The novel "Fathers and Sons" was the result of I.S. Turgenev about the search for the hero of time. At this turning point for the country, each of the writers wanted to create an image that would represent a person of the future. Turgenev could not be found in modern society a person who would embody all his expectations.
The image of the main character and his views
Bazarov, whose views on life are still an interesting object of study, is the central character of the novel. He is a nihilist, that is, a person who does not recognize any authority. He questions and ridicules everything that has established itself in society as worthy of respect and reverence. Nihilism determines the behavior and attitude of Bazarov towards others. It is possible to understand what the hero of Turgenev is like only when the main storylines in the novel. The main thing to pay attention to is between Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, as well as Bazarov's relationship with Anna Odintsova, Arkady Kirsanov and his parents.
Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov
In the clash of these two characters, the external conflict in the novel is manifested. Pavel Petrovich is a representative of the older generation. Everything in his behavior annoys Eugene. From the very moment of their meeting, they feel antipathy towards each other, the characters engage in dialogue-disputes in which Bazarov manifests himself as clearly as possible. The quotes that he utters about nature, art, family, can be used as separate means of characterizing him. If Pavel Petrovich treats art with trepidation, then Bazarov denies its value. For representatives of the older generation, nature is a place where you can relax with your body and soul, feel harmony and peace inside yourself, it must be appreciated, it is worthy of the paintings of artists. For the nihilists, nature is "not a temple, but a workshop." Most of all, people like Bazarov value science, in particular, the achievements of the German materialists.
Bazarov and Arkady Kirsanov
Bazarov's attitude towards others characterizes him as a whole as a good-natured person. Of course, those people to whom he feels antipathy, he does not spare. Therefore, it may even seem that he is too arrogant and arrogant. But he always treated Arkady with warmth. Bazarov saw that he would never become a nihilist. After all, they are too different with Arkady. Kirsanov Jr. wants to have a family, peace, home comfort ... He admires the mind of Bazarov, the strength of his character, but he himself will never be like that. Bazarov does not behave very noble when Arkady visits his parents' house. He insults Pavel Petrovich and Nikolai Petrovich, calling them pompous aristocrats. Such behavior reduces the image of the protagonist.
Bazarov and Anna Odintsova
The heroine, which becomes the cause of internal conflict in the soul of the protagonist. This is a very beautiful and intelligent woman, she conquers everyone with some coldness and majesty. And so Eugene, confident that mutual attachments are impossible between people, falls in love. He was able to conquer some kind of "woman", as Bazarov himself calls Odintsova at first. His gaze is shattered. However, the heroes are not destined to be together. Bazarov is unable to recognize Odintsova's power over himself. He is in love, suffers, his declaration of love is more like an accusation: "You have achieved your goal." In turn, Anna is also not ready to give up her calmness, she is ready to give up love, just not to worry. Bazarov's life cannot be called happy, because at first he was convinced that there was no love, and then, when he truly fell in love, the relationship did not work out.
Relationship with parents
Bazarov's parents are very kind and sincere people. They are in their talented son. Bazarov, whose eyes do not allow tenderness, is too cold towards them. The father tries to be unobtrusive, is embarrassed to pour out his feelings in front of his son, reassures his wife in every possible way, telling her that she bothers her son with excessive guardianship and care. Fearing that Eugene will leave their house again, they try their best to please him.
Attitude towards pseudo-nihilists
There are two characters in the novel, Bazarov's attitude towards them is contemptuous. These are the pseudonihilists of Kukshin and Sitnikov. Bazarov, whose views allegedly impress these heroes, is an idol for them. They themselves are nothing. They flaunt their nihilistic principles, but in fact they do not adhere to them. These heroes shout slogans without understanding their meaning. Eugene despises them, demonstrates his disdain in every possible way. In dialogues with Sitnikov, he is clearly much higher. Bazarov's attitude towards the pseudo-nihilists around him elevates the image of the protagonist, but reduces the status of the nihilistic movement itself.
