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Culture of Kievan Rus in the X-XII century Completed by: teacher of history and social studies MBOU "Secondary School No. 10" in Kaluga Gusarova O.N.

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CULTURE is all the transformative activity of a person, expressed in material and spiritual monuments and values.

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FEATURES OF CULTURE: The monuments that have come down to us are mainly associated with the church and Christian ideology The presence of anonymity in the work (the artist should not leave his name on the creation, because this is selfish in relation to God) Influencing the ancient Russian culture of Byzantium and the adoption of Christianity But at the same time, a weak connection with the culture of Western Europe. Not the appearance of one thing, but many directions in the culture of Dr. Russia (oral folk art, literature, architecture, painting, etc.)

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The form for filling out the table of directions of culture of Ancient Russia: (on the example of folklore) Direction of culture The name of the type of direction and its features Example Oral folk art or folklore Bylinas are poetic memories of the people about various eras of their history. The protagonist is BOGATYR and the main theme is the liberation of the Russian land and its protection. Ilya Muromets is a mighty warrior, Dobrynya Nikitich is a reasonable warrior, Mikula Selyaninovich is a plowman-farmer

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WRITING: The alphabet is a great step for every nation. He needs his writing, books and literature. The birth of Slavic writing is the merit of the Greek missionaries Cyril and Methodius, who invented the “Cyrillic alphabet” (A- “az”, B- “beeches”, C- “lead”, D- “good”, etc.)

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Cyril and Methodius. Cyril (in the world Konstantin, nicknamed the Philosopher), and Michael (after being tonsured a monk - Methodius), brothers from Thessalonica, enlighteners of the Slavs, creators of the Slavic alphabet, preachers of Christianity. They are canonized and revered as saints both in the East and in the West. In Orthodoxy, they are revered as saints equal to the apostles.

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The first ancient Russian books were, as in Europe, handwritten and expensive. The books were decorated with MINIATURES - small, elegant pictures. They wrote on PARCHMENT (dressed calfskin) They usually wrote books with a quill pen and ink. The king had the privilege of writing with a swan and even a peacock feather. Large-format manuscripts were written in two columns. Translations of Byzantine church books began to appear, biographies of Christian saints. Schools were opened at monasteries and churches. Example 1 books 1056-1057. "Ostromir Gospel", 1115 "Mstislav Gospel", 1073 "Izbornik" - a collection of sayings.

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In the Ostromir Gospel there are three large illustrations depicting the apostles Mark, John and Luke (the compilers of the Gospel). Evangelist John Evangelist Luke Evangelist Mark

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LITERATURE is represented by Life, Chronicles, the Word Life is a literary description of people canonized as saints (the life of Boris and Gleb, by Nestor) "Initial Code" 1093-95, "The Tale of Bygone Years" 1113, author - monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Nestor, "Instruction for Children", author V. Monomakh) The word is one of the earliest (written between 1037-1050 .g.) and outstanding works of ancient Russian literature, a solemn or instructive address. The author of the Word is Hilarion, the first Russian metropolitan, appointed to the Kyiv metropolis from priests in 1051 (“The Word of Law and Grace”.

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A WORD ABOUT PICK IGOREV, IGOR SON SVYATSLAVL, GRANDSON OLGOV Start your songs according to the epics of this time, and not according to Boyan's plan! Boyan is more prophetic, if anyone wants to create a song, then he will spread his thoughts along the tree, gray volk on the ground, shizim eagle under the clouds. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" - the most famous monument of ancient Russian literature - describes the unsuccessful campaign against the Polovtsy of the Novgorod-Seversky prince Igor Svyatoslavich in alliance with Vsevolod, Vladimir and Svyatoslav Olgovich (1185). According to the time of writing, the "Word" is attributed to 1187-1188.

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An excerpt from the Tale of Bygone Years, XII century. On the resettlement of the Slavs, the Slavs came and sat down along the Dnieper and called themselves glades, and others - Drevlyans, because they sat in the forests, while others sat down between Pripyat and Dvina and called themselves Dregovichi, others sat down along the Dvina and called themselves Polochans, along the river flowing into the Dvina, called Polota, from which the Polotsk people were named. The same Slavs who sat down near Lake Ilmen were called by their own name - Slavs, and built a city, and called it Novgorod. And others sat down along the Desna, and along the Seim, and along the Sula, and called themselves northerners. And so the Slavic people dispersed. Glades lived separately in those days. And there were three brothers: one named Kyi, the other Shchek, and the third Khoriv, ​​and their sister Lybid. And they built a city in honor of their elder brother, and called it Kyiv.

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A WORD ABOUT THE LAW AND GRACE BY METROPOLITAN HILARION And having seen all this, rejoice and rejoice, and praise the Good God, the entire organizer. You have already seen, if not in body, then in spirit: the Lord shows you all this. Rejoice and rejoice in the fact that the seeds of your faith are not dried up by the heat of unbelief, but with the rain of God's haste they brought forth abundant fruit. Rejoice, apostle in the masters, who did not resurrect the dead in bodies, but resurrected us, the soul of the dead, who died from the disease of idolatry. For by your (will) they came to life and they knew the life of Christ. They were crouched by demonic lies, but by your (will) they straightened up and entered the path of life. They were blind from demonic lies, but by your (will) they stretched out their heart eyes; blinded (were) by ignorance, but by your (will) they received their sight for the light of the Tri-solar Deity. They were mute, but by your (will) they spoke. And now, small and great, we glorify the Consubstantial Trinity. Rejoice, our teacher and mentor of piety! You were clothed with truth, girded with strength, shod with truth, crowned with intelligence and grace, like a hryvnia and golden utensils, you flaunt.

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From the "Instructions" of Vladimir Monomakh I, thin, my grandfather Yaroslav, named in baptism Vasily, a beloved father and a blessed mother, my own from the Monomakh family ... and for the Christian sake of people, for how many of them I have kept by my grace and by paternal prayer from all trouble! Sitting on the sleigh (i.e. before death - V.G.), I thought in my soul and gave praise to God, who saved me until these days, a sinner. My children or anyone else, listening to this letter, do not laugh, but which of my children will love it, let it take it into your heart and not become lazy, but work. First of all, for the sake of God and your soul, have the fear of God in your heart and give alms in abundance, this is the beginning of all goodness…….. …..And then I collected these beloved words and arranged them in order and wrote. If you don't like the latter, at least take the initial ones. For as Basil taught, having gathered young men: to have a pure and immaculate soul, a bad body, a meek conversation and keep the word of the Lord: “Eat and drink without great noise, be silent in the presence of the old, listen to the wise, obey the elders, have love with equals and younger ones, without talking cunning, but more understanding; do not rage with a word, do not blaspheme in conversation, do not laugh a lot, be ashamed of elders, do not talk with ridiculous women, keep your eyes down, and your soul up, avoid fuss; do not shy away from teaching those who are carried away by power, put nothing universal honor. If any of you can benefit others, let him hope for reward from God and enjoy eternal blessings. "O mistress of the Mother of God! Take away pride and insolence from my poor heart, so that I would not be magnified by the vanity of this world" in this insignificant life.

