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Maxim Gorky Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov (1868 - 1936)
Origin Father, Maxim Savvatievich Peshkov (1840-71) - son of a soldier, cabinetmaker, died of cholera. Mother, Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-79), was the daughter of a Nizhny Novgorod merchant. Died of consumption.
Childhood Alexei Peshkov was born on March 16, 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod. The writer's childhood passed in his grandfather's house. The grandfather taught the boy according to church books, the grandmother introduced her grandson to folk songs and fairy tales, but most importantly - she replaced her mother, "saturating", in the words of Gorky himself, "a strong force for a difficult life" ("Childhood").
Education 1877 - 1879 - Alexei Peshkov studies at the Nizhny Novgorod Kunavinsky School. Due to lack of money, Alexey Peshkov is forced to leave his studies and go "to the people." 1879 - 1884 - Aleksey changes places of "training" one by one. First, he was an apprentice shoemaker (a relative of the Kashirins), then an apprentice in a drawing workshop, then in an icon painting workshop. Finally, he becomes a cook on a steamboat that sailed along the Volga.
Failures and wanderings December 1887 - a streak of life's failures leads Peshkov to attempt suicide. 1888 - 1891 - Alexei Peshkov wanders around Russia in search of work and impressions. He passes through the Volga region, Don, Ukraine, Crimea, South Bessarabia, the Caucasus. He manages to make contacts in creative environment. Wandering, Peshkov collects prototypes of his future heroes - this is noticeable in the early work of the writer, when people of the "bottom" became the heroes of his works.
Gorky's early works On September 12, 1892, Peshkov's story "Makar Chudra" was first published in the Tiflis newspaper "Kavkaz". The work was signed "Maxim Gorky". 1893 - 1895 - Gorky's stories are often published in the Volga press. During these years, the following were written: "Chelkash", "Revenge", "Old Woman Izergil", "Emelyan Pilyai", "Conclusion", "Song of the Falcon".
Pseudonyms Peshkov signs his stories with various pseudonyms, of which there were about 30 in total. The most famous of them are: "A.P.", "M.G.", "Ah!" Chlamys”, “Taras Oparin”, etc.
Family and work 1895 - with the assistance of Korolenko, Gorky becomes an employee of the Samara Newspaper, where he writes feuilletons daily under the heading "By the way", signing himself "Jehudiel Khlamida". At the same time, in Samarskaya Gazeta, Gorky met Ekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina, who serves as a proofreader in the editorial office. 1896 - Gorky and Volzhina get married. 1896 - 1897 - Gorky works at home, in the newspaper "Nizhny Novgorod Leaf". 1897 - Gorky's tuberculosis worsens, and he and his wife move to the Crimea, and from there to the village of Maksatikha, Poltava province. The same year - the writer's son Maxim is born.
First arrest April 1901 - Gorky was arrested in Nizhny Novgorod and imprisoned for participating in student unrest in St. Petersburg. The writer stays under arrest for a month, after which he is released under house arrest, and then exiled to Arzamas. In the same year, the “Song of the Petrel” was published in the magazine “Life”, after which the magazine was closed by the authorities.
Triumph 1902 - the plays "At the Bottom" and "Petty Bourgeois" were staged at the Moscow Art Theater. The premiere of "At the Bottom" staged by Stanislavsky takes place with an unprecedented triumph.
Gorky and the Revolution 1905 - Gorky actively participates in the revolution, he is closely associated with the Social Democrats, but at the same time, together with a group of intellectuals, on the eve of Bloody Sunday, he visits S.Yu. Witte and tries to prevent the tragedy. After the revolution, he is arrested (participation in the preparation of a coup d'état is incriminated), but both Russian and European cultural environment. Gorky is released.
Emigrant Early 1906 - Gorky emigrates from Russia. He travels to America to raise funds to support the revolution in Russia. 1907 - The novel "Mother" is published in America. In London, at the Fifth Congress of the RSDLP, Gorky met V.I. Ulyanov.
Life on Capri End 1906 - 1913 - Maxim Gorky permanently lives on the island of Capri (Italy). Many works have been written here: the plays “The Last”, “Vassa Zheleznova”, the novels “Summer”, “The Town of Okurov”, the novel “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”.
Return 1913 - Gorky returns to Russia. In the same year he writes "Childhood". 1915 - the novel "In People" was written. Gorky begins publishing the Chronicle magazine.
Disagreements with the new government 1917 - after the Revolution, Gorky finds himself in a dual position: on the one hand, he stands for the incoming power, on the other, he continues to adhere to his convictions, believing that it is necessary to deal not with the class struggle, but with the culture of the masses ... Then the writer begins working at the World Literature publishing house, founds the newspaper New life».
