Literature and art at the end XIX – beginning XX centuries

1. Literature . Diversity currents , general and specific traits national literature

The second half of the 19th - early 20th century was marked by the strengthening of industrial civilization. It was a time not only of the rapid development of science and production, but also of the redistribution of social roles, the formation of new values ​​and ethical standards. However, This time was a turning point in the development artistic culture. AT art is an intense search for other art forms, methods, techniques capable of capturing with the utmost completeness and expressiveness new picture peace.

With changes in society, the humanistic ideas of the Enlightenment disappear, romantic feelings fade into the background, and romanticism gives way critical realism.

critical realism - a direction in literature and art, the main purpose of which was a truthful, objective reflection of reality from a critical point of view.

The measure of the dignity of the individual is increasingly becoming her financial situation and the ability to achieve success in life. Industrial civilization caused the rejection of romantics, a realists tried to understand their contemporary society, to reveal the causes of the ugliness of life, to reflect the surroundings in all the ugliness and severity of conflicts.

In conditions of exacerbation of social contradictions and the growth of the democratic movement, realists consider their heroes as a product of society. A person is unthinkable outside the social environment, even if he hates it, fights with it. Accusatory motives sound more and more strongly in works of art, the whole social system.

A significant place in the new directions of development of artistic culture is occupied by naturalism, which raises topics that were previously considered indecent and taboo: the ugly and sometimes immoral aspects of life, the life of "bottom people".

Naturalism - direction in European and American literature and art of the last third XIX century, reflecting the repulsive aspects of life and the manifestations of human nature in their entirety.

Paying attention to the little things of everyday life, insignificant facts, the details surrounding the heroes, naturalists put on public display the unsightly underside of life.

However, despite all the diversity of directions and styles, the best works of world culture are permeated with humanism, faith in the unlimited possibilities of man.

Outstanding French writer Emile Zola (1840-1902) gained wide popularity in his country and abroad. Like Balzac, Zola dreamed of painting a comprehensive panorama of French history. At the end of 1868, the writer began work on a series of novels about the Second Empire. In the series “Rougon-Macquart. The natural and social history of one family in the era of the Second Empire (1871-1893) includes 20 novels united by the idea of ​​revealing the dynamics of the development of the individual, family, social groups in society and society itself in history. Zola shows the life of representatives of all walks of life: the highest clergy of the empire, large financial speculators, shopkeepers, artisans, workers. Having adopted the “naturalistic method”, the author rises to the heights artistic analysis era in all its contradictions and complexity.

Emile Zola has always taken an active life position. In 1898, during the Dreyfus Affair, a citizen writer raises his voice in defense of democracy, denouncing clerical and military reaction. Letter from E. Zola to the President of the Republic "I I accuse” is one of the most significant acts in defense of human rights. Under the direct influence of E. Zola, the work of writers developed different countries. “Based on the novels of Emile Zola,” Gorky said, “one can study an entire era.”

Guy de Maupassant (full name - Henri Rene Albert Guy) was born in 1850 near Tourville-sur-Arc. His father came from impoverished nobles, his mother - from a family of intellectuals. After graduating from the Rouen Lyceum, Maupassant participated in the Franco-Prussian war, then served as an official in various ministries. He mastered literary skills under the guidance of G. Flaubert. Maupassant entered literature in 1880 with a book of poems and a short story "Pyshka", distinguished by its sharp social orientation, which became characteristic for the further work of the writer.

Maupassant is one of the last greats French realists XIX century. At the heart of his work is a sober understanding, without illusions, of the essence of relations in society, the falseness and politicking of the era of the Third Republic, the abomination of militarism and colonial adventures. Acutely feeling the squalor, vulgarity, selfishness of his contemporaries, the writer sought to oppose these mores with closeness to nature, the truth of man's natural feelings. Maupassant's novels "Life" (1883), "Dear Friend" (1885), "Mont-Auriol" (1886) and others are very famous. In 1893, the writer's life path was tragically cut short due to a sudden illness.

famous English playwright George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) Irish by origin. early years spent in Dublin, after leaving school he served as a clerk. In 1876 he moved to London, where he took up literature and journalism. The novels "An Unreasonable Marriage", "The Love of an Artist", "An Unaccommodating Socialist" were rejected
chickpeas by official publishing houses and published in newspapers of the left direction. B. Shaw was fond of socialist ideas, published special treatises, brochures, books.