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THE LIFE AND WALKING OF DANIEL, THE ABOB OF THE RUSSIAN LAND "The Life and Walking of Daniel, the Abbot of Russia" is not only the most ancient description of the pilgrimage to the Holy Land, but also one of the first remarkable creations of ancient Russian literature. Researchers suggest that Daniel was tonsured in the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, later became abbot of one of the monasteries of the Chernihiv land and led Russian pilgrims who made the "journey" to the Holy Land in 1104-1107. I, the unworthy abbot Daniel, the worst of all monks, humble, obsessed with many sins, dissatisfied with every good deed, forced by my thoughts and impatience, wanted to see the holy city of Jerusalem and the promised land. And with God's help he visited Jerusalem and saw the Holy places, went around the whole land of Galilee and the Holy places near the city of Jerusalem, where Christ walked with his feet and showed great miracles in those places of the Saints. And I saw everything with my sinful eyes that the wicked God allowed me to see and that I longed to see for a long time Brothers and fathers, my lords, forgive me a sinner and do not blaspheme my stupidity and rudeness that I wrote about the holy city of Jerusalem and about that good land and about your journey to holy places. Those who have traveled with the fear of God and humility will never sin against the mercy of God. But I walked around the holy places in an unnatural manner, in all laziness and weakness, in drunkenness, and did all sorts of inappropriate deeds. However, hoping for the mercy of God and for your prayer, I believe that Christ will forgive my countless sins. And so I described my path and the holy places, and I am not proud and do not boast of my journey, that I seem to have done a good deed: I did not do anything good on the journey, but only for the love of holy places I wrote about everything that I saw with my own eyes, so as not to forget what the unworthy me had to see.

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ARCHITECTURE Can be divided into two types: A) wooden (peasant huts, boyar towers, characterized by multi-tiered buildings, the presence of outbuildings, fine wood carvings) B) stone (temples, churches, cathedrals. The type of construction borrowed from Byzantium is often used - cross- domed structure). For example, in Kyiv the Church of the Tithes (the 25-headed church of the Assumption of the Virgin), St. Sophia Cathedral in 1037, in Novgorod St. Sophia Cathedral, but simpler in construction, only 5 chapters, has survived to this day, in Chernigov the Spassky Cathedral, etc. .

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Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir 1158-1160 Church of the Intercession on the Nerl 1165 Dmitrievsky Cathedral in Vladimir 1194-1197 Golden Gate in Vladimir 1158-1164 stone buildings

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Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, 1037 is the first significant monument of ancient Russian architecture, the temple was built on the site of the battle of Kiev with the Pechenegs, which ended in the complete defeat of the nomads. The original Sophia of Kyiv was wooden, and only a few years later Yaroslav the Wise began to build a monumental stone temple in its place.

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Saint Sophie Cathedral. Novgorod The Cathedral of St. Sophia is the main Orthodox church of Veliky Novgorod, built in 1045-1050. It is the oldest surviving temple in Russia, built by the Slavs.

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St. Cyril's Church (mid-XII century) on the outskirts of ancient Kyiv - Dorohozhichy.

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PAINTING Presented in the form of: A) frescoes - painting with water-based paints on wet plaster. B) mosaics - a pattern or pattern of multi-colored pebbles, pieces of glass. A) icons - a picturesque - less often embossed - image of gods and saints, which is the subject of religious worship.

The medieval culture of Russia has come a long way from a simple imitation of Greek models to the creation of an original cultural complex, which included vivid literature of various directions (polemical, liturgical, everyday, historical), a kind of wooden and stone architecture and a vibrant tradition of icon painting. The culture of Russia and the Muscovite kingdom, based on the traditions of Orthodoxy, also absorbed ancient Slavic pre-Christian elements, and later was influenced by the Finno-Ugric and Turkic peoples who lived next to the Slavs. This influence was especially strongly reflected in the folk costume and folklore.

At the dawn of the New Age, the development of Russian culture was determined not only by individual figures, but also by entire institutions. The church, and especially the monasteries, were centers of education and book writing. Talented architects worked in Moscow, and the first printing house in the country also operated. However, the cultural ties of the Moscow kingdom with other countries remained weak.

Old Russian culture (VIII-XIII centuries)	The culture of the emerging Great Russian people (XIV-XVII centuries)	Culture of Russia in the 17th century.	Culture of the Moscow state (XV-XVI centuries)
Creation of the Slavic alphabet (monks-missionaries Cyril and Methodius), monasteries - educational and scientific centers, Kiev-Pechersky Monastery - the center of the origin of chronicle writing, library and school of Yaroslav the Wise	The centers of book learning are the Trinity-Sergius, Kirilpo-Belozersky and Solovetsky monasteries, the replacement of parchment with paper, the appearance of cursive writing	School in Nemetskaya Sloboda, growth of printed materials, creation of state (Ambassadorial Prikaz) and private (Ordina-Nashchokina, Golitsyna) libraries, Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow, accumulation of scientific knowledge	The birth of book printing (Ivan Fedorov and Pyotr Mstislavets), correspondence between Ivan the Terrible and Prince Kurbsky, printing of Psalters, Books of Hours and Primers, schools at monasteries and churches
The Tale of Bygone Years, Metropolitan Hilarion's "The Tale of Law and Grace", "The Tale of Boris and Gleb", Vladimir Monomakh's Teaching, "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", The Prayer of Daniil Zatochnik.	Creation of the first all-Russian annalistic code (Trinity Chronicle), military stories, the work of the Kulikovo cycle (Zadonshchina), "Journey beyond the Three Seas", hagiographic and secular literature.	Nikon Chronicle and the Facial Code, Kazan chronicler, Domostroy, Ivan Peresvetov's journalism.	Historical (“The Tale of the Capture of Azov”) and everyday life (“The Tale of Woe-Misfortune”) story, the emergence of autobiographical (“The Life of Archpriest Avakkum”) and satirical (“The Tale of Ersh Ershovich”) works, poetic works of Simeon Polotsky.
The Church of the Tithes and St. Sophia's Cathedral in Kyiv, St. Sophia's Cathedral in Novgorod, St. George's Church in Ladoga, Golden Gates, Assumption and Demetrius Cathedrals in Vladimir, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl and the Prince's Castle in Bogolyubovo.	The Churches of the Savior on Ilyin and Theodore Stratelates on the Creek in Novgorod, the Pskov stone Kremlin and the Moscow white stone, the Assumption Cathedral in Zvenigorod, the Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.	Ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin: Assumption Cathedral and walls (Aristotle Fioravanti), Palace of Facets (Marco Ruoro and Antonio Solari), Cathedral of the Archangel (Aleviz Novy). Church of the Resurrection in the village of Kolomenskoye and St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow.	The Assumption Church in Uglich (Divnaya), the Trinity Church in Nikitniki, the Terem Palace of the Moscow Kremlin, the wooden palace of Alexei Mikhailovich in Kolomenskoye, the building of the Zemsky order, the Church of the Intercession in Fili (Naryshkin baroque).
Mosaic - Our Lady Mary Oranta in Kyiv Sofia, frescoes - Kyiv Sofia and the Church of the Savior Nereditsa in Novgorod, icon painting - Our Lady of Vladimir, the Savior Not Made by Hands, miniatures in the Acute World Gospel.	Frescoes in the churches of the Savior on Ilyin and Feodor Stratilat, icons of the Annunciation Cathedral in Moscow (Theophanes the Greek), frescoes in the Trinity-Sergius and Andronikov monasteries, the icon of the Trinity (Andrey Rublev).	Frescoes in the Cathedral of the Dormition in the Moscow Kremlin (Rublev and Dionysius), frescoes in the Ferapontov Monastery (Dionysius), Stroganov school of miniature icon painting.	Icons of Simon Ushakov (“Savior Not Made by Hands”, “Vladimir Mother of God”), painting of the Trinity Church in Nikitniki, Elijah the Prophet in Yaroslavl (Guriy Nikitin), the emergence of the parsuna (portrait) genre.