So, the way Bazarov treats people allows you to better understand his image. He is cold in communication, sometimes arrogant, but still he is a kind young man. Can't say it's bad. The hero's views on life and the interaction of people are decisive in them. Of course, his most important advantage is honesty and intelligence.
Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov. Quote characteristic
Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov is one of the central characters in the novel "Fathers and Sons" by Turgenev. This is one of the most positive, kind and bright characters in the novel "Fathers and Sons".
Quote characteristic
Age- 44 years old: "... at forty-four years old ..."
Appearance: lame; "...cheerful, fresh, ruddy..." "...limped, had small, pleasant, but somewhat sad features, small black eyes and soft, liquid hair..." "...in a dusty coat and checkered trousers.. "...the big buttons of his rustic coat..." "...quite gray-haired, plump and slightly hunched..." "...his gray hair..."
Social status: nobleman and landowner: "... a good estate of two hundred souls, or, as he puts it since he separated from the peasants and started a "farm", - two thousand acres of land ..." "... Kirsanov's fortune fair..."
Educated, graduated from St. Petersburg University: "... as soon as he was eighteen years old, and placed him at the university ..." "... In 1835, Nikolai Petrovich left the university as a candidate ..." Nikolai Petrovich did not become a military man because his lameness: "... As a general's son, Nikolai Petrovich<...>should have... enrolled in military service; but he broke his leg<...>remained "lame" for the rest of his life. Father waved his hand at him and let him go in civilian clothes ... "
Served in the Ministry of Appanages:"... having left the ministry of appanages, where, under the patronage of his father, he was enrolled ..."
He married for love the daughter of an official:"... She became his wife, he was happy, like few on earth..." married her ... " Nikolai Petrovich was happily married: "... he was blissful with his Masha ..." "... The spouses lived very well and quietly: they almost never parted ..."
Widower, misses his dead wife:"... The dead wife appeared to him again, but not the way he had known her for many years, not a housewife, kind housewife, but a young girl with a thin figure..." "... he wanted to feel again the closeness of his Mary feel her warmth and breath..."
loves his son Arcadia: "... For your arrival, my soul ..." (young nihilist Arkady Kirsanov - son of Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov)
Good father:"... to such a father, who, like you, never in any way hampered my freedom ..."
Hospitable host:"... Sincerely glad," he began, "and grateful for the kind intention to visit us..."
Generous:"... guys, help me," exclaimed Nikolai Petrovich, "there will be vodka! .."
Kind:"... Good dad! .."
Soft:"... tenderness for a kind and gentle father..." "... I am a soft, weak person..."
Affectionate:"...responding to his father's caresses..." "...and affectionately called out to her..." "...Arkasha! Arkasha!" Kirsanov shouted... his lips had already pressed against his beardless, dusty and tanned cheek. .."
Humble: "...so kind and humble..."
Cowardly:"... although not only was he not distinguished by courage, but even earned the nickname of a coward ..." "... Nikolai Petrovich was afraid of the young "nihilist" ..."
bashful, able to blush: "... Nikolai Petrovich blushed ..."
Conscientious:“... Of course, I should be ashamed,” answered Nikolai Petrovich, blushing more and more ...
Impractical, he is not good at housekeeping: "...Brother is not quite practical..." (Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov about his brother Nikolai Petrovich) "...more than once, seeing how he struggled and racked his brains, thinking of how to dodge. .." "... hardly understands the economy ..." "... The cattle are bad, and the horses are broken. The buildings are also running up, and the workers look like notorious sloths; and the manager is either a fool or a rogue..."
Loves nature:... And he looked around, as if wanting to understand how one can not sympathize with nature ... "
Loves poetry in particular - Pushkin's poems: "... But to reject poetry? - he thought again, - not to sympathize with art, nature? .." "... But, by the way, I agree with Pushkin - remember, in Eugene Onegin ..." "... He reads poetry in vain ..."
Plays the piano and sings:"...played four hands on the piano, sang duets..."
Plays the cello:"...played with feeling, albeit with an inexperienced hand, "Waiting" by Schubert<...>Does your father play the cello? - Yes..."
