Writers talk about kindness and its absence very often, in almost every work. The texts selected for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language are no exception. Therefore, we have selected the most relevant problems from this area and revealed each of them with the help of arguments.

1. Princess Marya Bolkonskaya, heroine epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", always helped the poor and the sick, raised her nephew Nikolenka, cared for her dying father, fulfilling all his whims. The girl was ready to lay down her life and forget about herself for the sake of the happiness of others. The beautiful soul of Marya is expressed in her radiant eyes, which make her beautiful. The kindness of the princess was rewarded: she found family happiness, her husband Nikolai fell in love with her kind soul.
2. Aigle the tale collector, hero A. Green's story "Scarlet Sails", told little Assol a fairy tale about a ship with scarlet sails, which would take her away from the terrible society of the inhabitants of Kaperna, who constantly offend the girl and her father. This tale and Egl's kind attitude inspired Assol, and she was able to survive all life's collisions. When the heroine grew up, the fairy tale became a reality, and Captain Gray took her from Caperna, sailing on a ship from her dreams.

Clash of good and evil

1. In the book M. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" the clash of good and evil is especially evident in the Master's novel about Yeshua. He, as an absolute good, is faced with evil, which wants to destroy him. However, Yeshua does not rebel, does not get angry, he humbly awaits his fate, believing in the kindness of people. The hero is sure: "There are no evil people, there are only unhappy people." Despite the fact that Yeshua was executed, he won this battle. Pilate admitted his mistake and repented of it, in his soul good prevailed over evil. That is why he was forgiven.
2. Philosophy of goodness in the novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" presented in the image of Platon Karataev. This hero loves the whole world, treats every living being kindly. He does not know the word "pacifist", but, in fact, he is. In the worldview of men, echoes of Christian commandments. He believes that it is necessary to endure all suffering meekly. Faced with evil in the form of war and captivity, Plato submits to fate and endures again without complaining about it. In a clash with evil, the hero is on the side of his inner strength, which helps not to give up and appreciate every moment lived.

The need for kindness

1. Andrey Sokolov, hero M. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man", life did not indulge: war, concentration camp, captivity, loss of loved ones. Sokolov had no reason to live, he waved his hand at himself. However, the man met an orphan boy Vanyushka, who lost his parents. Andrei introduced himself as the father of the child, adopted him and gave them both a chance to save themselves from longing (and Vanyushka even from starvation on the street). The good deed of the hero helped not only the boy, but also himself, to survive together in a cruel and complex world much easier.
2. The kindness of Peter Grinev from stories by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" saved his life. Giving a short fur coat to an unknown tramp who helped him find his way in a snowstorm, the hero rendered a service to Emelyan Pugachev, who rebelled against the authorities. The rebel later instilled fear in the fortresses and fortifications and executed all the officers in them. But Pugachev remembered Grinev's kindness, let him go, and later even helped rescue his beloved woman.

Acts of true kindness

1. Sonya Marmeladova, heroine novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", is a truly kind person. In order to feed her stepmother's children, she began to sell her body, "went on a yellow ticket." The father's wife pushed Sonya into this field, but the girl did not hold a grudge, because she was thinking about hungry children. Marmeladova remained a bright, believing person, despite her studies. When Sonya followed Raskolnikov to hard labor, the prisoners immediately fell in love with her for her kindness. And with her cordiality she led the protagonist to repentance and purification.
2. Elena the heroine novel by I.S. Turgenev "On the Eve", from childhood she wished for “active good”: she always helped the poor and the sick, for example, at the age of ten she bowed to the poor girl Katya. Kindness remained with Elena for life. For the sake of her beloved Bulgarian revolutionary Insarov, she left everything in Russia and went to Bulgaria. When her newly-made husband fell ill, she stayed with him until the very end, and after his death she decided to continue the work of her beloved.

Education of kindness from childhood

1. Ilya Ilyich Oblomov from the novel of the same name by I.A. Goncharova grew up in an atmosphere of love and affection. He was not particularly developed or trained, however, according to modern psychologists, he was given the most important thing - parental love. Thanks to her, the hero saw an ideal in Oblomovka, and he himself did not wish harm to anyone. Yes, Ilya Ilyich is an inert and lack of initiative, but a completely harmless man. Unfortunately, without penetrating qualities, kindness does not really help in life, so education should be harmonious.
2. Katherine, heroine dramas A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" married early. And immediately from her warm home, she fell into the totalitarian atmosphere of her husband's house. It is hard for a woman to live in lies and hypocrisy under the authority of her mother-in-law Kabanikhi, who puts pressure on all household members, imposing the old order on them. At home in Katerina, the soul was doomed, she walked with her parents, prayed, and was engaged in creativity. But all this was without pressure, not under duress, so it was easy. The heroine grew up kind, with a sense of inner freedom. The harder it was for her in her mother-in-law's house. But it was the kindness, learned from childhood, that helped Katerina not to turn the house into a training ground and to the last treat the tormentor with respect and reverence. So, she spared Varvara and Tikhon, who treated her well.