Challenge to Lenin The end of the 1910s - Gorky's relationship with the new government is gradually aggravated. In 1918, the Novaya Zhizn newspaper published a series of articles entitled Untimely Thoughts, where he accused Lenin of seizing power and unleashing terror in the country. But in the same place he called the Russian people cruel, "bestial", and thereby, if not justifying, then explaining the ferocious attitude of the Bolsheviks towards this people.
Flight from the Bolsheviks 1921 - Maxim Gorky leaves Russia, officially - to Germany, to be treated, but in fact - from the massacre of the Bolsheviks. Until 1924, the writer lives in Germany and Czechoslovakia. 1921 - 1922 - Gorky actively publishes his articles in German magazines ("The Vocation of the Writer and Russian Literature of Our Time", "Russian Cruelty", "Intelligentsia and Revolution"). They all say the same thing - Gorky cannot accept what happened in Russia; he still seeks to unite Russian artists abroad.
Moving to Sorrento 1923 - Gorky writes "My Universities". 1925 - work begins on the novel "The Life of Klim Samgin", which was never completed. The novel "The Artamonov Case" was written. Contemporaries noted the experimental nature of Gorky's works of that time, which were created with an undoubted eye on the formal search for Russian prose of the 20s. Mid-1920s - Maxim Gorky moved to Sorrento (Italy).
USSR, Moscow, NKVD 1928 - Gorky travels to the USSR. All summer he travels around the country. The writer's impressions were reflected in the book "On the Union of Soviets" (1929). 1931 - Gorky moves to Moscow. 1934 - Maxim Gorky acts as the organizer and chairman of the First All-Union Congress Soviet writers. May of the same year - Gorky's son Maxim was killed. According to one version, this was done on the initiative of the NKVD.
Death June 18, 1936 - Maxim Gorky dies in Gorki. Buried in Moscow. The writer fell ill and took to his bed. And soon an expensive candy bonbonniere with a silk ribbon appeared at the bedside of the patient - a sign of attention from the Kremlin. Not only Gorky treated himself to sweets, but two more orderlies were with him. An hour later, all three were dead.
Honorary funeral Professor P letnev, who treated Alexei Maksimovich, was first sentenced to death for murder famous writer, then the death penalty was replaced with twenty-five years in the camps. It was humane for a man who had no idea about the fatal candy box. P.P. Kryuchkov, an NKVD officer, pleaded guilty. The urn with Gorky's ashes is placed in the Kremlin wall in Moscow.
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MAXIM GORKY - real name ALEXEY MAXIMOVICH PESHKOV Russian writer, prose writer, playwright. One of the most popular authors of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, famous for portraying a romanticized declassed character (“tramp”), author of works with a revolutionary tendency, personally close to the Social Democrats, “petrel of the revolution” and “great proletarian writer", founder socialist realism
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Childhood Born in Nizhny Novgorod. Father - Maxim Savvatievich Peshkov (1840-1871) - the son of a soldier demoted from officers, a cabinetmaker, died of cholera. Mother - Varvara Vasilievna Kashirina (1842-79) - from a petty-bourgeois family, died of cholera.
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Childhood years He was brought up in the family of his maternal grandfather Vasily Vasilyevich Kashirin, who in his youth was muttering, then became rich, became the owner of a dyeing establishment, and went bankrupt in old age. The grandfather taught the boy according to church books, grandmother Akulina Ivanovna introduced her grandson to folk songs and fairy tales, but most importantly, she replaced her mother. From the age of 9 he was forced to go "to the people"; he worked as a “boy” at a store, as a pantry on a steamboat, as an apprentice in an icon-painting workshop, as a baker, etc. He did not receive a real education, he graduated from a vocational school.
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Start literary activity He started as a provincial newspaperman (published under the name Yehudiel Chlamida). The pseudonym M. Gorky appeared in 1892 in the Tiflis newspaper "Caucasus", where the first story "Makar Chudra" was published. In 1895, thanks to the help of V. G. Korolenko, he was published in the most popular magazine “ Russian wealth(story "Chelkash"). In 1898, the book Essays and Stories was published in St. Petersburg, which had a sensational success. In 1899, the prose poem "Twenty-six and One" and the first long story "Foma Gordeev" appeared. Glory Gorky grew with incredible speed and soon caught up with the popularity of Chekhov and Tolstoy.