English writer Oscar wilde (1854- 1900) , a great master of the word, gave priority to the form of a work of art over content. The purpose of art, according to Wilde, is to give people aesthetic pleasure. But the writer could not isolate himself from the realities of life. His best works are The Picture of Dorian Gray, fantastic tales (the collections The Happy Prince, The House of Pomegranates and others) are imbued with humanism, condemnation of cruelty and arrogance. Wilde recognized philanthropy, disinterestedness, compassion as the highest moral values. He contrasted the beauty of external beauty with the beauty of active goodness. The heavy share of the poor disturbed the writer, for some time he even became interested in socialist ideas. Wilde also wrote several comedies in which he wittily ridiculed the depravity of the aristocracy (The Woman of No Interest, The Ideal Husband). Last piece Wilde - "The Ballad of Reading Gaol" (1898). This is a tragic and gloomy poem, which tells about the experiences of prisoners condemned by cruel English laws to painful suffering.

A significant contribution to the development of dramaturgy was made by the Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) . He was born into the family of a wealthy businessman. In 1850, G. Ibsen's first play, The Heroic Mound, was staged in Christiania. In 1852-1857. Ibsen directed the first Norwegian National Theatre. In his works, the playwright turned to satire and the grotesque, he contrasted the vices of contemporary society with the world of patriarchal peasant life, the heroic past of his country. In the drama "The Struggle for the Throne", the dramatic poem "Brand" in the center of attention is a whole person who does not stop at any sacrifice to achieve his ideal. Starting from the 80s, the name of Ibsen served throughout the world as a banner of the struggle for realistic art, for the integrity and inner freedom of man, for the renewal of spiritual life. At the beginning of the 20th century, Ibsen became one of the rulers of the thoughts of the intelligentsia; his plays were shown in many theaters around the world. On the modern stage, "A Doll's House", "Ghosts" and in a concert performance of "Peer Gynt" with music by E. Grieg are most often staged.

In the midst of an economic boom in American literature an entire school was formed real life unworthy of the gaze of a true artist. Its representatives preferred the world of dreams and fiction. Against this background, the voice of the young writer sounded especially sharp. brand Twain (1835-1910).

Most of Mark Twain's works are connected with the traditions of American folk humor, which gives his numerous stories a special charm, a bright national coloring. In the most insignificant phenomena, Twain notices the funny and talks about the most ordinary things inventively and witty. It shows the mercantile spirit of the bourgeoisie, the thirst for profit and the unscrupulousness of politicking.

Mark Twain (real name - Samuel Langhorn Clemens) was a very observant writer, an excellent connoisseur of psychology and the life of ordinary people in America. On his life path he met people of various professions. The son of a provincial judge, he began working at the age of 12: as an apprentice in a printing house, as a typesetter, as a pilot on a steamboat, and, finally, as a journalist. From the memories of the steamer on which he sailed along the Mississippi, the writer's pseudonym arose: "Mark Twain" - a term used to measure the depth of the river.

Memories of his childhood served as Twain's material for two world-famous books - The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884). Tom and his friends are looking for romantic adventure and freedom away from the bourgeois order, from the boredom of religious Sunday schools, from the tedious instructions of school teachers. With the observation and subtle humor typical of Twain, the customs of the American provinces of the first half of the 19th century are outlined. Twain is not only a cheerful humorist, but also a brilliant satirist. His book A Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) exposes the feudal-monarchic survivals that still persisted in some parts of Europe. One of the favorite works of teenagers all over the world was Mark Twain's The Prince and the Pauper (1882). Only recently saw the light of the writer's letters and diaries, his unfinished autobiography, pamphlets. They tell that an honest artist, who passionately loved his people, experienced excruciating disappointments, seeing how democratic ideals were trampled in his country.