Culture of Ancient Russia(or Culture of Medieval Russia) - the culture of Russia during the period of the Old Russian state from the moment of its formation to the Tatar-Mongol invasion.

Writing and education

The existence of writing among the Eastern Slavs in the pre-Christian period is evidenced by numerous written sources and archaeological finds. The creation of the Slavic alphabet is associated with the names of the Byzantine monks Cyril and Methodius. Cyril in the second half of the 9th century created the Glagolitic alphabet (Glagolitic), in which the first translations of church books were written for the Slavic population of Moravia and Pannonia. At the turn of the 9th-10th centuries, on the territory of the First Bulgarian Kingdom, as a result of the synthesis of the Greek script, which had long been widespread here, and those elements of the Glagolitic alphabet that successfully conveyed the features of the Slavic languages, an alphabet arose, later called Cyrillic. In the future, this easier and more convenient alphabet replaced the Glagolitic alphabet and became the only one among the southern and eastern Slavs.

The Baptism of Russia contributed to the widespread and rapid development of writing and written culture. It was essential that Christianity was adopted in its Eastern, Orthodox version, which, unlike Catholicism, allowed worship in national languages. This created favorable conditions for the development of writing in the native language.

The development of writing in the native language led to the fact that the Russian Church from the very beginning did not become a monopoly in the field of literacy and education. The spread of literacy among the strata of the urban population is evidenced by birch bark letters discovered during archaeological excavations in Novgorod, Tver, Smolensk, Torzhok, Staraya Russa, Pskov, Staraya Ryazan, etc. These are letters, memos, training exercises, etc. The letter, therefore, was used not only to create books, state and legal acts, but also in everyday life. Often there are inscriptions on handicraft products. Ordinary citizens left numerous records on the walls of churches in Kyiv, Novgorod, Smolensk, Vladimir and other cities. The oldest surviving book in Russia is the so-called. "Novgorod Psalter" of the first quarter of the 11th century: wooden, wax-covered tablets with texts of 75 and 76 psalms.

Most of the written monuments before the Mongol period perished during numerous fires and foreign invasions. Only a small part of them survived. The oldest of them are the Ostromir Gospel, written by deacon Gregory for the Novgorod posadnik Ostromir in 1057, and two Izborniks by Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich of 1073 and 1076. The high level of professional skill with which these books were made testifies to the well-established production of handwritten books already in the first half of the 11th century, as well as to the skills of “book construction” that had been established by that time.

Correspondence of books was carried out mainly in monasteries. The situation changed in the 12th century, when the craft of "book describers" also arose in large cities. This speaks of the growing literacy of the population and the increased need for books, which the monastic scribes could not satisfy. Many princes kept copyists of books, and some of them copied books on their own.

At the same time, the main centers of literacy continued to be monasteries and cathedral churches, where there were special workshops with permanent teams of scribes. They were engaged not only in the correspondence of books, but also kept chronicles, created original literary works, and translated foreign books. One of the leading centers of this activity was the Kiev Caves Monastery, which developed a special literary trend that had a great influence on the literature and culture of Ancient Russia. As chronicles testify, already in the 11th century in Russia, libraries with up to several hundred books were created at monasteries and cathedral churches.

Needing literate people, Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich organized the first schools. Literacy was not only the privilege of the ruling class, it also penetrated into the environment of the townspeople. Letters found in a significant number in Novgorod, written on birch bark (from the 11th century), contain the correspondence of ordinary citizens; inscriptions were also made on handicrafts.

Education was highly valued in ancient Russian society. In the literature of that time, one can find many panegyrics on the book, statements about the benefits of books and “book teaching”.

Literature

With the adoption of Christianity, Ancient Russia was attached to book culture. The development of Russian writing gradually became the basis for the emergence of literature and was closely connected with Christianity. Despite the fact that writing was known in the Russian lands before, only after the baptism of Russia did it become widespread. It also received a basis in the form of a developed cultural tradition of Eastern Christianity. An extensive translated literature became the basis for the formation of a non-own tradition.

The original literature of Ancient Russia is characterized by great ideological richness and high artistic perfection. Its prominent representative was Metropolitan Hilarion, the author of the famous "Sermon on Law and Grace", dating from the middle of the 11th century. In this work, the idea of ​​the need for the unity of Russia is clearly manifested. Using the form of a church sermon, Hilarion created a political treatise, which reflected the pressing problems of Russian reality. Contrasting "grace" (Christianity) with "law" (Judaism), Hilarion rejects the concept of God's chosen people inherent in Judaism and affirms the idea of ​​transferring heavenly attention and disposition from one chosen people to all mankind, the equality of all peoples.