Tactful, delicate:"... imperceptibly, so as not to offend his son, he turned his nose away ..."
Opinions about him:"golden man": "...And your father is a nice fellow..." "...My father is a golden man..." "...He is so kind, good man!.." "...this ladybug Nikolay Petrovich...
Romantic:"...these old romantics!.." (Evgeny Bazarov about Kirsanov)
Dreamer:"... Our Nikolai Petrovich was daydreaming..." "... He liked to daydream; country life developed this ability in him...
Hardworking:"...despite all his zeal and industriousness..."
Sometimes lazy:"...he was willingly lazy..."
Knows French and German languages: "...He hesitated for a moment and continued in French..." "...I understand German..."
Homebody, afraid of the company of people: "... Nikolai Petrovich, like all couch potatoes, was engaged in treatment..." "... he was afraid of society..."
Optimist:"... Nikolai Petrovich did not lose heart, but often sighed and thought..."
Confiding, it is easy to deceive him: "... And the good peasants will deceive your father without fail..." "... he is being deceived..."
Self-critical:"...Either I'm stupid, or it's all nonsense. I must be stupid..."
Melancholy:"...Him<...>tears welled up, causeless tears..." "...Help me sit on the droshky and don't indulge in melancholy..."
Peaceful. He doesn't like fights: "... It's impossible to fight on your own..."
Lives in an informal marriage with a simple peasant Fenechka. Their son Mitya is born: "... Of course, if this girl were not worth it ... This is not a frivolous whim ..." "... this girl, about whom you probably already heard<...>she now lives with me. I put it in the house...
At the end of the novel Nikolai Petrovich marries Fenechka: "... in a small parish church, quietly and almost without witnesses, two weddings took place: Arkady with Katya and Nikolai Petrovich with Fenechka ..."
In order to understand the conflict of the novel in its entirety, one should understand all the shades of disagreement between Evgeny Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. "Who is Bazarov?" - the Kirsanovs ask and hear Arkady's answer: "Nihilist". According to Pavel Petrovich, nihilists simply do not recognize anything and do not respect anything. The views of the nihilist Bazarov can only be determined by ascertaining his position. The question of what to recognize, on what, on what grounds to build one's convictions, is extremely important for Pavel Petrovich. This is what the principles of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov are: the aristocrats won the right to a leading position in society not by origin, but by moral virtues and deeds ("The aristocracy gave freedom to England and supports it"), i.e., the moral standards developed by aristocrats are the support of human personality. Only immoral people can live without principles. After reading Bazarov’s statements about the uselessness of big words, we see that Pavel Petrovich’s “principles” do not correlate with his activities for the benefit of society, and Bazarov accepts only what is useful (“They will tell me the case - I agree.” “Now it’s more useful negation of everything - we deny"). Eugene also denies the political system, which confuses Pavel Petrovich (he "turned pale"). The attitude towards the people of Pavel Petrovich and Bazarov is different. To Pavel Petrovich, the religiosity of the people, life according to the orders established by grandfathers seem to be primordial and valuable features folk life, touch him. To Bazarov, these qualities are hateful: "The people believe that when thunder rumbles, this is Elijah the prophet in a chariot driving around the sky. Well? Do I agree with him?" One and the same phenomenon is called differently, and in different ways its role in the life of the people is evaluated. Pavel Petrovich: "He (the people) cannot live without faith." Bazarov: "The grossest superstition is choking him." The disagreements between Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich in relation to art and nature are visible. From Bazarov's point of view, "reading Pushkin is a waste of time, making music is ridiculous, enjoying nature is ridiculous." Pavel Petrovich, on the contrary, loves nature, music. The maximalism of Bazarov, who believes that everything can and should be based only on one's own experience and feelings, leads to the denial of art, since art is just a generalization and artistic comprehension someone else's experience. Art (and literature, and painting, and music) softens the soul, distracts from work. All this is "romanticism", "nonsense". Bazarov, for whom the main figure of the time was the Russian peasant, crushed by poverty, "gross superstitions", it seemed blasphemous to "talk" about art, "unconscious creativity" when "it's about daily bread."