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Years of emigration From 1921 to 1928, Gorky lived in exile, where he went after too persistent advice from Lenin. He settled in Sorrento (Italy), on the island of Capri, without interrupting his ties with the young Soviet literature. From 1906 to 1913 he also lived in Italy (for health reasons)
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Gorky's death was surrounded by an atmosphere of mystery, as was the death of his son, Maxim Peshkov. However, versions of the violent death of both have not yet been documented. The urn with Gorky's ashes is placed in the Kremlin wall in Moscow. Monument to M. Gorky in St. Petersburg near the Gorkovskaya metro station.
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Bibliography of M. Gorky Novels 1899 - "Foma Gordeev" 1900-1901 - "Three" 1906 - "Mother" (second edition - 1907) 1925 - "The Artamonov Case" 1925-1936 - "The Life of Klim Samgin" Tales 1908 - "The Life of the Unnecessary person." 1908 - "Confession" 1909 - "The Town of Okurov", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin". 1913-1914 - "Childhood" 1915-1916 - "In people" 1923 - "My universities"
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Bibliography M. Gorky Stories, essays 1892 - "Makar Chudra" 1895 - "Chelkash", "Old Woman Izergil". 1897 - " former people"," Orlov's Spouses "," Malva "," Konovalov ". 1898 - "Essays and Stories" (collection) 1899 - "Song of the Falcon" (poem in prose), "Twenty-six and One" 1901 - "Song of the Petrel" (poem in prose) 1903 - "Man" (poem in prose ) 1913 - "Tales of Italy". 1912-1917 - "In Russia" (a cycle of stories) 1924 - "Stories of 1922-1924" 1924 - "Notes from a diary" (a cycle of stories)
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Bibliography of M. Gorky Plays 1901 - "The Philistines" 1902 - "At the Bottom" 1904 - "Summer Residents" 1905 - "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians" 1906 - "Enemies" 1910 - "Vassa Zheleznova" (revised in December 1935) 1930-1931 - "Somov and others" 1932 - "Egor Bulychev and others" 1933 - "Dostigaev and others" Publicism 1906 - "My interviews", "In America" (pamphlets) 1917-1918 - a series of articles "Untimely thoughts" in newspaper "New Life" (in 1918 published separate edition) 1922 - "On the Russian peasantry"
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The role of M. Gorky in the creation of Soviet children's literature 1918 - a memorandum to the government "On the publication of Russian classical and foreign literature and UNT" 1919 - 72 titles of books from the list were published 1919 - the organization of the publishing house "World Literature" 1919 - the first children's magazine "Northern Lights" was published in Petrograd (lasted 1 year) 1922 - the creation of the Pioneer Organization 1923 - the magazine "Sparrow" was published in Petrograd 1924 - the Vorobey magazine was renamed New Robinson 1924 - the Pioneer magazine began to appear 1924 - the Murzilka magazine was created 1925 - the Pionerskaya Pravda newspaper began to appear in Moscow 1927 - the newspaper became an all-Union newspaper, the heading "Gorky answers children" was introduced »
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The role of M. Gorky in the creation of Soviet children's literature 1930 - the magazine "Chizh" (Extremely interesting magazine) was published in Leningrad, was published until 1947 1931 - Government decree on the creation of the publishing house "Young Guard" 1933 - the creation of the publishing house "Detgiz" 1933 - continuation of the issue series of books ZhZL, founded by the Russian educator F. Pavlenkov (published 1890-1915) 1934 - the creation of the Union of Writers of the USSR 1934 - the First Congress of the Union of Writers of the USSR, a keynote speech; on the issue of children's literature, the speech of S.Ya. Marshak - “On great literature for young children" 1920-1930s - active struggle for a fairy tale (Gorky, Mayakovsky, Chukovsky, Marshak) 1930s - articles on children's literature
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"About fairy tales" (1929) "A man whose ears are plugged with cotton" (1930) "About irresponsible people and the children's book of our days" (1930) "Literature for children" (1933) "On topics" (1933) Main articles on issues children's literature
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1. Accounting age features and children's interests in reality. 2. Encyclopedic, wide coverage of phenomena. 3. The leading theme should be the theme of modernity, bright and unusual especially attracts children. Books about the romance of labor, the romance of man's struggle with nature. 4. The requirement of artistry: “Our book should not be didactic, grossly tendentious. She must speak the language of images. Basic requirements for a children's book
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5. Hero: “New talents are faced with the task of portraying a hero in literature - a wonderful, unprecedented even in a fairy tale, a hero who wants to rebuild the world ... to show a hero, collecting all the virtues of a team in one person.” 6. The need for humor, satire - "funny" in a book for children. Children are naturally cheerful and funny. 7. Children's thinking clearly. Colorful illustrations should become an indispensable requirement for a children's book. Basic requirements for a children's book
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"Morning" (1910) "Sparrow" (1912) "The Case with Evseika" (1912) "Samovar" (1913) "About Ivanushka the Fool" (1918) "Misha" (1919) Tales for children
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Gorky did not receive a real education, graduating only from a vocational school. The thirst for knowledge was quenched independently, he grew up "self-taught". Hard work (a crockery worker on a steamer, a “boy” in a store, a student in an icon-painting workshop, a foreman at fair buildings, etc.) and early deprivations taught a good knowledge of life and inspired dreams of rebuilding the world. “We came into the world to disagree...” - a surviving fragment of the destroyed poem by the young Peshkov “The Song of the Old Oak”.
