloved being is able to overcome all obstacles and difficulties.

In the cycle of poems "The Ballad of Love", V. Vysotsky argued that a great feeling unites all lovers into a single Land of Love. The following lines sound unusually reverent:

I will lay the fields for lovers -

Let them sing in a dream and in reality!...

I breathe, which means - I love! I love, and therefore - I live!

Love

Love is the greatest feeling that works miracles in general, that creates new people, creates the greatest human values. A.S. Makarenko

Pepper:

The problem of the relationship between man and nature.

The role of nature in human life

The problem of ecological catastrophe

Seeing beauty in the ordinary

Friendship

Story

The problem of preserving historical memory.

Attitude to cultural heritage The role of cultural traditions in the moral development of a person Fathers and children

The problem of disrespectful attitude of youth towards old age and old people. Loneliness problem.

The problem of assessing talent by contemporaries.

Work

The problem of drug addiction.

The problem of love for the motherland

The problem of choosing a profession.

Russian language

The problem of moral duty, moral choice.

The problem of the national spirit in the tragic moments of history

War and Peace

The problem of the moral strength of a simple soldier

The problem of the heroic everyday life of war

Literature and poetry

Mind, knowledge, book, science

The role of books in human life

good and evil

Good Speech

conscience, morality

Youth, youth

Will, freedom

Heroism, deeds

Art

Sports, movement

HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY

The problem of responsibility.

Self-sacrifice. Love for your neighbor.

Human self-realization. Life is a struggle for happiness

False Values

The problem of the development of science and technology

Everyone has in their hands fate peace

The role of personality in history

The impact of art on the spiritual development of man

The educational function of art

Interpersonal relationships

Fear in a person's life

The problem of human rights and obligations

The problem of moral degradation of the individual

Man and scientific progress The role of science in modern life Spiritual consequences of scientific discoveries Scientific progress and moral qualities of man

Laws of social development. Man and power

Man and knowledge.

The problem of conscience

role of example. Human education

The problem of spirituality

The problem of boorish attitude towards others (or (in) worthy behavior in society)

The problem of the influence of religion on human life

The problem of moral squeamishness

The problem of human stinginess

The problem of true and false human interest in culture

The influence of art, culture on a person

The problem of ethical aspects of human cloning

The problem of true and false education

The problem of heredity

The problem of the influence of scientific activity on human life and habits

The problem of the truth of art

The problem of timely education

The problem of attitude to learning

The problem of the relationship between science and religion

The problem of human perception of the surrounding world

The problem of hypocrisy

The problem of bribery, lawlessness of officials

The problem of philistinism

The problem of transience of human happiness

The problem of the influence of the personality of the teacher on the formation of the character of students

The problem of irresponsibility of officials

The problem of the Russian village

The problem of love of freedom

The problem of human realization of superpowers

The problem of the relationship between the people and the authorities

The problem of courage and heroism in peacetime

The problem of heroism during the Great Patriotic War

The problem of the heroism of people of peaceful professions during the WWII in

The problem of national unity during the war

POW problem

The problem of patriotism

The problem of true and false patriotism

The problem of opposition of geniuses to the outside world

The problem of the tragic situation of man in a totalitarian state

The role of personality in history

The Problem of the Moral Lessons of History

The problem of betrayal during the war

The problem of motherhood

The Problem of the Transformative Power of Parental Love

The problem of parenthood

The problem of merciless attitude of adults to the child

The life and fate of women

The problem of finding the meaning of life

The problem of the moral health of the nation

The problem of the role of the intelligentsia in society

The problem of lonely old age

The problem of attitude to the native language

The problem of inspiration.

Psychological problem of inferiority complex

The problem of fathers and children

The problem of human limitation

The problem of juvenile delinquency

The problem of non-standard spiritual search of modern young people

The problem of the unity of peoples and cultures

The problem of crime motivated by interethnic hostility (or nationalism)

The problem of human perception of the animal world

The problem of human relations with animals

The problem of attitude to learning

Computer abuse problem

The problem of the future of the book

The problem of educating true masters of the performing arts

The role of printed publications in modern Russia

The role of television in human life

The problem of the relationship between a woman and a man

Love

Arguing your opinion on the chosen problem is one of the most important tasks when writing an essay-reasoning. Since arguments from the literature are ranked higher, it is very important to prepare them in advance. On this page, I present a series of arguments on several popular issues.

PROBLEM: Meanness, betrayal, dishonor, envy.

1. A.S. Pushkin, novel "The Captain's Daughter"

Shvabrin is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: he takes revenge on Masha Mironova for her refusal, during a duel with Grinev, he strikes him in the back. The complete loss of ideas about honor and dignity provokes him to treason: he goes over to the camp of the rebel Pugachev.