So, in Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" two strong, vivid characters collided. According to his views, convictions, Pavel Petrovich appeared before us as a representative of the "fettering, chilling power of the past", and Yevgeny Bazarov - as part of the "destructive, liberating power of the present."
And what does Bazarov do among these three personalities? First, he tries to pay as little attention to them as possible and spends most of his time at work; wanders around, collecting plants and insects, cutting up frogs and making microscopic observations; he looks at Arkady as at a child, at Nikolai Petrovich - as at a good-natured old man, or, as he puts it, at an old romantic. He is not entirely friendly towards Pavel Petrovich; he is revolted by the element of nobility in him, but he involuntarily tries to hide his irritation under the guise of contemptuous indifference. Bazarov does not like not to argue, nor to speak out at all, and only Pavel Petrovich partly has the ability to call him into a meaningful conversation. These two strong character act hostile to each other; seeing these two people; one can imagine the struggle taking place between two generations immediately following one after the other.
Topic: E. BAZAROV AMONG THE KIRSANOVS. IDEOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL DIFFERENCES OF THE HEROES
Goals: work on the content of the novel, analysis of chapters II, IV, X; draw students' attention to the origin of E. Bazarov, his behavior at a party, attitude towards the Kirsanov brothers; based on the text, highlight the main lines of the dispute between Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, determine the "winner" in these disputes.
Course of lessons
I. Survey.
1. Tell us about the history of the creation of the novel "Fathers and Sons." To whom did Turgenev dedicate his work?
2. Do the heroes of the novel have prototypes? Who are they?
3. What social conflict underlies the novel "Fathers and Sons"?
4. What is the position of the writer in the dispute between liberal nobles and raznochintsy-democrats?
5. What is the main conflict of the novel? How is this reflected in the work?
6. How do you understand the meaning of the title of the novel?
7. Tell us about the era of the 60s of the XIX century (based on the novel).
II. Analysis of the content of the second chapter of the novel. Meeting of Evgeny Bazarov with Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov(reading in faces).
1. How is Evgeny Bazarov dressed? What does "hoodie with tassels" mean? (hoodie -loose clothing . The appearance of Bazarov in such a robe among the Kirsanovs is a challenge to aristocratic conventions.)
2. Appearance of Bazarov. What did Nikolai Petrovich pay attention to? (“The naked red hand” of Bazarov is the hand of a person accustomed to physical labor.)
3. How did Bazarov introduce himself? (“Eugene Vasiliev” is a common form. This is how the peasants were presented.)
4. Why, when meeting with Nikolai Petrovich, Bazarov did not immediately shake his hand? (And what if his hand hangs in the air? After all, the aristocrat Nikolai Petrovich could not shake his hand.)
III. Analysis of the content of the IV chapter of the novel. Bazarov's arrival in Maryino.
1. What impression does the Maryino estate make?
2. How does Bazarov behave? Nikolai Petrovich? (Nikolai Petrovich tries not to notice the guest's cheeky manners.)
3. Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. His appearance, mannerisms. (Appearance is striking sophistication.) Turgenev sympathizes with the hero or ironically over him?
4. What assessment did Bazarov give to the Kirsanov brothers?
5. What did Evgeny Bazarov do in Maryino? Arkady? (“Arkady sybaritized, Bazarov worked.” The life of the nobles passes in idleness, and the content of Bazarov’s life is work, even at a party he continues his natural science studies.)
6. What is the attitude of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov to Bazarov? (“Pavel Petrovich hated Bazarov with all the strength of his soul: he considered him proud, impudent, cynic, plebeian.”)
7. How do ordinary people feel about Bazarov?
8. Bazarov - "nihilist". How does Arkady explain the meaning of this word? What is the essence of Bazar's nihilism? (To treat everything from a critical point of view, without taking anything for granted. Nihilism is a special worldview, which is based on the denial of social norms, rules, principles.)