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Hatred of evil and ethical maximalism were the source of moral torment. In 1887 he tried to commit suicide. He took part in revolutionary propaganda, "went among the people", wandered around Russia, and communicated with tramps. He experienced complex philosophical influences: from the ideas of the French Enlightenment and the materialism of J. W. Goethe to the positivism of J. M. Guyot, the romanticism of J. Ruskin and the pessimism of A. Schopenhauer. In his Nizhny Novgorod library, next to Capital by K. Marx and Historical Letters by P. L. Lavrov, there were books by E. Hartmann, M. Stirner and F. Nietzsche.
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The rudeness and ignorance of provincial life poisoned his soul, but also - paradoxically - gave birth to faith in Man and his potentialities. Romantic philosophy was born from the collision of conflicting principles, in which Man (ideal essence) did not coincide with man (real being) and even entered into a tragic conflict with him. Gorky's humanism carried rebellious and atheistic traits. His favorite reading was bible book Job, where "God teaches a person how to be equal to God and how to calmly stand next to God" (Gorky's letter to V.V. Rozanov, 1912).
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Gorky's Early Works (1892-1905) Gorky began as a provincial newspaperman (published under the name Yehudiel Khlamida). Pseudonym M. Gorky (signed letters and documents real name- A. Peshkov; designations "A. M. Gorky" and "Aleksey Maksimovich Gorky" contaminate a pseudonym with his real name) appeared in 1892 in the Tiflis newspaper "Kavkaz", where the first story "Makar Chudra" was published. In 1895, thanks to the help of V. G. Korolenko, he was published in the most popular magazine Russian Wealth (the story Chelkash). In 1898, the book Essays and Stories was published in St. Petersburg, which had a sensational success. In 1899, the prose poem "Twenty-six and One" and the first long story "Foma Gordeev" appeared. Glory to Gorky grew with incredible speed and soon caught up with the popularity of A.P. Chekhov and L.N. Tolstoy.
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From the very beginning, there was a discrepancy between what critics wrote about Gorky and what the average reader wanted to see in him. The traditional principle of interpreting works from the point of view of the social meaning contained in them did not work in relation to the early Gorky. The reader was least of all interested in the social aspects of his prose, he sought and found in them a mood consonant with the times. According to critic M. Protopopov, Gorky replaced the problem of artistic typification with the problem of "ideological lyricism." His heroes combined typical features, behind which stood a good knowledge of life and literary tradition, and a special kind of “philosophy”, which the author endowed the heroes at his own request, not always consistent with the “truth of life”. Critics in connection with his texts did not solve social issues and the problems of their literary reflection, but directly the “question of Gorky” and the collective lyrical image he created, which began to be perceived as typical for Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. and which criticism compared with Nietzsche's "superman". All this allows, contrary to the traditional view, to consider him a modernist rather than a realist.
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Gorky quickly proved himself as a talented organizer literary process. In 1901, he headed the publishing house of the Znanie partnership and soon began to publish the Collections of the Knowledge partnership, where I. A. Bunin, L. N. Andreev, A. I. Kuprin, V. V. Veresaev, E. N. .Chirikov, N.D. Teleshov, A.S. Serafimovich and others. Vershina early creativity, the play “At the Bottom”, to a large extent owes its fame to the production of K. S. Stanislavsky at the Moscow Art Theater (1902; played by Stanislavsky, V.I. Kachalov, I.M. Moskvin, O.L. Knipper-Chekhova and others .) In 1903 at the Berlin Kleines Theater there was a performance of "The Lower Depths" with Richard Wallenthin in the role of Satine. Gorky's other plays - Petty Bourgeois (1901), Summer Residents (1904), Children of the Sun, Barbarians (both 1905), Enemies (1906) - did not have such sensational success in Russia and Europe.