Excellent writer of the beginning century Jack London(his real name John Griffith) wrote about the fate of ordinary people of his country. The writer's love for working people, the desire for social justice, hatred for selfishness, selfishness are close and understandable to readers all over the world.

Born into the family of an impoverished farmer, London from childhood began working as a newspaper seller, a cannery worker, and traveled many roads in search of work. In 1897, Jack London went to Alaska, where gold had been discovered shortly before. He did not manage to get rich, but the impressions received in Alaska served him as material for the first fascinating stories about the struggle of man with the harsh northern nature (“Love of Life”, “White Silence”, etc.) The writer has many works (“White Fang”, “ The Call of the Wild”, “Mikey, Brother Jerry”), where he depicts animals with deep knowledge and warmth.

The fate of the writer in society is dedicated to one of the most profound novels by Jack London - "Martin Eden" (1909). The hero of the work, Martin Eden is a man of the people. At the cost of great effort and sacrifice, he managed to fulfill his dream and become a famous writer. But fame brought him only a feeling of deep disappointment and spiritual emptiness. Eden saw how mercenary and insignificant the people who seemed to him to be the bearers of culture. All over the world appreciate the work of the great American writer, which reveals his love of freedom, respect for creative energy, courage, human strength, where a passionate love for the majestic and inexhaustible beauty of nature is visible.

Russian literature developed in an atmosphere of social upsurge and tense ideological struggle. World-famous realist writers created an unprecedented number of outstanding works of art: "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina" Tolstoy,"Crime and Punishment"

Dostoevsky,"Fathers and Sons" Turgenev,"Who in Russia to live well" Nekrasov,"Thunderstorm" Ostrovsky,"Past and thoughts" Herzen,"History of a City" and "Lord Golovlevs" Saltykov-Shchedrin. In these works, in the full sense of the word classical, most vividly embodied character traits Russian literature: high civic feelings, the breadth of the image of life, a deep disclosure of its main contradictions.

In the 1960s and 1970s, a new detachment of talented realist writers entered literature: N.S.Leskov (1831-1895), N.G.Pomyalovsky (1835-1863), G.I.Uspensky (1843-1902). During these years, talented romantic poets also performed: A.A. Fet, A.N. Maikov, Ya.P. Polonsky, but they were supporters of "pure art", and their work attracted less public attention.

Russian realism retained its dominant position in Russia in the 1980s and 1990s, a difficult, transitional era, when the foundations of feudal Russia collapsed under the pressure of the development of market relations. During this time, literary activity continued. L.N. Tolstoy, who created one of his largest works - the novel "Sunday", G.I. Uspensky, M.E. Saltykov - Shchedrin. In the last decades of the 19th century, new bright talents came to the fore: V.M. Garshin, V.G. Korolenko and above all A.P. Chekhov. These artists were able to see and show that dissatisfaction with life has become universal in Russia, that protest is brewing even in the souls of “small”, previously humiliated, downtrodden people. And the feeling that “you can’t live like this anymore” (Chekhov) evoked lofty, romantic premonitions of a better future in the works of writers of the 80s and 90s.

A special place among Russian writers of this period is occupied by L.N. Tolstoy and F.M. Dostoevsky, who, starting from everyday reality, managed to rise to the “eternal questions” about God, the soul, the meaning of life.

Crisis phenomena in society are noticeably manifested in Russian literature. Masters of the realistic direction - I.A. Bunin, A.I. Kuprin, L.N. Andreev - they create works of magnificent form, in which, however, the life-affirming pathos of the classics is not felt - their plots become more and more gloomy and disturbing, the ideals they are inspired by become more and more obscure. These features were also inherent in a number of works by A.M. Gorky, who showed the gloomy sides of Russian life with amazing power.

At the end of the XIX century. appear in Russian literature modernist currents, fundamentally different from realism - symbolism, acmeism and others. Poets and prose writers of these trends sought either to create in their works generalized symbols of human feelings and life phenomena, cut off from the vain everyday life, or to captivate the reader with the exoticism of distant countries or bygone eras, take him into the depths of the subconscious or into superstellar worlds, to amaze with an unprecedented passion, etc. At the same time, the verses V.Ya.Bryusov, K.D.Balmont, N.S. Gumilev impressed with their sonority, exquisite rhymes. The brightest and deepest representatives of these currents A.A. Blok and Andrey Bely (B.N. Bugaev) - in their own way, they nevertheless responded to the problems of Russian life, creating in their works a unique atmosphere of spiritual anguish, disappointment, the inevitable collapse of the old, familiar world.