An outstanding writer and historian was the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor. His “Reading” about the princes Boris and Gleb and the “Life of Theodosius”, valuable for the history of life, have been preserved. "Reading" is written in a somewhat abstract style, instructive and ecclesiastical elements are reinforced in it. Approximately 1113 is an outstanding monument of ancient Russian chronicle - "The Tale of Bygone Years", preserved in the composition of later chronicles of the XIV-XV centuries. This work is compiled on the basis of earlier chronicles - historical works dedicated to the past of the Russian land. The author of the Tale, the monk Nestor, managed to vividly and figuratively tell about the emergence of Russia and connect its history with the history of other countries. The main attention in the "Tale" is given to the events of political history, the deeds of princes and other representatives of the nobility. The economic life and life of the people are described in less detail. The religious worldview of its compiler was clearly manifested in the annals: he sees the ultimate cause of all events and actions of people in the action of divine forces, “providence”. However, religious differences and references to the will of God often hide a practical approach to reality, the desire to identify real causal relationships between events.

In turn, Theodosius, hegumen of the Pechersk Monastery, about whom Nestor also wrote, wrote several teachings and letters to Prince Izyaslav.

Vladimir Monomakh was an outstanding writer. His "Instruction" painted an ideal image of a prince - a just feudal ruler, touched upon the pressing issues of our time: the need for a strong princely power, unity in repelling nomadic raids, etc. "Instruction" is a work of a secular nature. It is imbued with the immediacy of human experiences, alien to abstraction and filled with real images and examples taken from life.

The question of princely power in the life of the state, its duties and methods of implementation becomes one of the central ones in literature. The idea arises of the need for strong power as a condition for a successful struggle against external enemies and overcoming internal contradictions. These reflections are embodied in one of the most talented works of the 12th-13th centuries, which has come down to us in two main editions of the “Word” and “Prayer” by Daniil Zatochnik. A staunch supporter of strong princely power, Daniel writes with humor and sarcasm about the sad reality surrounding him.

A special place in the literature of Ancient Russia is occupied by the "Tale of Igor's Campaign", dating from the end of the 12th century. It tells about the unsuccessful campaign against the Polovtsians in 1185 by the Novgorod-Seversky prince Igor Svyatoslavich. The description of this campaign only serves as an occasion for the author to reflect on the fate of the Russian land. The author sees the reasons for the defeats in the struggle against the nomads, the reasons for the disasters of Russia in the princely civil strife, in the egoistic policy of the princes, thirsting for personal glory. Central to the "Word" is the image of the Russian land. The author belonged to the milieu. He constantly used the concepts of “honor” and “glory” characteristic of her, but filled them with a broader, patriotic content. The Tale of Igor's Campaign embodied the characteristic features of ancient Russian literature of that time: a living connection with historical reality, citizenship and patriotism.

The Batu invasion had a great influence on Russian culture. The first work devoted to the invasion - "The Word about the destruction of the Russian land." This word has not come down to us completely. Also Batu's invasion is dedicated to "The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu" - an integral part of the cycle of stories about the "miraculous" icon of Nikola Zaraisky.

Architecture

Until the end of the 10th century, there was no monumental stone architecture in Russia, but there were rich traditions of wooden construction, some forms of which subsequently influenced stone architecture. Significant skills in the field of wooden architecture led to the rapid development of stone architecture and its originality. After the adoption of Christianity, the construction of stone temples begins, the principles of construction of which were borrowed from Byzantium. The Byzantine architects called to Kyiv passed on to the Russian masters the extensive experience of the building culture of Byzantium.

The large churches of Kievan Rus, built after the adoption of Christianity in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture in the Eastern Slavic lands. The architectural style of Kievan Rus was established under the influence of the Byzantine. Early Orthodox churches were mostly made of wood.

The first stone church of Kievan Rus was the Church of the Tithes in Kyiv, the construction of which dates back to 989. The church was built as a cathedral not far from the prince's tower. In the first half of the XII century. The church has undergone significant renovations. At this time, the southwestern corner of the temple was completely rebuilt, a powerful pylon appeared in front of the western facade, supporting the wall. These events, most likely, were the restoration of the temple after a partial collapse due to an earthquake.

Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, built in the XI century, is one of the most significant architectural structures of this period. Initially, St. Sophia Cathedral was a five-nave cross-domed church with 13 domes. On three sides, it was surrounded by a two-tier gallery, and from the outside - an even wider single-tier one. The cathedral was built by the builders of Constantinople, with the participation of Kyiv masters. At the turn of the 17th-18th centuries, it was externally rebuilt in the Ukrainian baroque style. The temple is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Painting

After the baptism of Russia, new types of monumental painting came from Byzantium - mosaics and frescoes, as well as easel painting (icon painting). Also, the iconographic canon was adopted from Byzantium, the invariability of which was strictly guarded by the church. This predetermined a longer and more stable Byzantine influence in painting than in architecture.

The earliest surviving works of ancient Russian painting were created in Kyiv. According to the chronicles, the first temples were decorated by visiting Greek masters, who added to the existing iconography a system for arranging plots in the interior of the temple, as well as a manner of planar painting. The mosaics and frescoes of St. Sophia Cathedral are known for their special beauty. They are made in a strict and solemn manner, characteristic of Byzantine monumental painting. Their creators skillfully used a variety of shades of smalt, skillfully combined the mosaic with the fresco. Of the mosaic works, the images of Christ the Almighty in the central dome are especially significant. All images are imbued with the idea of ​​greatness, triumph and inviolability of the Orthodox Church and earthly power.

Another unique monument of the secular painting of Ancient Russia is the wall paintings of the two towers of the Kyiv Sophia. They depict scenes of princely hunting, circus competitions, musicians, buffoons, acrobats, fantastic animals and birds, which somewhat distinguishes them from ordinary church paintings. Among the frescoes in Sofia are two group portraits of the family of Yaroslav the Wise.

In the XII-XIII centuries, local features began to appear in the painting of individual cultural centers. This is typical for the Novgorod land and the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. Since the XII century, a specific Novgorod style of monumental painting has been formed, which reaches a fuller expression in the paintings of the churches of St. George in Staraya Ladoga, the Annunciation in Arkazhy and especially the Savior-Nereditsa. In these fresco cycles, in contrast to the Kyiv cycles, there is a noticeable desire to simplify artistic techniques, to an expressive interpretation of iconographic types. In easel painting, Novgorod features were less pronounced.

In Vladimir-Suzdal Russia, fragments of frescoes of the Dmitrievsky and Assumption Cathedrals in Vladimir and the Church of Boris and Gleb in Kideksha, as well as several icons, have been preserved until the Mongol period. Based on this material, the researchers consider it possible to talk about the gradual formation of the Vladimir-Suzdal school of painting. The best preserved fresco of the Dmitrievsky Cathedral depicting the Last Judgment. It was created by two masters - a Greek and a Russian. Several large icons of the 12th - early 13th centuries belong to the Vladimir-Suzdal school. The earliest of them is the "Bogolyubskaya Mother of God", dating from the middle of the XII century, stylistically close to the famous "Vladimir Mother of God", which is of Byzantine origin.