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Gorky between two revolutions (1905-1917) After the defeat of the revolution of 1905-07, Gorky emigrated to the island of Capri (Italy). The "Capri" period of creativity made it necessary to reconsider the idea that had developed in criticism of the "end of Gorky" (D. V. Filosofov), which was caused by his passion for political struggle and the ideas of socialism, which were reflected in the story "Mother" (1906; second edition 1907). He created the novels "The Town of Okurov" (1909), "Childhood" (1913-14), "In People" (1915-16), a cycle of stories "Across Russia" (1912-17). Disputes in criticism caused the story "Confession" (1908), highly appreciated by A. A. Blok. For the first time, the theme of god-building was sounded in it, which Gorky, with A. V. Lunacharsky and A. A. Bogdanov, preached in the Capri party school for workers, which caused him to disagree with Lenin, who hated "flirting with God."
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First World War severely affected Gorky's state of mind. She symbolized the beginning of the historical collapse of his idea " collective mind”, to which he came after disappointment with Nietzsche's individualism (according to T. Mann, Gorky stretched the bridge from Nietzsche to socialism). Unlimited faith in the human mind, accepted as the only dogma, was not confirmed by life. The war became a blatant example of collective madness, when Man was reduced to "trench louse", "cannon fodder", when people went berserk before our eyes and the human mind was powerless before logic historical events. Gorky's 1914 poem contains the lines:
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The years of emigration of Maxim Gorky (1917-28) October Revolution confirmed Gorky's fears. Unlike Blok, he heard in it not “music”, but the terrible roar of a hundred million peasant element, breaking through all social prohibitions and threatening to sink the remaining islands of culture. In "Untimely Thoughts" (a series of articles in the newspaper "New Life"; 1917-18; published in a separate edition in 1918), he accused Lenin of seizing power and unleashing terror in the country. But in the same place he called the Russian people organically cruel, "bestial" and thereby, if not justifying, then explaining the ferocious treatment of these people by the Bolsheviks. The inconsistency of the position was also reflected in his book On the Russian Peasantry (1922). The undoubted merit of Gorky was the energetic work to save the scientific and artistic intelligentsia from starvation and executions, gratefully appreciated by his contemporaries (E. I. Zamyatin, A. M. Remizov, V. F. Khodasevich, V. B. Shklovsky, etc.) Is it not for the sake of this that such cultural events were conceived as the organization of the World Literature publishing house, the opening of the House of Scientists and the House of Arts (communes for the creative intelligentsia, described in the novel Crazy Ship by O. D. Forsh and the book by K. A Fedina "Bitter among us"). However, many writers (including Blok, N. S. Gumilyov) could not be saved, which became one of the main reasons for Gorky's final break with the Bolsheviks.
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From 1921 to 1928 Gorky lived in exile, where he went after too persistent advice from Lenin. Settled in Sorrento (Italy), without interrupting ties with young Soviet literature (L. M. Leonov, V. V. Ivanov, A. A. Fadeev, I. E. Babel, etc.) Wrote the cycle "Stories of 1922-24" ”, “Notes from a Diary” (1924), the novel “The Artamonov Case” (1925), began working on the epic novel “The Life of Klim Samgin” (1925-36). Contemporaries noted the experimental nature of Gorky's works of this time, which were created with an undoubted eye on the formal search for Russian prose of the 1920s.
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Gorky's Return to the Soviet Union In 1928, Gorky made a "trial" trip to the Soviet Union (in connection with a celebration organized on the occasion of his 60th birthday), having previously entered into cautious negotiations with the Stalinist leadership. The apotheosis of the meeting at the Belorussky railway station decided the matter; Gorky returned to his homeland. As an artist, he completely immersed himself in the creation of The Life of Klim Samgin, a panoramic picture of Russia over forty years. As a politician, he actually provided Stalin with moral cover in the face of the world community. His numerous articles created an apologetic image of the leader and were silent about the suppression of freedom of thought and art in the country - facts that Gorky could not have been unaware of. He stood at the head of the creation of a collective writer's book, which glorified the construction by prisoners of the White Sea-Baltic Canal. Stalin. He organized and supported many enterprises: the publishing house "Academia", the book series "History of Factories and Plants", "History civil war", magazine " Literary studies", as well as Literary Institute, then named after him. In 1934 he headed the Union of Writers of the USSR, created on his initiative.