Bazarov and Kirsanov Nikolai Petrovich and Pavel Petrovich are different people. Bazarov is a "nihilist" and a democrat, a man who has gone through a harsh school of labor and deprivation. The Kirsanovs are people of the "old age". There can be no reconciliation and unity between them. A collision is inevitable.
(The chapter is dominated by dialogue. Turgenev is a master of dialogue.)
1. Reading the dialogues of the characters in the faces.
2. Follow what the characters say and how they say it. (How do you understand the word “principle” and why do the heroes argue about principles so fiercely? Explain the point of view of the arguing. What is behind the principles: the requirements of life or tradition? Is P. Kirsanov right when he reproaches the youth for unscrupulousness? How do the heroes relate to the existing system? Can Bazarov be considered a revolutionary? What is the weak side of Bazarov's political views? Do those who argue convince each other?)
3. Views on nature and art. Identification of the author's position. Does Turgenev join Bazarov's statement that nature is not a temple, but a workshop? Does he completely deny Bazarov's creed? With what description of nature does the author end the novel, and why?
The fight between Pavel Petrovich and Bazarov takes place over evening tea. The heroes argue about the Russian people, about the principles and activities of the nihilists, about art and nature, about the nobility and the aristocracy. Each remark of Bazarov is directed against some generally recognized principle. (P. Kirsanov speaks of the need to follow authorities, to believe in them. E. Bazarov denies the reasonableness of both. Pavel Petrovich claims that one cannot live without principles, Bazarov answers: “Aristocratism, liberalism, progress, principles, you think how many foreign and ... useless words!" Pavel Petrovich is touched by the backwardness of the Russian people and reproaches Bazarov for contempt for the people, the nihilist parries the reproach: "Well, if he deserves contempt!" speaks of Schiller and Goethe, Bazarov exclaims: "A decent chemist is twenty times more useful than any poet!" during this period of rapid development of science and technical thought, there was often an underestimation of art among a part of society.Bazarov was also characterized by such extremes. ov recognized only what was useful to his cause. The criterion of usefulness is the starting position from which the hero approached various phenomena of life and art.)
In the fights between E. Bazarov and P. Kirsanov, the truth was not born. The participants in the dispute were driven not by the desire for it, but by mutual intolerance. Both heroes were not quite fair to each other.
Homework.
2. Answer the questions:
1) The attitude of the characters to love, to a woman in general.
2) E. Bazarov and Anna Sergeevna Odintsova.
3) The love story of P.P. Kirsanov to Princess R.
4) Are Arkady and Katya happy?
The mutual hostility of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov and Bazarov manifests itself long before the disputes, in which the antagonism of their views was clearly defined. Still, in essence, knowing nothing about each other, they are already hostilely alert.
This happens because Turgenev, with fleeting indications of individual features of their appearance and behavior, causes these heroes to pay increased attention to each other and, thus, helps them to determine and prepare their positions even before disputes. Getting acquainted with Bazarov, Nikolai Petrovich "tightly squeezed his naked, red hand, which he did not immediately give him."
In itself, the fact that Bazarov, when meeting Nikolai Petrovich, "did not immediately give him" his hand, would seem to be unremarkable. But this unremarkable circumstance is repeated - when Bazarov meets Pavel Petrovich, he acts similarly to Bazarov, only much more definitely. He is also in no hurry to shake hands. Moreover, at the same time, he not only “did not immediately give him” his hand, but did not give it at all and even put it back in his pocket.
Pavel Petrovich has a beautiful hand "with long pink nails", which seems "even more beautiful from the snowy whiteness of the sleeve, buttoned with a single large opal." Bazarov, on the other hand, has a red hand and is dressed, in his own words, in “clothes”, which the servant Prokofich, accustomed to the aristocratic dress of his masters, took to the cleaners with a bewildered mine on his face.
That's the whole point. Bazarov's "clothing" and a red hand, obviously indicating unfamiliarity with gloves, hurt Pavel Petrovich's eyes: he immediately recognizes a democrat by these clearly "revealing" signs. Bazarov, when not touched, is indifferently careless in his relations with the nobles. An example is his first meeting with Nikolai Petrovich, a nobleman who does not flaunt his aristocratic habits. Therefore, Bazarov, although "not immediately," nevertheless gives him a hand.