1. Karamzin "Poor Liza"

Erast, the beloved of the heroine, betrayed his feelings for the girl, choosing material well-being

1. N.V. Gogol, story "Taras Bulba"

Andriy, the son of Taras, being in captivity of love feelings, betrays his father, brother, comrades, Motherland. Bulba kills his son because he cannot live with such shame

1. A.S. Pushkin, tragedy "Mozart and Salieri"

The envious Salieri, jealous of the success of the great composer Mozart, poisoned him, although he considered him his friend.

PROBLEM: Reverence, servility, servility, opportunism.

1. A.P. Chekhov, story "Death of an official"

The official Chervyakov is infected with the spirit of servility: Having sneezed and splashed the general's bald head, he was so frightened that, after repeated humiliations and requests, he died of fear.

2. A.S. Griboedov, comedy "Woe from Wit"

Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy, is sure that you need to please everyone without exception. This will allow you to climb the career ladder. Caring for Sofya, Famusov's daughter, he pursues this very goal.

PROBLEM: Bribery, embezzlement

1. N.V. Gogol, comedy "The Government Inspector"

The mayor, like all officials of the county town, is a bribe-taker and embezzler. He is convinced that all issues can be solved with the help of money and the ability to splurge.

1. N.V. Gogol, poem "Dead Souls"

Chichikov, drawing up a bill of sale for "dead" souls, gives a bribe to an official, after which things go faster.

PROBLEM: Rudeness, ignorance, hypocrisy

1. A.N. Ostrovsky, drama "Thunderstorm"

Wild is a typical boor who offends everyone around him. Impunity has created in this man utter unbridledness.

1. DI. Fonvizin, comedy "Undergrowth"

Mrs. Prostakova considers her boorish behavior to be normal, so the people around her are “cattle” and “boobs”.

1. A.P. Chekhov, story "Chameleon"

Police warden Ochumelov grovels before those who are above him in the ranks, and feels himself the master of the situation, in front of those who are below. This is reflected in his behavior, which changes depending on the situation.

PROBLEM: The destructive influence of money (material wealth) on the human soul, hoarding

1. A.P. Chekhov, story "Ionych"

Dr. Startsev, a promising and talented doctor in his youth, turns into Ionych's accumulator. The main passion of his life is money, which became the cause of the moral decay of the individual.

1. N.V. Gogol, poem "Dead Souls"

The stingy landowner Plyushkin personifies complete spiritual degradation. The passion for hoarding became the cause of the destruction of all family and friendly ties, Plyushkin himself simply lost his human appearance.

PROBLEM: Vandalism, unconsciousness

1. I.A. Bunin "Cursed Days"

Bunin could not even imagine that the brutality and vandalism brought by the revolution would turn people into a maddened crowd, destroying everything in its path.

1. D.S. Likhachev, the book "On the Good and the Beautiful"

The Russian academician was outraged when he learned that a monument on the grave of Bagration had been blown up on the Borodino field. This is a terrible example of vandalism and unconsciousness.

1. V. Rasputin, story "Farewell to Matera"

During the flooding of villages, not only people's dwellings, but also churches, graveyards went under water, which is a terrible example of vandalism.

PROBLEM: The role of art

1. A.T. Tvardovsky, poem "Vasily Terkin"

Front-line soldiers talk about the fact that soldiers exchanged smoke and bread for cuttings from front-line newspapers, where the chapters of the poem were published. So, an encouraging word was sometimes more important than food.

Natasha Rostova sings beautifully, at these moments she becomes unusually beautiful, and the people around her are drawn to her.

1. A.I. Kuprin, story "Garnet Bracelet"

Listening to Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata, Vera experienced, thanks to the hopelessly in love Zheltkov, a feeling similar to catharsis. Music awakened in her sympathy, compassion, the desire to love.

PROBLEM: Love for the motherland, nostalgia

1. M.Yu. Lermontov, poem "Motherland"

The lyrical hero loves his homeland as it is, and is ready to go through all the trials with his people.

1. A. Blok, poem "Russia"

For the lyrical hero Blok, love for the motherland is like love for a woman. He believes in the great future of his country.

1. I.A. Bunin, stories "Clean Monday", "Antonov apples"

I.A. Bunin in the 20th year left Russia forever. A feeling of nostalgia haunted him all his life. The heroes of his stories recall the great past of Russia, which is irretrievably lost: history, culture, traditions.

PROBLEM: Loyalty to this word (duty)

1. A.S. Pushkin, novel "Dubrovsky"

Masha, married to an unloved man, refuses to break the oath of allegiance given in the church when Dubrovsky tries to save her.

1. A.S. Pushkin, novel "Eugene Onegin"

Tatyana Larina, true to her marital duty and given word, is forced to refuse Onegin. She became the personification of the moral strength of man.

PROBLEM: Self-sacrifice, compassion, mercy, cruelty, humanism

1. M.A. Bulgakov, novel "The Master and Margarita"

Margarita, who loves the Master, in spite of everything, is true to her feelings, she is ready for any sacrifice. A woman flies to Woland's ball to save her beloved. In the same place, she asks to free the sinner Frida from suffering.