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Maxim Gorky Presentation by a 9th grade student of the Vysokinichskaya School, Kristina Vedenkinaslide 2
Maxim Gorky (at birth Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov) is a Russian writer, prose writer, and playwright. One of the most significant and famous Russian writers and thinkers in the world. 03/16/1868 - 06/18/1936 (aged 68)
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The pseudonym "Gorky" Aleksey Maksimovich invented himself. Subsequently, he told Kalyuzhny: "Don't write to me in literature - Peshkov ...". More information about his biography can be found in his autobiographical stories "Childhood", "In People", "My Universities". Childhood Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov was born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a carpenter - Maxim Savvatyevich Peshkov (1840-1871), who was the son of a soldier. M. S. Peshkov last years In his life he worked as a manager of a steamship office, died of cholera. Mother - Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-1879) - from a bourgeois family; widowed early, remarried, died of consumption. Gorky's grandfather Savvaty Peshkov rose to the rank of officer, but was demoted and exiled to Siberia "for ill-treatment of the lower ranks", after which he signed up as a tradesman. Orphaned early, Gorky spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Kashirin. From the age of 11, he was forced to go “to the people”: he worked as a “boy” at a store, as a buffet utensil on a steamer, as a baker, studied at an icon-painting workshop, etc.
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Youth In 1884 he came to Kazan to fulfill his dream - to study at the university, but very soon he realized the whole unreality of such a plan. Starts working. Gorky would later write: "I did not expect help from outside and did not hope for Lucky case... I realized very early that a person is created by his resistance environment." At the age of 16, he already knew a lot about life, but the four years spent in Kazan shaped his personality, determined his path. He began to conduct propaganda work among workers and peasants. her and get to know the life of the people better.
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He passed through the Don steppes, through Ukraine, to the Danube, from there - through the Crimea and the North Caucasus - to Tiflis, where he spent a year working as a hammerer, then as a clerk in railway workshops. At this time, he wrote his first story - "Makar Chudra" and the poem "The Girl and Death". From 1892, returning to Nizhny Novgorod, engaged literary work, publishing in the Volga newspapers. Since 1895, Gorky's stories have appeared in the capital's magazines. In 1898, Gorky's Essays and Stories were published, which made him widely known in Russia. In 1899, the novel Foma Gordeev was published, which put Gorky in the ranks of world-class writers. In the autumn of this year, he arrives in St. Petersburg, where he meets Mikhailovsky and Veresaev, with Repin; later in Moscow - with L. Tolstoy, L. Andreev, A. Chekhov, I. Bunin, A. Kuprin and other writers. L. Tolstoy and M. Gorky A. Chekhov and M. Gorky
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Gorky took an active part in the revolutionary events of 1905, was imprisoned in Peter and Paul Fortress for anti-tsarist proclamations. The protest of the Russian and world community forces the government to release the writer. Villa on Capri (burgundy) rented by Gorky In 1906, Gorky returned to Russia. He goes to Italy, to Capri, where he lives until 1913, giving all his strength literary creativity. Using the amnesty, in 1913 he returned to St. Petersburg, collaborated in the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda. In 1915, he founded the journal Chronicle. In 1921, at the insistence of Lenin, Gorky went abroad for treatment. He continues to work hard. He begins work on the book The Life of Klim Samgin, which he continued to write until the end of his life. In 1931 Gorky returned to his homeland.
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MAXIM GORKY - real name ALEXEY MAXIMOVICH PESHKOV Russian writer, prose writer, playwright. One of the most popular authors of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, famous for depicting a romanticized declassed character (“tramp”), author of works with a revolutionary tendency, personally close to the Social Democrats, “petrel of the revolution” and “great proletarian writer”, founder of socialist realism
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Father, Maxim Savvatievich Peshkov (1840-1871) - the son of a soldier demoted from officers, a cabinetmaker. In recent years, he worked as a manager of a steamship office, died of cholera. Mother, Varvara Vasilievna Kashirina (1842-79) - from a bourgeois family; widowed early, remarried, died of consumption. The childhood of the writer passed in the house of his grandfather Vasily Vasilyevich Kashirin, who in his youth was bubbling, then became rich, became the owner of a dyeing establishment, and went bankrupt in old age. The grandfather taught the boy according to church books, grandmother Akulina Ivanovna introduced her grandson to folk songs and fairy tales, but most importantly, she replaced her mother, “saturating”, according to Gorky himself, “strong strength for a difficult life” (“Childhood”).
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Gorky did not receive a real education, graduating only from a vocational school. An attempt to enter Kazan University was unsuccessful. The thirst for knowledge was quenched independently, he grew up "self-taught". Hard work (a crockery worker on a steamer, a “boy” in a store, a student in an icon-painting workshop, a foreman at fair buildings, etc.) and early deprivations taught a good knowledge of life and inspired dreams of rebuilding the world. “We came into the world to disagree...” - a surviving fragment of the destroyed poem by the young Peshkov “The Song of the Old Oak”.