2. Visual arts

The traditions of realistic art developed most fully during France. The beginning of the realistic direction was laid by the landscape painting of the artists of the so-called "Barbizon School". They painted rural landscapes. “Ordinary nature was an inexhaustible material for art,” said Theodore Rousseau, head of the Barbizon School. Realism has become the defining method in creativity Jules Dupre, Diaz de la Peña, C. Troyon, Charles Daubigny, Camille Corot, Jean Francois Millet. The leader of the realistic trend in French painting of the middle XIX in. was Gushav Courbet. The democratic art of Courbet caused a lot of attacks from official circles, to the point that one day Napoleon III almost hit one of the artist's paintings with a whip. The best paintings of Courbet "Bricklayers", "Funeral in Orleans" earned the artist worldwide fame.

In Germany most important realist painter Adolf Menzel. In the film "Iron-Rolling Plant" he was one of the first to turn to the topic of labor of industrial workers. His work was distinguished by the expressiveness of images, sharp feeling modernity.

Among the painters of the second half of the 19th century, he stands out for his bright talent Edward Manet. He was a real singer of light, its exquisite and unique combinations and shades. Manet was the first of the French painters to convey the richness of sunlight in the picture. Friends called Mane " solar artist and said that his paintings are a real feast for the eyes. All his life the artist fought against the attacks of official criticism, stubbornly unwilling to accept his innovative art.

Around Manet unites a group of young artists looking for new ways in art. In the spring of 1874, little-known painters who called themselves "independent" presented their works to the public. But their painting was met only by mocking laughter from visitors, and the newspapers were full of headlines: “Comic Exhibition”, “Mockery”, “Scribble”. The name given to the derision of a clever journalist was assigned to the artists - impressionists. The reason was the name of the painting by C. Monet “Impression. Sunrise" (an impression in French - impression).

Impressionism - direction in the art of the last third XIX-beginning XX century, whose representatives sought to most naturally and impartially capture the real world in its mobility and variability, to convey their fleeting impressions.

The impressionists made the sharpness of the visual impression the main criterion of their art. They noticed that the same landscape appears completely different under different lighting conditions - on a sunny day and in cloudy weather, in morning and evening light, and set themselves the task of preserving the freshness of the immediate impression in the picture. Therefore, the Impressionists wrote their works in the open air, and not in the studio, like the "Barbizon". Studying the effect of light in the landscape, they found that black and dull tones occur in nature only when objects are not sufficiently illuminated, and they banished black paint from their palette. In an effort to convey the quivering movement of air in the landscape, the Impressionists painted pictures with a small moving brushstroke.

Just like the "Barbizons", the Impressionists sang of their native nature, but, catching the increased role of big cities, they were the first to depict scenes of bustling and dynamic city life. Having concentrated all their attention on the pictorial fixation of impressions, the representatives of impressionism inevitably came to a certain limitation and one-dimensionality of their art. Nevertheless, the art of the Impressionists has always retained the high poetry and life-affirming nature of the images, and the professional achievements of these artists were so significant that their creative heritage has firmly entered the treasury of world art.

The whole path of development of impressionism is connected with the work of a landscape painter. Claude Monet (1840-1926). No one before him and except for his closest associates Renoir, sisley, Pizarro I did not see in nature such a radiant transparency and sonority of color, such a subtle interaction of colorful tones, I was not able to convey so vividly

feeling of light and air. Monet often painted the same view at different times of the day. Such are his series "Haystacks" and "Rouen Cathedral". With fleeting, as if careless strokes, Monet created the impression of a field swaying from the breeze or a street of Paris full of movement. He could capture both the sultry haze of a summer day and the wet snow of a mild French winter.