Folklore

Written sources testify to the richness and diversity of the folklore of Ancient Russia. A significant place in it was occupied by calendar ritual poetry: incantations, incantations, songs, which were an integral part of the agrarian cult. Ritual folklore also included pre-wedding songs, funeral laments, songs at feasts and feasts. Mythological tales, reflecting the pagan ideas of the ancient Slavs, also became widespread. For many years, the church, in an effort to eradicate the remnants of paganism, waged a stubborn struggle against "vile" customs, "demonic games" and "blasphemers". However, these types of folklore survived in folk life until the 19th-20th centuries, having lost their initial religious meaning over time, while the rites turned into folk games.

There were also such forms of folklore that were not associated with a pagan cult. These include proverbs, sayings, riddles, fairy tales, labor songs. The authors of literary works widely used them in their work. Written monuments have preserved numerous traditions and legends about the founders of tribes and princely dynasties, about the founders of cities, about the struggle against foreigners. So, folk tales about the events of the II-VI centuries were reflected in the "Tale of Igor's Campaign".

In the 9th century, a new epic genre arose - the heroic epic epic, which became the pinnacle of oral folk art and the result of the growth of national consciousness. Epics are oral poetic works about the past. Epics are based on real historical events, the prototypes of some epic heroes are real people. So, the prototype of the epic Dobrynya Nikitich was the uncle of Vladimir Svyatoslavich - the governor Dobrynya, whose name is repeatedly mentioned in the ancient Russian chronicles.

In turn, in the military estate, in the princely retinue environment, there was their own oral poetry. In squad songs, princes and their exploits were glorified. The princely squads had their own "songwriters" - professionals who composed songs - "glory" in honor of the princes and their soldiers.

Folklore continued to develop even after the spread of written literature, remaining an important element of ancient Russian culture. In the following centuries, many writers and poets used the plots of oral poetry and the arsenal of its artistic means and techniques. Also in Russia, the art of playing the harp was widespread, of which it is the birthplace.

Decorative and applied crafts

Kievan Rus was famous for its craftsmen in applied, decorative arts, who were fluent in various techniques: filigree, enamel, granulation, niello, as evidenced by jewelry. It is no coincidence that foreigners admired the artistic creativity of our craftsmen. L. Lyubimov in his book “The Art of Ancient Russia” gives a description of star-shaped silver kolts from the Tver treasure of the 11th-12th centuries: “Six silver cones with balls are soldered to a ring with a semicircular shield. 5000 tiny rings with a diameter of 0.06 cm from wire 0.02 cm thick are soldered onto each cone! Only microphotography made it possible to establish these dimensions. But that's not all. The rings serve only as a pedestal for grains, so each one has another silver grain with a diameter of 0.04 cm! Jewelry was decorated with cloisonné enamel. Masters used bright colors, skillfully selected colors. In the drawings, mythological pagan plots and images were traced, which were especially often used in applied art. They can be seen on carved wooden furniture, household utensils, fabrics embroidered with gold, in carved bone products, known in Western Europe under the name "carving of the Taurus", "carving of the Rus".

clothing

Modern researchers have numerous evidence of how princes and boyars dressed. Verbal descriptions, images on icons, frescoes and miniatures, as well as fragments of fabrics from sarcophagi have been preserved. Various researchers compared these materials in their works with references to clothing in written documentary and narrative sources - chronicles, lives and various acts.

Achievements and values ​​of the culture of Kievan Rus

The most important achievement of the culture of Kievan Rus is the development of the vast expanse of north-east Europe, the establishment of agriculture here, the transformation of the natural landscape, giving it a cultural, civilized appearance: the construction of new cities - centers of culture, laying roads, building bridges, paths connecting the most distant corners of the once dense, "untrodden" forests with centers of culture.

Another, no less important, historical value is the adoption of Orthodoxy and the transformation of pagan culture. Orthodoxy played a dual role in the development of Russian culture. On the one hand, it largely eradicates the heritage of pagan Russia, impoverishes the historical memory of the people, makes the complex world of its mythological images oblivious. But its progressive function is also undoubted, especially at the initial stages of its development. During the period of the Tatar-Mongol invasion, it was Orthodoxy that became the spiritual center that made it possible to preserve the cultural identity of Russia, organize a moral rebuff to the conquerors, and put forward the goals of the national Revival. But as the culture of the New Age develops, the role of Orthodoxy falls, it is replaced by new forms of cultural creativity, centers of innovative changes.

With Orthodoxy, stone temple construction came to Russia. One of the first Christian churches was built in Pskov by Princess Olga around 965, that is, even before the baptism of Russia, and was dedicated to the Divine Trinity. Therefore, Pskov was sometimes called the "House of the Holy Trinity", and Novgorod - the "House of St. Sophia". As early as 952, wooden Sophia appeared in Kyiv, erected by Olga, it burned down in 1016 and in its place, already under Yaroslav the Wise, stone Sophia was built. It was "about 13 versions" - about 13 chapters, domes, as a symbol of "Christ and the Apostolic Church" (1 + 12 apostles). Many temples of the period of Kievan Rus burned down, were destroyed during the Mongol invasion. Among the surviving ones can be named the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (Fig. 14.8), Demetrius Cathedral (1194-1197). Covered with intricate stone carvings, out of 566 images, Dmitrievsky Cathedral has only 46 directly related to Christian themes. This testifies to the fact that "dual faith" was still preserved in Russia for a long time. Official "Orthodoxy" and real "paganism" coexisted in the same cultural monuments. The cultural development of civilization is impossible without the appearance of writing, the spread of literacy, and book art. The Slavs had their own system of fixing information long before Orthodoxy. This finds its expression in the vocabulary of the language. We still say: "Tie a knot for memory", forgetting that this "winged" expression once reflected a real cultural achievement - a method of "knot" fixing information, known to other peoples. In particular, among the Incas, complex historical and artistic texts were transmitted using such a system, called the "kipu". Another expression that reflects the way information is transmitted is the proverb "Kill it on your nose." The "nose" in this case is not a part of the face, but a plaque that was carried with them in order to make notches in memory of certain facts.