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Hatred of evil and ethical maximalism were the source of moral torment. In 1887 he tried to commit suicide. He took part in revolutionary propaganda, "went among the people", wandered around Russia, and communicated with tramps. He experienced complex philosophical influences: from the ideas of the French Enlightenment and the materialism of J. W. Goethe to the positivism of J. M. Guyot, the romanticism of J. Ruskin and the pessimism of A. Schopenhauer. In his Nizhny Novgorod library, next to Capital by K. Marx and Historical Letters by P. L. Lavrov, there were books by E. Hartmann, M. Stirner and F. Nietzsche.
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GORKY'S EARLY WORKS Gorky began as a provincial newspaperman (published under the name Yehudiel Khlamida). The pseudonym M. Gorky (he signed letters and documents with his real name - A. Peshkov; the designations "A. M. Gorky" and "Aleksey Maksimovich Gorky" contaminate the pseudonym with his real name) appeared in 1892 in the Tiflis newspaper "Kavkaz", where the first story Makar Chudra. In 1895, thanks to the help of V. G. Korolenko, he was published in the most popular magazine Russian Wealth (the story Chelkash). In 1898, the book Essays and Stories was published in St. Petersburg, which had a sensational success. In 1899, the prose poem "Twenty-six and One" and the first long story "Foma Gordeev" appeared. Glory to Gorky grew with incredible speed and soon caught up with the popularity of Chekhov and Tolstoy.
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From the very beginning, there was a discrepancy between what critics wrote about Gorky and what the average reader wanted to see in him. The traditional principle of interpreting works from the point of view of the social meaning contained in them did not work in relation to the early Gorky. The reader was least of all interested in the social aspects of his prose, he sought and found in them a mood consonant with the times. His heroes combined typical features, behind which stood a good knowledge of life and literary tradition, and a special kind of “philosophy”, which the author endowed the heroes at his own request, not always consistent with the “truth of life”. Critics in connection with his texts did not solve social issues and the problems of their literary reflection, but directly the “question of Gorky” and the collective lyrical image he created, which began to be perceived as typical for Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. and which criticism compared with Nietzsche's "superman". All this allows, contrary to the traditional view, to consider him a modernist rather than a realist.
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Gorky's public position was radical. He was arrested more than once, in 1902 Nicholas 2 ordered to annul his election as an honorary academician in the category of fine literature (in protest, Chekhov and Korolenko left the Academy). In 1905 he joined the RSDLP (Bolshevik wing) and met V.I. Lenin. They received serious financial support for the revolution of 1905-07. Gorky quickly showed himself as a talented organizer of the literary process. In 1901, he headed the publishing house of the Znanie partnership and soon began to publish the Collections of the Knowledge partnership, where I.A. Bunin, L.N. Andreev, A.I. Kuprin, V.V. Veresaev, E.N. .Chirikov, N.D. Teleshov, A.S. Serafimovich and others.
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The pinnacle of early creativity, the play “At the Bottom”, to a large extent owes its fame to the production of K. S. Stanislavsky at the Moscow Art Theater (1902; played by Stanislavsky, V. I. Kachalov, I. M. Moskvin, O. L. Knipper- Chekhov, etc.) In 1903, the Kleines Theater in Berlin staged a performance of "At the Bottom" with Richard Wallenthin in the role of Satin. Gorky's other plays - Petty Bourgeois (1901), Summer Residents (1904), Children of the Sun, Barbarians (both 1905), Enemies (1906) - did not have such sensational success in Russia and Europe.
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GORKY BETWEEN TWO REVOLUTIONS (1905-1917) After the defeat of the revolution of 1905-07, Gorky emigrated to the island of Capri (Italy). The “Capri” period of creativity made it necessary to reconsider the idea that had developed in criticism of the “end of Gorky” (D.V. Filosofov), which was caused by his passion for political struggle and the ideas of socialism, which were reflected in the story “Mother”. He creates the story “Okurov Town” ( 1909), "Childhood" (1913-14), "In People" (1915-16), a cycle of stories "In Russia" (1912-17). Disputes in criticism caused the story "Confession" (1908), highly appreciated by A. A. Blok. For the first time, the theme of god-building was sounded in it, which Gorky, with A. V. Lunacharsky and A. A. Bogdanov, preached in the Capri party school for workers, which caused him to disagree with Lenin, who hated "flirting with God."