The main character of the story "Yushka" is a poor blacksmith's assistant, Yefim. In the people, everyone simply calls him Yushka. This still young man, due to consumption, early turned into an old man. He was very thin, weak in hands, almost blind, but he worked with all his might. Early in the morning, Yushka was already in the forge, fanning the forge with fur, carrying water and sand. And so the whole day, until the evening. For work, he was fed cabbage soup, porridge and bread, and instead of tea, Yushka drank water. He was always dressed in old
pants and blouse, burnt through with sparks. Parents often said about him to negligent students: “Here you will be the same as Yushka. You will grow up and you will walk barefoot in the summer, and in thin boots in the winter. Children often offended Yushka on the street, threw branches and stones at him. The old man was not offended, calmly walked by. The children did not understand why they could not get Yushka out of themselves. They pushed the old man, laughed at him, and rejoiced that he could do nothing with the offenders. Yushka was also happy. He thought that the children pestered him because they loved him. They cannot express their love in any other way, and therefore they torment the unfortunate old man.
Adults were not much different from children. They called Yushka "blissful", "animal". From the meekness of Yushka, they came to even greater bitterness, often beat him. Once, after another beating, the blacksmith's daughter Dasha asked in her hearts why Yushka lives in the world at all. To which he replied that the people love him, the people need him. Dasha objected that people beat Yushka to the blood, what kind of love is that. And the old man replied that the people love him "without a clue", that "the heart in people is sometimes blind." And then one evening a passer-by clung to Yushka on the street and pushed the old man so that he fell backwards. Yushka no longer got up: the blood went down his throat and he died.
And after a while a young girl appeared, she was looking for an old man. It turned out that Yushka placed her, an orphan, in Moscow with a family, then taught at school. He collected his meager salary, denying himself even tea in order to raise the orphan to his feet. And so the girl trained as a doctor and came to cure Yushka of his illness. But didn't have time. It's been a long time. The girl stayed in the city where Yushka lived, worked as a doctor in a hospital, always helped everyone and never took money for treatment. And everyone called her the daughter of the good Yushka.

So at one time people could not appreciate the beauty of the soul of this man, their heart was blind. They considered Yushka a useless person who has no place on earth. To understand that the old man did not live his life in vain, they could only learn about his pupil. Yushka helped a stranger, an orphan. How many are capable of such a noble selfless act? And Yushka saved up his pennies so that the girl would grow up, learn, use her chance in life. The veil from the eyes of people fell only after his death. And now they are already talking about him as a "good" Yushka.
The author urges us not to become stale, not to harden our hearts. Let our heart "see" the need of every person on earth. After all, all people have the right to life, and Yushka also proved that he did not live it in vain.

The author of the novel focuses on time, comparing the era of Christ and contemporary Moscow in the late twenties of the twentieth century. Despite the past two thousand years, people still remain the same greedy, selfish, glory-hungry adulterers. Time has not changed human nature. He is also subject to all sins, as if at the beginning of time. But time has passed, and it's time to get better. However, all Muscovites yearn for the same thing as Judas, they suffer from the fear of losing their post, like Pilate, they lie and profit, like Likhodeev. Time is a useless category if a person does not change ... Alas!

2. A.P. Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard"

Time in the play is blurry, as if people are frozen in their development and are not going to move forward. Three generations are represented in the comedy: the past represented by Firs, Ranevskaya and Gaev, the present by Lopakhin, and the future by Anya Ranevskaya. It was Anya, not Petya Trofimov. The past is something that has become obsolete, gone into oblivion, Firs, who lives in the era before the abolition of serfdom, Gaev, who talks about actions, but almost like Oblomov, who cannot and does not want to do anything to change the world and his own life. Ranevskaya, giving the “golden” to the beggar, when there is nothing in the house for either servants or household members. All of them live in a world of dreams, past memories of a serf kingdom. The real master of Lopakhin's life is too ephemeral: his years are numbered, the accumulated, albeit by labor, will be declared public property, but today he is a winner. Only Anya, a seventeen-year-old girl, is ready for change. She knows that the future depends on her ability to work, the opportunity to earn money and make this world different. "Teacher" Petya Trofimov brought up a citizen of the twentieth century - a century of change.