1. A.I. Solzhenitsyn, story "Matrenin Dvor"

Matryona lived all her life for people, helped them, asking nothing in return. The author calls her a “righteous woman”, a person who lives according to the laws of God and conscience

1. L. Andreev, the story "Kusaka"

Having tamed a dog and left it for the winter in a holiday village, people showed their selfishness, showed how cruel they can be.

The Cossack Gavrila, having lost his son, fell in love as a native, a stranger, an enemy. Hatred of the "Reds" grew into paternal love and care.

PROBLEM: Self-education, self-education, introspection, self-improvement

1. I.S. Turgenev, novel "Fathers and Sons"

The nihilist Bazarov believed that "every person should educate himself." And this is the lot of strong people.

1. L.N. Tolstoy, trilogy "Childhood. Adolescence. Youth"

Nikolenka is an autobiographical hero. Like the author himself, he strives for self-improvement, for creative self-realization.

1. M.Yu. Lermontov, novel "A Hero of Our Time"

Pechorin in his diary talks with himself, evaluates his actions, analyzes life, which indicates the depth of this personality.

1. L.N. Tolstoy, novel "War and Peace"

The writer showed us the "dialectics of the soul" of Bolkonsky and Bezukhov, told us how difficult a person's path to truth, truth, love is. His heroes made mistakes, suffered, suffered, but this is the idea of ​​human self-improvement.

PROBLEM: Courage, heroism, moral duty, patriotism

1. B. Vasiliev, “The Dawns Here Are Quiet”

Anti-aircraft gunners, destroying a detachment of saboteurs, died, despite the numerical superiority of the enemy.

1. B. Polevoy, "The Tale of a Real Man"

Pilot Alesei Maresyev, thanks to his fortitude and courage, not only survived after the amputation of his legs, but also became a full-fledged person, returned to his squadron.

1. Vorobyov, story "Killed near Moscow"

The Kremlin cadets, having shown courage and heroism, fulfilled their patriotic duty, defending the approaches to Moscow. Lieutenant Hawks is the only one left alive.

1. M. Sholokhov, story "The fate of man"

The hero of the story, Andrei Sokolov, went through the entire war: he fought bravely, was captured, and fled. He honorably fulfilled his civic duty. The war took his family away from him, but, fortunately, fate gave him a meeting with Vanyushka, who became his son.

1. V. Bykov "Crane cry"

Vasily Glechik, still quite a boy, did not leave his position during the war. The thought of salvation was unacceptable to him. He did not violate the order of the battalion commander, fulfilled it at the cost of his own life, remained faithful to the oath and duty to his homeland.

If you understand that your need is charitable help, then pay attention to this article.
Those who, without your participation, may lose an exciting business, turned to you for help.
Many children, boys and girls, dream of becoming pilots on the track.
They go to classes where, under the guidance of an experienced coach, they learn the techniques of high-speed driving.
Only constant exercises allow you to overtake correctly, build a trajectory and choose the speed.
The basis of victory on the track is a good qualification. And, of course, professional cards.
Children who participate in clubs are completely dependent on adults, because lack of money and broken parts do not allow them to participate in competitions.
How much pleasure and new sensations the guys experience when they get behind the wheel and start driving the car.
Maybe not only the champions of Russia, but even the future world champions in this sport grow up in such a circle?!
You can help the children's section of karting, which is located in the city of Syzran. We're in a dire situation right now. Everything rests on the enthusiasm of the leader: Sergey Krasnov.
Read my letter and look at the photos. Pay attention to the passion with which my pupils work.
They love this developing sport and really want to continue their education.
I appeal to you with a request to help the karting section survive in the city of Syzran.
Previously, there were TWO young technician stations in the city, and each had a karting section. Karting was also in the Palace of Pioneers. Now there is not a single station in the city, and the circle in the Palace of Pioneers was also destroyed. Closed - does not turn to say, just destroyed!
We fought, wrote letters, everywhere they got the same answer. About five years ago I went to the governor of the Samara region for a reception. He did not accept, but the deputy accepted me.
After that, we were given a room where we were based. We have a lot of children who want to go karting, but very poor material conditions do not allow recruiting children.
And most of the karts need repair. This is the position our circle is in.
We also turned to the mayor of the city of Syzran for help. We are waiting for help for the second year. We decided to contact you via the Internet for help.
Contact me, ADDRESS FOR PARCEL, 446012 Samara region, Syzran, Novosibirskaya st. 47, THE PACKAGE CAN BE SENT BY BUSINESS LINES, my data is filled in there, you can contact via social networks SERGEI IVANOVICH KRASNOV. Or write to the mail [email protected] And we also have a petition, if it doesn't make it difficult for you, sign it. And if the Lord helps in difficult circumstances, then do not forget about gratitude later. Then He will not forget about your needs.