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The First World War seriously affected Gorky's state of mind. It symbolized the beginning of the historical collapse of his idea of "collective mind", to which he came after being disappointed with Nietzsche's individualism (according to T. Mann, Gorky stretched a bridge from Nietzsche to socialism). Unlimited faith in the human mind, accepted as the only dogma, was not confirmed by life. The war became a blatant example of collective madness, when Man was reduced to a "trench louse", "cannon fodder", when people went berserk before their eyes and the human mind was powerless before the logic of historical events.
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THE YEARS OF EMIGATION OF MAXIM GORKY The October Revolution confirmed Gorky's fears. In "Untimely Thoughts" (a series of articles in the newspaper "New Life"; 1917-18; published in a separate edition in 1918), he accused Lenin of seizing power and unleashing terror in the country. But in the same place he called the Russian people organically cruel, "bestial" and thereby, if not justifying, then explaining the ferocious treatment of these people by the Bolsheviks. The inconsistency of the position was also reflected in his book On the Russian Peasantry (1922). The undoubted merit of Gorky was the energetic work to save the scientific and artistic intelligentsia from starvation and executions, gratefully appreciated by his contemporaries (E. I. Zamyatin, A. M. Remizov, V. F. Khodasevich, V. B. Shklovsky, etc.)
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Almost for the sake of this, such cultural events were conceived as the organization of the World Literature publishing house, the opening of the House of Scientists and the House of Arts (communes for the creative intelligentsia, described in the novel Crazy Ship by O. D. Forsh and the book by K. A. Fedina "Bitter among us"). However, many writers (including Blok, N. S. Gumilyov) could not be saved, which became one of the main reasons for Gorky's final break with the Bolsheviks. From 1921 to 1928 Gorky lived in exile, where he went after too persistent advice from Lenin. Settled in Sorrento (Italy), without interrupting ties with the young Soviet literature. He wrote the cycle "Stories of 1922-24", "Notes from a Diary" (1924), the novel "The Artamonov Case" (1925), began working on the epic novel "The Life of Klim Samgin" (1925-36).
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GORKY'S RETURN TO THE SOVIET UNION In 1928, Gorky made a "trial" trip to the Soviet Union (in connection with a celebration arranged on the occasion of his 60th birthday), having previously entered into cautious negotiations with the Stalinist leadership. The apotheosis of the meeting at the Belorussky railway station decided the matter; Gorky returned to his homeland. As an artist, he completely immersed himself in the creation of The Life of Klim Samgin, a panoramic picture of Russia over forty years. As a politician, he actually provided Stalin with moral cover in the face of the world community. His numerous articles created an apologetic image of the leader and were silent about the suppression of freedom of thought and art in the country - facts that Gorky could not have been unaware of.
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He stood at the head of the creation of a collective writer's book, which glorified the construction by prisoners of the White Sea-Baltic Canal. Stalin. He organized and supported many enterprises: the Academia publishing house, the book series History of Factories and Plants, History of the Civil War, the Literary Study magazine, and the Literary Institute, then named after him. In 1934 he headed the Union of Writers of the USSR, created on his initiative.
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Novels 1899 - "Foma Gordeev" 1900-1901 - "Three" 1906 - "Mother" (second edition - 1907) 1925 - "The Artamonov Case" 1925-1936 - "The Life of Klim Samgin" Tale 1908 - "The Life of an Unnecessary Man." 1908 - "Confession" 1909 - "The Town of Okurov", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin". 1913-1914 - "Childhood" 1915-1916 - "In people" 1923 - "My universities"
BIBLIOGRAPHY M. GORKY
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Stories, essays 1892 - "Makar Chudra" 1895 - "Chelkash", "Old Woman Izergil". 1897 - "Former people", "Spouses Orlovs", "Malva", "Konovalov". 1898 - "Essays and Stories" (collection) 1899 - "Song of the Falcon" (poem in prose), "Twenty-six and One" 1901 - "Song of the Petrel" (poem in prose) 1903 - "Man" (poem in prose ) 1913 - "Tales of Italy". 1912-1917 - "In Russia" (a cycle of stories) 1924 - "Stories of 1922-1924" 1924 - "Notes from a diary" (a cycle of stories)
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Plays 1901 - "Petty bourgeois" 1902 - "At the bottom" 1904 - "Summer residents" 1905 - "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians" 1906 - "Enemies" 1910 - "Vassa Zheleznova" (revised in December 1935) 1930-1931 - "Somov and others" 1932 - "Egor Bulychev and others" 1933 - "Dostigaev and others" Publicism 1906 - "My interviews", "In America" (pamphlets) 1917-1918 - a series of articles "Untimely Thoughts" in the newspaper "New Life" "(in 1918 came out as a separate edition) 1922 -" On the Russian peasantry "