The cheerful and clear perception of the world, inherent in the whole of impressionism, was clearly manifested in the work of one of the main masters of this movement Auguste Renoir (1841-1919), who was nicknamed "the singer of happiness". His art is joyful and radiant. landscape painting little fascinated by Renoir, the focus of the painter was a man. The artist left us many portraits, mostly of women. There is no psychological depth in them, but external similarity is always subtly captured. In one of his best works, Ball in the Garden of the Moulin de la Galette, Renoir gave a wide panorama of a mobile crowded mass, illuminated by uneven reflections of light, further enhancing the impression of the incessant movement of people. Genre scenes created by Renoir, still lifes depicting flowers were noted for their high skill.

The image of a person attracted attention Edgard Degas (1834-1917). He was also a member of the Impressionist group. But, unlike the heroes of Renoir, people on the canvases of Degas are familiar with the severity of exhausting work, they are aware of the devastating prose of the life of the city. Degas chooses movement as the main means of characterizing his characters. An excellent draftsman, he accurately captures the professional gesture of an ironer or laundress, the pose of a ballerina, the landing of a jockey at the races. His works seem to be pictures accidentally snatched from life, but their compositions are always strictly thought out. Degas was a subtle colorist who brilliantly mastered both oil painting, and the delicate pastel technique.

One of the best pictures an outstanding representative of impressionism Pizarro's cough (1830-1903) - Boulevard Montmartre in Paris. It captures one of the central sections of the Grand Boulevards of the French capital - Montmartre Boulevard. It is known that this landscape was painted by the artist from the upper windows of the Rossiya Hotel, located on the corner of Rue Drouot. The viewer sees a long street, so characteristic of Paris, on an early spring day. The trees are still without leaves, it has just rained. The feeling of humid air is wonderfully conveyed by the artist. The sun is hidden behind the clouds, and at first everything seems silvery gray. Looking more closely, you can distinguish a lot of colorful shades and subtle color transitions. Thanks to free and quick strokes, the artist managed to maintain the fidelity of visual observation: to convey a lively feeling of a street filled with pedestrians and a stream of rolling carriages - and this was the determining factor in the creative aspirations of Pizarro and other impressionists.

More complex and controversial than the Impressionists were creative searches in the art of such famous artists end XIX century as Van gog, Gauguin and Cezanne. They are sometimes called post-impressionists. But this term is arbitrary, because these artists did not work after, but in parallel with the Impressionists. Unlike the Impressionists, they did not form a single group and each of them went his own way.

Vincent Wang gog (1853-1890) - Dutch by nationality - inextricably linked with the French school of painting. Observing the surrounding reality, full of contradictions, the artist in his paintings expressed the deep tragedy with which he perceived life. His works were full of excited, disturbing images. Any portrait, landscape or still life by Van Gogh is full of hidden dramatic power. The feeling of depression and anxiety is expressed in the sharp sound of colors, in the dynamism and quivering of strokes.

Paul Gauguin (1848-1903), as deeply disappointed in the new civilization as Van Gogh, he leaves Europe and spends many years on

Polynesian Islands. The nature and life of the native tribes, which seemed to him full of pristine purity, become a source of his creative inspiration. His creative manner is characterized by a generalized contour drawing, conditional simplification of the image and bright sonority of individual colorful spots.

Paul Cezanne (1839-1906), who began his creative career back in the 60s, became close to the Impressionists and often exhibited his works together with them. Having learned the lessons of impressionism, Cezanne later entered into a struggle with him. Instead of the eternal variability of random impressions among the Impressionists, Cezanne sought to show in his works the unchanging foundations visible world. He found them in three-dimensional forms of objects. Cezanne wanted to return to art the certainty of forms lost by the Impressionists, the strict thoughtfulness of the compositional structure of the picture.