There is evidence that another recording system was also used, known as "features and cuts", or Slavic runes. The texts of treaties concluded with the Greeks were also written in Russian. The merit of Orthodoxy, undoubtedly, was the help that Byzantium provided in giving Russian writing - "Glagolitic", perfect forms, creating a "Cyrillic" alphabet that meets the needs of the language of that time, and the sound composition of the Slavic language, and even modern language standards. Konstantin the Philosopher (Cyril) and Methodius, even before the creation of their own alphabet, which was called the Cyrillic alphabet, saw in Korsun some "Rusyn" a book written in "Russian" letters, which, however, were understandable to Cyril.

The creation of modern writing contributed to the formation of a single Russian language. Russian as a national language began to take shape very early. It originates from the "Slovenian", "Slavic" language. Kievan Rus, being a heterogeneous formation, had one state language - "Russian", also known as "Slovenian".

"... and the Slovene language and the Russian language are one ... and she and the glade are called, but the Slovene speech was not," testifies "The Tale of Bygone Years." Thus, this language existed among the Polyans, in Polian Kyiv, and Russian Kyiv continues to develop and improve it. The term "Russian" in relation to the language was recorded in the annals in the 11th century. When comparing ethnic groups and languages, we must remember that they were identified at that time. Therefore, when the annals said that "Slovens" and "Rus" are one language, this meant that they were one people. Recall that A. S. Pushkin also wrote: "and he will name ... every language that exists in it, and the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn ..." The Russian language was the single, common, state language of Kievan Rus. And today we can read texts written over 1000 years ago.

The Russian language has developed over a vast territory from the Carpathians to the Volga; vocabulary, spelling, grammar were common. Even in the XIII century. the French language was understandable to the population of Ile-de-France, and the vast outskirts of France spoke Catalan, Basque, Breton, Flemish, and Provençal. Northern and southern Germans did not understand each other even in the 19th century. Bismarck created an army where the soldiers spoke different languages.

For writing, the Russians used a specific material - birch bark. Birch bark "letters" were found in Novgorod (many), Smolensk (10), Vitebsk (1), Pskov (3), Staraya Russa (13), Mstislavl, on Castle Hill in the Mogilev region. It should be noted that birch bark was originally used by the Indo-Europeans for writing and drawing. So, among the Aryans, the "veda of witchcraft", "Atharvaveda", was written on birch bark.

In Kievan Rus, Russian was the only language - colloquial and liturgical, written and oral, church and state, while in Western Europe the church planted Latin, which hindered the development of language and culture and led to protests everywhere. So, the "Ostromir Gospel" was written down in 1050-1057, and was created even earlier and in Russian. But the first literary work, moreover, translated into Polish from Latin - "Queen Jadwiga's Psalter", appeared in Poland only around 1400. Only in the 16th century. national literature began to emerge in Poland. And the blame for this falls on Catholicism: the Catholic Church claimed that "only three languages ​​are known in which it is worthy to praise God in books: Hebrew, Greek and Latin ..." Cyril - Konstantin The philosopher answered this: "Does God send rain the same for all? And also, does not the sun shine for all? And do we not all arise in the same way? And how are you not ashamed, recognizing only three languages ​​and commanding that all other peoples and tribes be blind and deaf? Explain to me, do you think Are you God's powerless, unable to give all this, or dependent and therefore not wanting (to give all this)?"

The early formation of a single language gave rise to an extensive Russian literature. It was preceded by rich folk art, the creation of epics. In the IX-X centuries. epics were created about Mikhail Potok, about Ilya Muromets, about Stavr Godinovich, about Danil Lovchanin, about the Danube, about Ivan Godinovich, about Volga and Mikul, about Dobryn, about the marriage of Vladimir, etc. No nation knows such a variety of epics in this time, their abundance. On the one hand, they preserve the memory of more ancient times in the history of the Slavs; on the other hand, this is creativity, in which real, actual history is reflected. Russian epics are characterized by a number of features.

In epics, church, Orthodox influence is minimal. They are full of pagan symbols, heroes, images. They are dominated by secular, worldly content, and not church, sacred.

Epics have been preserved in oral tradition for almost 1000 years.

The epic is characterized not only by the glorification of physical strength, strength, "valiant prowess." The main thing in them is morality, the ethical value of a person's act, his kindness, compassion, sympathy.

In contrast to this, for example, "The Tale of the Nibelungs", "Elder Edda" are indifferent to morality, they are - up to moral, up to moral. Epics, describing the same historical time as the sagas, and sometimes even more ancient - for example, "Svyatogor", radically differ from the German epic in their moral content, ethical assessments and judgments. Being created at the same historical time, they differ culturally - they are moral. Moral from the people's point of view. Although they are full of military clashes, all the battles fought by epic heroes are defensive. This is not surprising, given that, according to the calculations of V. O. Klyuchevsky, from 1228 to 1462. Russia withstood 160 external wars and raids.

Rich artistic oral creativity contributed to the formation of Russian literature. It was distinguished by a number of features, first of all, it was based on the common Russian language. This allowed her to create the greatest literary works in the shortest possible time: Illarion's "The Tale of Law, Grace and Truth", Nestor's "The Tale of Bygone Years" and "The Life of Theodosius", Vladimir Monomakh's "Instruction to Children", Daniil Zatochnik's "Word", "The Word of Igor's Regiment" by Igor, the son of Svyatoslav, the grandson of Olgov, "The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu", "The Word of the Destruction of the Russian Land" and many others.

In the period of the late Middle Ages, Russian literature was enriched by new wonderful works: "Zadonshchina" by Safony, "Journey beyond three seas" by Afanasy Nikitin, "The Legend of the Battle of Mamaev", the works of Ivan the Terrible ("Correspondence with Kurbsky"), Ivan Peresvet and Avvakum Petrov, " The Tale of Woe-Misfortune".

Comparison, juxtaposition of these works shows that they are the fruits of a single literary process, which has not been interrupted for almost a millennium, but only slowed down during the Mongol yoke.

Russian literature very early realized the commonality of the Russian land, the Russian people. In "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" there are no tribal references, but "Russian Land" is mentioned 20 times! This is a characteristic feature of Russian literature, the main thing in it is the fate of the country, land, homeland and people. "Light bright and beautifully decorated Russian land!" We will not find this in any European literature! "Patriotism" is the original theme, a feature of Russian culture. Only in 1353 did Petrarch have a hymn addressed to Italy as the Motherland.

In the XII century. Kirill Turovsky writes:

"The heavenly height is not measured,

The underworld depth has not been tested..."

In the XVIII century. Kirill Danilov will continue the same idea and repeat and modify the same theme:

"Is the height, the height under heaven,

Depth, depth of the akian-sea,

Wide expanse throughout the earth,

Deep whirlpools of the Dnieper ... "

No nation knew such a developed system of annals. The first chronicle records appeared around 872 in Kyiv. They are characterized by an anti-Varangian tendency and the absence of a Christian element. The first Chronicles are based on oral traditions, Slavic myths, and epic tales. They are dominated by the pagan principle. In particular, the Chronicle contains a story about Prophetic Oleg and his death, which is predicted not by a sorcerer, but by a "magician", that is, a shaman.