3. A.T. Tvardovsky "By Right of Memory"

In his poem, the author tried to present an image of, probably, the most cruel time in which the fate of the lyrical hero had to live. Remembering his own fate and the fate of his father, the author writes about the deceit of the “father of peoples”, who hid fear and hatred for dissident citizens of his fatherland behind his words.

For a long time, children became fathers,
But for the universal father
We were all in the answer
And the judgment lasts for decades
And there is no end in sight.

The court of time is the most cruel and at the same time fair court. Only at a distance is the true face of time seen.

And for nothing they think that memory
Don't value yourself
What will drag out the duckweed of time
I love the story
I love pain.
No, all the past omissions
Now duty commands to say.

4. A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"

The category of time in the story has a very important compositional meaning. The whole plot of the story is based on time. One day, in which the moment was combined, decisive not only for the moment, but for the whole life. Starting with the rise of Ivan Denisovich half an hour before the general wake-up call, ending with the moment of falling asleep and counting the days spent in custody. But time is still a manageable category, the authorities moved the rise an hour earlier, thereby creating the illusion of time management. In fact, everything is decided not by time, but by the will and discipline of a person who is able to invest the whole meaning of life in a minute, to gain freedom while in prison.

If you understand that your need is charitable help, then pay attention to this article.
Those who, without your participation, may lose an exciting business, turned to you for help.
Many children, boys and girls, dream of becoming pilots on the track.
They go to classes where, under the guidance of an experienced coach, they learn the techniques of high-speed driving.
Only constant exercises allow you to overtake correctly, build a trajectory and choose speed.
The basis of victory on the track is a good qualification. And, of course, professional cards.
Children who participate in clubs are completely dependent on adults, because lack of money and broken parts do not allow them to participate in competitions.
How much pleasure and new sensations the guys experience when they get behind the wheel and start driving the car.
Maybe not only the champions of Russia, but even the future world champions in this sport grow up in such a circle?!
You can help the children's section of karting, which is located in the city of Syzran. We're in a dire situation right now. Everything rests on the enthusiasm of the leader: Sergey Krasnov.
Read my letter and look at the photos. Pay attention to the passion with which my pupils work.
They love this developing sport and really want to continue their education.
I appeal to you with a request to help the karting section survive in the city of Syzran.
Previously, there were TWO young technician stations in the city, and each had a karting section. Karting was also in the Palace of Pioneers. Now there is not a single station in the city, and the circle in the Palace of Pioneers was also destroyed. Closed - does not turn to say, just destroyed!
We fought, wrote letters, everywhere they got the same answer. About five years ago I went to the governor of the Samara region for a reception. He did not accept, but the deputy accepted me.
After that, we were given a room where we were based. We have a lot of children who want to go karting, but very poor material conditions do not allow recruiting children.
And most of the karts need repair. This is the position our circle is in.
We also turned to the mayor of the city of Syzran for help. We are waiting for help for the second year. We decided to contact you via the Internet for help.
Contact me, ADDRESS FOR PARCEL, 446012 Samara region, Syzran, 47 Novosibirskskaya st. [email protected] And we also have a petition, if it doesn't make it difficult for you, sign it. And if the Lord helps in difficult circumstances, then do not forget about gratitude later. Then He will not forget about your needs.

THE PROBLEM OF RESISTANCE AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS

1. In the novel by L.N. Tostoy's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army that wants to defeat the enemy at all costs, and does not have a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that behind him was the ancient capital, the heart of Russia, Moscow.

2. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet..." Five young girls who opposed German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. Anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and endurance, showed themselves to be true patriots.

THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS

1. an example of sacrificial love is Jane Eyre, the heroine of the novel of the same name by Charlotte Brontë. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person she loved most when he went blind.

2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures the severity of her father. She treats the old prince with love, despite his difficult character. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often unnecessarily demanding of her. Mary's love is sincere, pure, bright.

THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING HONOR

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" for Pyotr Grinev, honor was the most important life principle. Even before the threat of the death penalty, Peter, who swore allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize the sovereign in Pugachev. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Aleksey Shvabrin, on the contrary, committed a betrayal and lost his own dignity when he went over to the camp of an impostor.