For Russian painting the second half of the 19th century also became a time of prosperity. The main event in its history was the organization in 1870 "Associations of Travelers" art exhibitions», brought together realist artists who sought to make art accessible to the broadest masses. This desire was expressed both in the creative manner of the "Wanderers", in the themes of their paintings, and in permanent organization them their exhibitions in different cities of Russia. Many "Wanderers" were worried about topical subjects ( V.E. Makovsky -"Condemned", "Prisoner", "Party"; N.A. Yaroshenko - "Cursist", "Student"; G.G. Myasoedov - Zemstvo is having lunch, etc.); attracted images of working people - peasants and workers (Myasoedov- "Mowers", Yaroshenko - "Stoker", V.M. Maksimov- "At its lane"). They did not shy away from “eternal”, including gospel themes. (I.N. Kramskoy - "Christ in the Wilderness" N.N.Ge - "What is Truth" V.D. Polenov -"Christ and the Sinner"). Among them were wonderful masters. history painting (V.I. Surikov - "Morning of the Streltsy Execution"), magnificent masters of landscape (A.K. Savrasov - "The Rooks Have Arrived", I.I. Shishkin - Wilderness, Rye, Oak Grove, A.I. Kuindzhi - "Ukrainian Night"), outstanding portrait painters (Perov, Kramskoy, Yaroshenko). Even in this extraordinarily talented environment, he stood out I.E. Repin, with the same brilliance he worked in all genres (“Barge haulers on the Volga”, “Princess Sofya”, “They didn’t wait”, etc.).

Since the end of the 19th century, the influence of modernism has been noticeably manifested in Russian painting - in impressionist canvases. V.A. Serova and K.A. Korovina, in symbolic pictures M.A. Vrubel("Demon", "Pan", etc.). The movement of the "Wanderers" at that time was going through a deep crisis, and it was quite natural that 1898 new art association « World of Art», whose members resolutely rejected the ideological and aesthetic principles of their predecessors. The "World of Art", refusing to realistically reproduce reality, called for "pure beauty" - the perfection of form, graceful conventionality, high timeless ideals. Later, a part of the "Miriskusniks" withdrew from the organization and, uniting with the former "Wanderers", established in 1901 G. "Union of Russian Artists" (I.E. Grabar, K.F. Yuon, A.A. Rypov), in which an organic fusion of traditional and innovative trends in Russian painting took place.

3. Modernism in architecture , music , painting

The spread of mysticism, occultism, and the popularity of exotic, including Eastern, religions were associated with a vague awareness of the transitional nature of the coming era, an anxious expectation of change.

Such mindsets are reflected in the works of many figures of art and literature, in the search for new ways in art, in ideological searches. So, at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. there was a direction neo-romanticism, which sought to synthesize and rethink the past of European and world culture.

In the era of neo-romanticism, foreshadowed by the composer R. Wagner, literary symbolism developed. Born in France in the 60-70s of the XIX century (Ch. Baudelaire, P. Verlaine, S. Mallarme and etc.), symbolism captured other forms of art - theater, painting, music. The symbol was considered the main means of artistic knowledge. The combination of the real and the mysterious, the social and the individual, the appeal to myths, the search for mystical revelation and novelty, allegory determined the aesthetics of symbolism.

In the visual arts, symbolism was embodied by the plastic means of style. modern(new, modern). The desire to create perfect synthetic models was most visibly manifested in architecture. The architect-creator acted as a generalist. He created his work from beginning to end - from drafting to architectural decoration and layout of interior items. Thus, the unity of style was achieved. An example of such a synthetic work is the Ryabushinsky mansion in Moscow, created by the architect F.O.Shekhtel.

AT musical culture of neo-romanticism, the leading place was occupied by R. Wagner. Later, he was engaged in searches in the field of synthetic art A.N.Scriabin (experiences of light music, dreams of creating a Mystery - new form synthesis of the arts).

At the turn of the century, new artistic movements began to spread, whose representatives abandoned the simple reproduction of the visible surface of real objects, sought to penetrate the essence of phenomena, express inner world, person's character. Since the representatives of these movements proclaimed themselves supporters of the new, avant-garde art, they received the name that unites them - avant-garde.

A great influence on the development of avant-garde painting had cubism. French artists are considered the founders of this trend. P. Picasso and J. Marriage. Rejecting the transfer of color and light characteristic of impressionism, the cubists created new forms of multidimensional perspective: decomposing the object into geometric shapes, artists depicted him from the most different parties, including the usually invisible ones.