Chronicle of the tenth century. divided into two forms: secular and ecclesiastical. In secular chronicles stand out:

"Tales", tales about princes: Igor, Svyatoslav, Yaropolk and others, that is, this is a retinue-knight cycle (these tales are a continuation of the Slavic "glories");

chronicles - chronicles of affairs: campaigns, invasions, princely meetings, etc .;

texts of agreements.

Chronicle appears where there is a state, civilization. What is the difference between the Russian chronicle? In universality, the chronicle is a collection of diverse knowledge; they included information from myths, history, fiction, oral folk art. In Russia, chronicles were kept on a large scale, there were both princely and church chronicles, and chronicles were kept not only in princely cities, but also in destinies. Thus, the chronicle was a comprehensive, unified, ubiquitous phenomenon in Russia.

Many annals burned down, perished during the Tatar-Mongol invasion. Others died during fires, frequent in Russia. So, in the estate of V.N. Tatishchev, 5 chronicles burned down, including Raskolnichya and Galitsynskaya. In 1812, the unique Trinity Chronicle perished in the fire of Moscow, while the manuscripts of Musin-Pushkin, including the manuscript of The Tale of Igor's Campaign, perished at the same time.

There are few cultural objects of Ancient Russia that have come down to us. Russian swords XI-XIII centuries. only 183 survived, and even fewer helmets, although they were very cherished. The fate of books and icons is even more difficult: they died most often in the fire of fires that arose both by accident and as a result of hostilities. In 1382, during the invasion of Tokhtamysh on Moscow, the Kremlin churches were full "to the slings", that is, to the top, to the roof, with books and icons - everything burned down. In 1547, almost all of Moscow burned out, in 1612 the Poles burned Moscow, in 1812 - the French. But in the XVIII - mid-XIX centuries. monks burned manuscripts like useless rubbish, drowned them in Volkhov, rotted in damp basements.

At the same time, what has been preserved, found, studied is admirable. The State Historical Museum in Moscow keeps a frame with a cross-shaped slot, which experts consider to be the pinnacle of the perfection of medieval Russian jewelry technology. Here is how B. A. Rybakov describes it: “Between twelve stones set in gold, the master arranged a whole flower garden of miniature golden flowers planted on spiral springs in 4-5 turns, soldered with only one end to the plate. Spiral stems were made of ribbed gold wire. Flowers have five carefully made petals, figuratively carved and soldered to the pistil. In a space of 0.25 cm2, the Ryazan master managed to plant from 7 to 10 golden flowers, which swayed on their spiral stems at the level of purple gems. "

Influence
By the time of the adoption of Christianity, Russia was already a country with a distinctive culture. She grew up on the fertile soil of the cultures of the local East Slavic tribes and constantly developed contacts with the cultures of other countries, primarily Byzantium, Bulgaria, the countries of Central Europe, Scandinavia, the Khazar Khaganate and the Arab East.

Crafts and wood construction techniques reached a high level. In the era of transition from a pre-class society to a feudal one, like other European peoples, epic. His plots were preserved mainly in epics recorded many centuries later. By the IX-X centuries. includes the appearance of plots of such epics as "Mikhailo Potok", "Danube", "Volga and Mikula". The end of the 10th century was especially fruitful for the formation of the epic epic. - the era of Vladimir Svyatoslavich. His reign became the "epic time" of Russian epics, and the prince himself became a generalized image of the ruler of Russia. By the end of the X century. the appearance of epics, the heroes of which were Dobrynya Nikitich (his uncle Vladimir Svyatoslavich's mother - Dobrynya, who was a mentor and adviser to the prince in his youth) and Ilya Muromets, is related.

Not later than the end of the IX beginning of the X century. Slavic languages ​​are spreading in Russia alphabet - Cyrillic and Glagolitic. Created in the second half of the 9th century by the brothers Cyril and Methodius and initially distributed in the West Slavic state - great Moravia, they soon penetrate into Bulgaria and Russia. The first Russian monument of Slavic writing is the Russian-Byzantine treaty of 911.

The synthesis of Slavic pre-Christian culture with the cultural layer that came to Russia with the adoption of Christianity from Byzantium and Bulgaria and attached the country to the Byzantine and Slavic Christian cultures, and through them to the cultures of ancient and Middle Eastern, created the phenomenon of Russian medieval culture. Its originality and high level were largely due to its existence as a language of church service and, as a result, becoming a literary Slavic language, understandable to the entire population (unlike Western Europe and Slavic countries that adopted Catholicism, where the language of church service was Latin, the language unfamiliar to the majority of the population and, as a result, early medieval literature was predominantly in Latin).

The development of culture in the XI century. caused by the rapid growth of various crafts and trade, revival of foreign trade and interstate relations. It became the starting point and the primary basis of the culture of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, and influenced the culture of neighboring peoples.

AT literature Kievan Rus with some conventionality can be divided into several areas: socio-political; artistic and secular; world (translated) literature. But the boundaries of genres were often elusive and blurred. Chronicles played the most significant role in social and political literature. Not later than the beginning of the 11th century. in Kyiv and Novgorod, the first annals began to be compiled. Gradually growing, they by the end of the XI - the beginning of the XII centuries. compiled a systematic code, finally edited and literary processed by the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor. The code is known as the Tale of Bygone Years (PVL). PVL is called an encyclopedia of ancient Russian life of the 9th - 11th centuries, giving an idea not only about the history of Russia, but also about its language, religion, worldview, scientific knowledge, art, etc. Later chronicles began to be compiled in other large cities. In addition to chronicles, such works of a socio-political direction as the "Sermon on Law and Grace" by Metropolitan Hilarion (XI century) are especially famous; the lives of the first Russian "saints" Boris and Gleb (XI century); the famous "Instruction for Children" by Vladimir Monomakh (XII century).

The most famous works of fiction of Kievan Rus are the works of Cyril of Turov and Kliment Smolyatich, "Prayer" by Daniil Zatochnik and "The Tale of Igor's Campaign".

was popular in Russia world literature- translated theological works, natural science treatises, Greek novels, Byzantine chronicles. The latter, in particular, include the translation of the Byzantine Chronicle of George Amartol.