2. The problem of preserving honor is raised in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the protagonist are completely different. Ostap is an honest and courageous person. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic nature. For the love of a Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. His personal interests come first. Andriy dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, one should always remain honest, first of all, with oneself.

THE PROBLEM OF LOYAL LOVE

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinev from exile when she "asks for mercy" from the Empress. Thus, at the heart of the relationship between Masha and Peter is mutual assistance.

2. Selfless love is one of the themes of M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own, helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites white-washed chapters, trying to keep the master calm and happy. In this, a woman sees her destiny.

THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" shows a long way to repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of "permission of blood in conscience", the protagonist despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity of the crime committed. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.

THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD

1. In the story of I.A. Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco", the American millionaire served the "golden calf". The main character believed that the meaning of life lies in the accumulation of wealth. When the Master died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.

2. In Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of life in the family, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character abandons social life, devotes herself entirely to the family. Natasha Rostova found her destiny in this world and became truly happy.

THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY IllITERACY AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUTH

1. In "Letters about the good and the beautiful" D.S. Likhachev claims that a book educates a person better than any work. A well-known scientist admires the ability of a book to educate a person, to form her inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach to think, make a person intelligent.

2. Ray Bradbury in Fahrenheit 451 shows what happened to mankind after all books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there are no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply soulless, since there is no literature that can make people analyze, think, make decisions.

CHILD EDUCATION PROBLEM

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from parents and educators. As a child, the main character was an inquisitive and active child, but excessive care led to Oblomov's apathy and lack of will in adulthood.

2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" in the Rostov family reigns the spirit of mutual understanding, fidelity, love. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness, nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM

1. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ..." Smolensk doctor Janson is working tirelessly. The protagonist in any weather hurries to help the sick. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to win the love and respect of all the inhabitants of the city.

2.

THE PROBLEM OF SOLDIER'S FATE IN WAR

1. The fate of the main characters of the story by B.L. Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet ...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls died. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls became an example of perseverance and courage.

2. V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. The further fate of the soldiers was different. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to give up and chose death.

THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A MAN IN LOVE

1. In the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for a Pole, went over to the camp of the enemy, betrayed his brother, father, homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to go out with weapons against his yesterday's comrades. For Andrii, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his youngest son.

2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, like the main character P. Zyuskind's "Perfumer. The Story of a Murderer". Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is not capable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, the creation of a fragrance that inspires people to love. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who commits the most serious crimes to carry out his meta.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL

1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka eavesdropped and informed the head of everything that was said about him. Later, Romashov went so far as to collect information proving Nikolai Antonovich's guilt in the death of Captain Tatarinov's expedition. All the actions of Chamomile are low, destroying not only his life but also the fate of other people.

2. Even deeper consequences are entailed by the act of the hero of the story V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember". Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but also causes the suicide of his wife Nastya.

THE PROBLEM OF DECEPTIONAL APPEARANCE

1. In Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Helen Kuragina, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, does not have a rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual decline.

2. In Victor Hugo's Notre Dame Cathedral, Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The appearance of the protagonist is completely unsightly, but behind it lies a noble and beautiful soul, capable of sincere love.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL IN WAR

1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrey Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went to reconnaissance, never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after a while, Guskov thought about why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness took over, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and caused the suicide of his wife Nastya. Pangs of conscience tormented the hero, but he was no longer able to change anything.

2. In V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve "great Germany". His comrade Sotnikov, on the other hand, is an example of resilience. Despite the unbearable pain he experiences during the torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his act, wants to run away, but understands that there is no turning back.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE HOMELAND ON CREATIVITY

1. Yu.Ya. Yakovlev in the story "Awakened by Nightingales" writes about the difficult boy Selyuzhenka, whom those around him did not like. One night, the protagonist heard the trill of a nightingale. Beautiful sounds struck the child, aroused interest in creativity. Selyuzhenok enrolled in an art school, and since then the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens the best qualities in the human soul, helps to reveal the creative potential.

2. Love for the native land is the main motive of the painter A.G. Venetsianov. His brush belongs to a number of paintings dedicated to the life of ordinary peasants. "Reapers", "Zakharka", "Sleeping Shepherd" - these are my favorite canvases of the artist. The life of ordinary people, the beauty of Russia's nature prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have attracted the attention of viewers for more than two centuries with their freshness and sincerity.

THE PROBLEM OF INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood the happiest time. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from his parents and educators. Excessive care caused Oblomov's apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to wake up Ilya Ilyich. However, his way of life remained unchanged, because the way of his native Oblomovka forever left a mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced the life of Ilya Ilyich.