Further development cubism became established K.Malevich Suprematism(from Latin - the highest). The world of his paintings is beyond the earthly dimension. On a white background - a symbol of pure light - they seem to hover geometric figures devoid of any meaningful elements and flying away into boundless space.

Abstractionism and non-objectivity - this is the final, peak achievement of the avant-garde in this period.

Bibliography

1. Ya. M. Berdichevsky, S.A. Osmolovsky "World History" 2001 S. 111-128.

2. S. L. Bramin "History of Europe". 1998 S. 100-109

3. L.A. Livanov "World History" tutorial. 2002 pp. 150-164.

4. Zagladin N. V. World history. History of Russia and the world from ancient times to the end of the 19th century: a textbook for grade 10. Ї 6th ed. Ї M.: TID LLC Russian wordЇ RS”, 2006 (§ 41).

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Topic: Literature and fine arts of Russia in the 2nd half of the 19th century Gavrikova Karina Alexandrovna Teacher of history and social studies at the Moscow Region Gymnasium No. 44 in Sochi

Lesson plan 1. Literature. 2. Painting. 3. Architecture, sculpture.

“Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century”: full name of the writer Work What problems does the Task reveal: Fill in the table using the text of paragraph § 42

Lesson vocabulary Critical realism is a trend in the literature of the late 19th century, in which a critical attitude to the depicted reality prevailed. Wanderers - creative association Russian artists, which were part of the Russian art association - the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions (1870). Referring to the image Everyday life and history of the peoples of Russia.

Perov V. G. "Troika"

Perov V. G. "Rural procession for Easter"

Surikov V.I. "Unknown"

Surikov V.I. "Morning of the Streltsy Execution"

Repin I. E. "Barge Haulers on the Volga"

Perov V. G. "The Cossacks write a letter to the Turkish Sultan"

Vasnetsov V.M. "Heroes"

Mikeshin M. O. "Millennium of Russia"

Homework §42, complete questions and assignments p.277

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Educational film "Courtesy in literature and art of the middle of the 15th century".

Footnote to the film - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_SQjKOlNRI&list=UUjMpaYSIpXlNcgS_cvumWVg&index=1&feature=plcp Rene's masterpiece (Le Livre du cœur d "Amour épris) was written in 1457...

Fine arts of the second half of the 19th century.

Combined lesson using multimedia. In order to reduce the weight of the presentation, audio lectures and musical accompaniment had to be removed, as well as the number of presented paintings had to be reduced. It...

An integrated lesson (the history of Kazakhstan and Kazakh literature) using the technology of developing education....