As for Pavel Petrovich, even as a result of the first fleeting acquaintance with him, the democratic nature of Bazarov could not help but be indignant. “Nails, nails, at least send them to the exhibition!” he remarks ironically, left alone with Arkady. The same coin pays Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich, whose speech is full of underlined sarcasm:
"Who is this?" Pavel Petrovich asked Bazarov, his brother in retirement.
- A friend of Arkasha ...
This hairy one?
-Well, yes.
Pavel Petrovich tapped his nails on the table. The words "this" and "hairy" along with a meaningful gesture at the end are not accompanied by any author's explanations. Nevertheless, the essence of the feelings experienced by Pavel Petrovich at this moment is already clear. In general, Pavel Petrovich's bilious aristocratic contempt for Bazarov is constantly reflected in remarks similar to the above.
He clearly avoids even calling Bazarov by his first name or last name, preferring to get by with the help of some allegorical turn. In one place, he drops casually: "here the nihilist gentleman has come." In the other - "this lord." It is possible to note only the only case when Pavel Petrovich mentioned the name of Bazarov, but even then the scornfully ironic meaning of the statement is striking. When Pavel Petrovich found out that Bazarov was the son of a man of a non-noble profession, a regimental doctor, and even one who served in his father’s division, he uttered a meaningful “hm!”, “moved his mustache” and asked with an “arrangement”: “Well, and Mr. Bazarov himself, in fact, what is it? It is clear that here Bazarov is called a gentleman in mockery.
From the point of view of Pavel Petrovich, the son of a doctor cannot be a real master. In conversations directly with Bazarov, Pavel Petrovich, however, is distinguished by refined, “chilling”, according to Turgenev’s definition, politeness, but even it is most often only decorative in nature, shading the seething restless hostile feelings. So, once from the language of the “politely restrained” Pavel Petrovich breaks down already in the presence of Bazarov: “Before, young people were just blockheads, but now they have become nihilists.”
Pavel Petrovich boasts of feeling dignity, highly developed in him and supposedly always able to keep him within the boundaries of decency, which he declares to his brother, who begs the disputants to do without "personalities", but immediately his self-esteem betrays him. “Don’t worry,” he said, “I won’t forget, precisely because of that sense of dignity over which the lord ... lord doctor so mocks.”
In the light of the heated dispute about nihilism, as a result of which Pavel Petrovich reached the highest degree of irritation, and Bazarov’s face “took on some copper and rough color”, the insult of this pause (Mr. ... Mr. Doctor) leaves no doubt. Pavel Petrovich refrained from calling Bazarov "Mr. Nihilist" directly to his face, but on the other hand expressed this with a pause, which under such circumstances does not go unnoticed.
When depicting the scene before the duel and when depicting the duel itself, Bazarov's behavior is especially revealing. All the embodied gentlemanly correctness, Pavel Petrovich, who came to challenge Bazarov to a duel, speaks to him in an emphatically official language. Bazarov in a hidden form ridicules the noble manners reflected in the language of Pavel Petrovich. He does this with the help of an ironic repetition of the ends of Pavel Petrovich's phrases. Pavel Petrovich, setting out the motives for the challenge, says:
“We can't stand each other. What more?
"What more," Bazarov repeated ironically...
- As for the conditions of the duel themselves, since we have
there will be no seconds - for where are they to be found?
“Exactly, where can I get them?”
And before the duel. Pavel Petrovich:
"Can we get started?"
Bazarov:
"Let's get started.
“You don’t require new explanations, I suppose?”
“I don’t require…”
Pavel Petrovich, giving pistols:
"Please choose.
- I agree.
Bazarov's ironic attitude to all this obsolete ritualism is also expressed by the fact that he replaces the very word duel with the word "battle". “Peter,” he says, “I undertake to properly prepare and bring him to the place of the massacre.” The choice of words here replaces the description of the hero's state of mind.