2. In the poem "My Way" S.A. Yesenin admitted that childhood played an important role in his work. Once at the age of nine, inspired by the nature of his native village, the boy wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined the life path of S.A. Yesenin.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A LIFE PATH

1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. The lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize their potential.

2. From M. Mirsky's book "Healing with a scalpel. Academician N.N. Burdenko" I learned that the outstanding doctor first studied at the seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Entering the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev, in "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful," argues that "one must live life with dignity, so as not to be ashamed to remember." With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a generous, honest and not indifferent person.

THE PROBLEM OF DOG DEFOY

1. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky "White Bim Black Ear" tells the tragic fate of the Scottish Setter. Beam the dog is desperately trying to find his owner, who is having a heart attack. Along the way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog was killed. Bim can certainly be called a true friend, devoted to the owner until the end of his days.

2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family has to give up their collie to other people due to financial hardship. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when the new owner takes her away from her home. Collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog is reunited with the former owners.

THE PROBLEM OF SKILLS IN ART

1. In the story of V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Pyotr Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, with his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.

2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that the young pianist is surprisingly talented and hardworking. The boy's talent does not go unnoticed. His playing amazed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.

THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE FOR WRITERS

1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the protagonist is fond of poetry. Yuri Zhivago is a witness of the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. So life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.

2. The theme of the writer's vocation is raised in Jack London's novel "Martin Eden". The protagonist is a sailor who has been doing hard physical labor for many years. Martin Eden visited different countries, saw the life of ordinary people. All this became the main theme of his work. So life experience allowed a simple sailor to become a famous writer.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MENTAL STATE OF A HUMAN

1. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet" Vera Sheina experiences spiritual purification to the sounds of Beethoven's sonata. Listening to classical music, the heroine calms down after her trials. The magical sounds of the sonata helped Vera find inner balance, find the meaning of her future life.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" evoke feelings in his soul that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel "such vivacity, such strength, which seemed to rise from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat."

THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE

1. In the story of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Pyotr Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilyevna was depressed when she learned that her son had to leave for a long time to work. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because for her nothing could be harder than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna's love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WAR ART WORKS ON HUMANS

1. In Lev Kassil's story "The Great Confrontation", Sima Krupitsyna listened every morning to news reports from the front on the radio. Once the girl heard the song "Holy War". Sima was so excited by the words of this anthem for the defense of the Fatherland that she decided to go to the front. So the work of art inspired the main character to a feat.

THE PROBLEM OF PSEUSIC SCIENCE

1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "White Clothes", Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine approved by the party. For the sake of personal gain, the academician launches a struggle against genetic scientists. A number of vehemently defends pseudoscientific views and goes to the most dishonest deeds in order to achieve fame. The fanaticism of an academician leads to the death of talented scientists, the cessation of important research.

2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story "Candidate of Sciences" opposes those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science, and consequently, of society as a whole. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky emphasizes the need to combat pseudoscientists.

THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE

1. In the story of A.S. Pushkin's "Station Master" Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter ran away with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. From anguish and hopelessness, the caretaker died. Only a few years later Dunya came to her father's grave. The girl felt guilty for the caretaker's death, but repentance came too late.

2. In the story of K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna foresaw her imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at the grave of Katerina Petrovna. So K.G. Paustovsky claims that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.

THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY

1. V.G. Rasputin in the essay "Eternal Field" writes about his impressions of the trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time much has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Russia.

2. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev “The dawns here are quiet…” five girls fell fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their comrade-in-arms Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina's son Albert returned to the site of the death of anti-aircraft gunners to install a gravestone and perpetuate their feat.

THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE WAY OF A GIFTED PERSON

1. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying..." Smolensk doctor Janson is an example of disinterestedness combined with high professionalism. The most talented doctor hurried to help the sick every day in any weather, without demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor won the love and respect of all the inhabitants of the city.

2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin "Mozart and Salieri" tells the story of the life of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart selflessly serves art. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite the death of Mozart, his works live and excite the hearts of people.

THE PROBLEM OF THE DESTRUCTIVE CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

1. A. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matrenin Dvor" depicts the life of the Russian village after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to the loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy, became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.

2. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" shows the life path of a soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family died during the bombardment. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable thing they have.

THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTION OF THE INTERNAL WORLD OF HUMAN

1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" Yevgeny Bazarov is distinguished by his intelligence, diligence, determination, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who succumb to feelings, but is convinced of the wrongness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsova. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are inherently contradictory.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive character traits. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and dependent. Oblomov is not interested in real life, it makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by sincerity, sincerity, and the ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov's character.

THE PROBLEM OF FAIR ATTITUDE TO PEOPLE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich investigates the murder of an old pawnbroker. The investigator is a fine connoisseur of human psychology. He understands the motives for the crime of Rodion Raskolnikov and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives the young man a chance to turn himself in. This will later serve as a mitigating circumstance in the Raskolnikov case.

2. A.P. Chekhov in the story "Chameleon" introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out because of a dog bite. Police warden Ochumelov tries to decide if she deserves to be punished. Ochumelov's verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The overseer does not seek justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.

THE PROBLEM OF INTERRELATION OF MAN AND NATURE

1. In the story of V.P. Astafieva "Tsar-fish" Ignatich has been poaching for many years. Once a fisherman caught a giant sturgeon on a hook. Ignatich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself was overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: "The king of the rivers and the king of all nature are in the same trap." So the author emphasizes the inseparable connection between man and nature.

2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels herself an integral part of the world around her, knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel “such vivacity, such strength, which, it seemed, all rose from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat.” Thus, music can awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.

2. In the novel by M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don" songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing in military campaigns, in the field, at weddings. The Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, love for the Don, the steppes.

THE PROBLEM OF BOOKS SUPPOSED BY TV

1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society based on mass culture. In this world, people who can think critically are outlawed, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was supplanted by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are unspiritual, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.

2. In the book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful”, D.S. Likhachev thinks about the question: why is television replacing literature. The academician believes that this happens because the TV distracts from worries, makes you slowly watch some program. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to humans, because television “dictates how to watch and what to watch”, makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE

1. The story of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor" depicts the life of the Russian village after the war. People not only became poorer, but also became callous, unspiritual. Only Matryona retained a sense of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. The tragic death of the main character is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian village.

2. In the story of V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which should be flooded. It is hard for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they have spent their entire lives, where their ancestors are buried. The end of the story is tragic. Along with the village, its customs and traditions disappear, which for centuries have been passed down from generation to generation and formed the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY

1. A.S. Pushkin in the poem "The Poet and the Crowd" calls that part of Russian society that did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity "dumb mob". According to the crowd, the poems are in the public interest. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that a poet will cease to be a creator if he submits to the will of the crowd. Thus, the main goal of the poet is not popular recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.

2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem "Out loud" sees the poet's mission in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon capable of inspiring people to great achievements. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that personal creative freedom should be abandoned for the sake of a common great goal.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF A TEACHER ON STUDENTS

1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" class teacher Lidia Mikhailovna - a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a rural boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lidia Mikhailovna had to go against the generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. In addition to studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and compassion.

2. In the fairy tale-parable of Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince", the old Fox became a teacher for the main character, telling about love, friendship, responsibility, loyalty. He revealed to the prince the main secret of the universe: “you can’t see the main thing with your eyes - only the heart is vigilant.” So Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO ORPHAN CHILDREN

1. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all the remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite life's difficulties, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with orphans.

2. The story of G. Belykh and L. Panteleev "The Republic of ShKID" depicts the life of students of the school of social and labor education for homeless children and juvenile delinquents. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and went on the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should treat orphans with attention, create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF A WOMAN IN WWII

1. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev “The dawns here are quiet…” five young anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for their Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to oppose the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, along with men, are capable of military feats and heroic deeds.

2. In the story of V.A. Zakrutkina "The Mother of Man" shows the fate of a woman during the war. The main character Maria lost her whole family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left completely alone, her heart did not harden. Maria left seven Leningrad orphans, replaced their mother. The story of V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and troubles during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.

THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

1. A. Knyshev in the article “O great and mighty new Russian language!” ironically writes about lovers of borrowing. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes ridiculous when it is overloaded with foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings clogs the Russian language.

2. V. Astafiev in the story "Lyudochka" connects changes in the language with a drop in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is littered with criminal jargon, which reflects the troubles of society, its degradation.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION

1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. The lyrical hero thinks about how to find the right life path and occupation. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and equally necessary for people.

2. In E. Grishkovets's story "Darwin", the protagonist, after graduating from school, chooses a business that he wants to do all his life. He realizes the "uselessness of what is happening" and refuses to study at the Institute of Culture when he watches a performance played by students. A young man lives with a firm conviction that the profession should be useful, bring pleasure.