Literature and fine arts Bochkareva T.N., history teacher of MAOU "Lyceum No. 62" Lesson plan. 1. Literature. 2.Painting. 3. Sculpture. 4.Architecture. Lesson assignment. How to explain the rise of Russian culture in the second half of the 19th century? Literature (art. 1) V. Perov. Portrait of F.M. Dostoevsky. In the 2nd half of the 19th century. Russian literature has retained its leading position. Critical realism became the main artistic direction. It manifested itself especially strongly in the work of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. In his works, all human vices are brought to the limit. In the works of F.M. Dostoevsky, the humiliation, lawlessness and tragedy of the “little personality” are shown. Literature 1. What is critical realism Artistic styles that combine the acuteness of the statement of fundamental social problems, the breadth of historical coverage with a picturesque depiction of specific life phenomena. 2. The writers were absorbed in the historical drama that was taking place before their eyes, caused by the change of one way of life by another. Literature. The writer, using psychological analysis, shows how the suppression of a person brings her to a crime, but his sympathies are on the side of infinitely kind people, not rebels. In the work of Leo Tolstoy, a merciless verdict is passed on morality, values ​​and foundations of the existing society, the most complex psychological nuances of the human soul are revealed. A.P. Chekhov developed this line in his plays. I. Repin. Leo Tolstoy on vacation in the forest. Literature (r.t.1) I.S. Turgenev. Pencil drawing by Pauline Viardot. In the novels of I.S. Turgenev, an attempt was made to show a generalized portrait of the “hero of our time”. Sympathizing with the revolutionaries, the author fears that the destruction of the old society becomes an end in itself for them. The same theme was revealed with particular poignancy in F. Dostoevsky's novel "Demons". N.A. Nekrasov, who became one of the spiritual leaders of youth, revealed in his work the theme of folk life. Painting. V. Perov. Tea drinking in Mytishchi. The main direction of Russian painting 2nd floor. In the 19th century, critical realism began. VG Perov's canvases show the unattractive aspects of Russian reality - the degradation of the clergy, the arrogance and emptiness of the upper classes, the ignorance of the masses downtrodden with need. In 1863, a group of graduates of the Academy of Arts refused to paint pictures on the themes of the Scandinavian epic, stating that in Russian reality there are more worthy themes. In 1870 they created the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions. Painting. I.Kramskoy Unknown. I.N. Kramskoy became the theoretician of the "Wanderers", who created a whole gallery of portraits of figures of Russian culture. The partnership included - N. Ge, A. Savrasov, I. Shishkin, brothers Makovsky, V. Perov, I. Repin, V. Surikov, V. Vasnetsov and others. The pinnacle of realism was the work of I. Repin and V. Surikov. Their works are permeated with social protest and create a generalized image of the Russian people. In the paintings of historical subjects, the authors chose the turning points of Russian history and the most prominent personalities. Painting 1. Who are the Wanderers? Who was there? (262-263) 2. Who was the leader and theoretician of the Wanderers? (s.t.4). 3. Whose work is considered the pinnacle of realism in Russian painting? (RT3) 4. Which Wanderers worked in the historical genre? 5. Which Wanderers worked in the landscape genre? Give examples of their work. Painting. I. Shishkin. Morning in a pine forest. V. Vasnetsov turned to the genre of Russian folklore. His paintings are imbued with the spirit of folk tales, religious quests and philosophical reflections on the historical fate of the Russian people. In the works of I. Shishkin, A. Kuindzhi, A. Savrasov, I. Levitan, the Russian landscape, beauty and power of native nature become the object of attention. Sculpture. In the middle of the 19th century bright sculptural monuments were created. M. Antokolsky, adjoining the Wanderers, showed great interest in Russian history. Sculptural portraits of I. the Terrible, Peter I, Yaroslav the Wise, Yermak became the decoration of his work. M. Mikeshin created a majestic monument in Novgorod - "The Millennium of Russia". M. Mikeshin. Millennium of Russia. Sculpture. A.Opekushin. Monument to A.S. Pushkin. It was created with public money and opened in 1862. The experience of subscribing to the construction of monuments was considered successful, and in 1880 a monument to A.S. Pushkin, cast according to the project of the famous sculptor A. Ope Kushin. Sculpture? 1. What are the names of the most famous sculptors of the 2/2 of the 19th century? 2. What sculptural works were created by them? Architecture. A.Semenov.V.Sherwood. The building of the Historical Museum. In architecture, classicism was replaced by eclecticism. Architects were looking for new forms in a combination of elements of Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and other styles. The so-called "neo-Russian style" is widely spread - buildings are decorated with tents, turrets, "patterned", etc. Architecture. A.Pomerantsev. Upper trading rows (GUM building). The buildings of the Historical Museum (Semenov, Sherwood), the City Duma (Chichagov), and the Upper Trading Rows were built in this style. new building materials have led to the fact that the ideas of rational architecture - technical and functional expediency - have come to the fore. Architecture. 1. What 2 new styles replaced classicism in architecture of the 2/2 of the 19th century? 1) eclecticism (“eklegein” French - choose, elect), combining elements of baroque, gothic, renaissance and other styles. 2) Russian-Byzantine style (“neo-Russian” or “pseudo-Russian” style) 2. What are the characteristic features of the so-called pseudo-Russian style? (r.t.2) 1) small windows on the 3rd floor 2) turret roofs, a decorated ridge resembles boyar mansions, “brick embroidery, marble towels”, Upper Trading Rows (GUM) - A.N. Pomerantsev, The building of the Moscow City Duma (D.N. Chichagov), the building of the Historical Museum in Moscow (Semyonov, Sherwood)