In the XI - the beginning of the XII century. continued development epic genre. With the courtship of the Norwegian king Harald to the daughter of Yaroslav the Wise, Elizabeth, the plot of the epic "Nightingale Budimirovich" is connected. A number of epic songs arose in connection with the fight against the Polovtsian raids of the late 11th - early 12th centuries. The image of Prince Vladimir Monomakh, the initiator of the struggle against the nomads, merged with the image of Vladimir Svyatoslavich. The appearance of a cycle of epics about Alyosha Popovich, the epic "Stavr Godinovich" belongs to the era of Monomakh.

reached a high level in Russia education, which was received mainly at monasteries. The picture of literacy even among ordinary citizens is drawn by the frequent finds of birch bark letters at archaeological excavations in Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk and other cities.

The development has reached an outstanding scale stone architecture, whose monuments are preserved in Kyiv, Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal, Chernigov, Polotsk and many other cities. With the introduction of Christianity, Russian architecture was influenced by Byzantium, but gradually developed its own architectural traditions. From the end of the X century. the remnants of the Decimal Church in Kyiv have come down to us. In Vladimir in 1158 - 1161. the majestic and austere Assumption Cathedral was erected; Not far from Bogolyubov, a small, extremely elegant Church of the Intercession on the Nerl was erected. The best works of Russian architecture include the Cathedral of the Savior in Chernigov, the churches of Sophia in Novgorod, the Golden Gate in Vladimir.

The high development of the culture of pre-Mongol Rus is evidenced by painting XI - early XIII centuries. If the painting of the Novgorod and Pskov masters expressed the democratic traditions of the Free City and was distinguished by simplicity and strict brevity of writing, then the masters of Vladimir and Suzdal retained Byzantine refinement in their works, softening the asceticism of iconographic images with lyricism. Under Byzantine influence, its main forms developed here: mosaics, miniatures, icon painting, frescoes.

Achieved brilliant growth applied art, especially in the use of such original techniques as niello, cloisonne enamel, granulation, filigree, sometimes used simultaneously. Oral folk art steadily developed - the epic epic sang heroism in battle and enterprise in business.

On the eve of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, ancient Russian culture reached a high level comparable to the best examples of European and world culture of that time and actively interacted with it.

IX-XIII centuries XIV-XV centuries XVI century XVII c Writing, education 1. Creation of the Slavic alphabet (Cyril and Methodius) 2. Monasteries - centers of book learning and education. 3. Birch bark letters as evidence of the spread of literacy in cities and suburbs 1. Replacing parchment with paper. 2. The monasteries still remain the centers of bookishness - the birth of book printing Ivan Fedorov. The first book - "Apostle" - 1564, "Book of Hours", Psalter Correspondence of I. the Terrible with A. Kurbsky. 3. Basic knowledge of salt production, history 1. Growth of printed matter. 2. The emergence of public and private libraries - the opening of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy by Simeon Polotsky Mr. - "Primer" by V. Burtsev, "Grammar" by M. Smotrytsky 5. "Synopsis" - historical work by I. Gizel

IX-XIII centuries XIV-XV centuries XVI century literature 1. "The Tale of Bygone Years" by Nestor (beginning of the XII century) 2. "Sermon on Law and Grace" by Metropolitan Hilarion (40s of the XI century" 3. "Instruction for Children" V. Monomakh XIIv 4. "Word about Igor's Campaign" (about the events of 1185) 5. "Word and Prayer" by D. Zatochnik (XII-XIII centuries) 1. Sophony Ryazanets "Zadonshchina" - the end of the XIV century 2. Creativity of Epiphanius the Wise "The Life of Sergius Radonezh" 3. Af. Nikitin "Journey beyond three seas" 4. "The Life of Al. Nevsky" (XIII-XIV centuries) 1. Sylvester "Domostroy" 2. A. Kurbsky "The story of the Grand Duke of Moscow" 3. Encyclopedic work " The Great Menaion" under the direction of Macarius 4. Philotheus "Moscow - the Third Rome" 5. Yermolai Erasmus "The Tale of Peter and Fevronia" 6. The emergence of the genre of journalism (Ivan Peresvetov and Avraamiy Palitsyn) Seat of Azov" (1642) 2. Appearance of autobiographical works "The Life of Archpriest Avvakum" 3. Satirical stories 4. Creativity of Simeon of Polotsk 5. Verses - poetic works love, household, satirical motives

IX-XIII centuries XIV-XV centuries XVI to XVII in architecture . Intercession on the Nerl Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin (1326; 1475 A. Fioravanti) 2. Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin (house church of the royal family 3. Faceted Chamber - M. Fryazin Place of solemn receptions 4. Trinity-Sergius Monastery -1337. 5. Andronikov Monastery (Moscow, 1427) 6. Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery-(Vologda 1397) 7. Solovetsky Monastery (Arkhangelsk) 1. Construction of Kitay-gorod (F. Horse) 2. Wall of the White City (F. Horse) 3. Novodevichy Convent (in honor of the capture of Smolensk by Vasily III) 4. Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye 1532 (in honor of the birth of Ivan the Terrible) 5. Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin A. Fryazin () Tomb of Russian tsars. 6. Kazan Cathedral. Barma. Postnik (in honor of the capture of Kazan by Ivan IV) 7. Bell tower of Ivan the Great Bon Fryazin. 1505 1. A new style appears - Naryshkin baroque 2. Palace in Kolomenskoye The work of architects Bazhen Ogurtsov, Larion Ushakov, Chirin, Savin.

IX –XIII centuries XIV-XV centuries XVI century XVII in painting 1. Icon painting of Alympius 1. Icon painting of Theophanes the Greek. Painting of the Cathedral of the Annunciation. 2. Creativity of Andrey Rublev () 1. Diony's iconography. () Assumption Cathedral. 2. The Stroganov school of painting 1. The emergence of the parsuna genre 2. Simeon Ushakov () master of the armory travelers Af. Nikitin - study of the Crimea, Turkey, India. “Journey beyond three seas” 1. Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev () exploration of Siberia, passage from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific, the strait between Asia and America 2. Khabarov Erofei Pavlovich () development of the Amur. 3. Atlasov Vladimir Vasilyevich () - exploration of Kamchatka

Culture test. * A1 Indicate the earliest cathedral in terms of construction time? 1) Sofia in Kyiv 2) Dmitrievsky in Vladimir 3) Sofia in Novgorod 4) Assumption in Vladimir * A2. A popular genre in Russia, in which the narration went on over the years: 1) chronicle 2) chronicle 3) life 4) walking * A3. Read an excerpt from a literary work and indicate the year to which it refers: “It was not decent for us, brothers, to begin in old words a difficult story about the campaign of Igor Svyatoslavovich ... Let's start, brothers, the story from the ancient Vladimir to the present Igor ... "1))) ) 1224 * A4. Under what ruler was the unique Kremlin ensemble formed, which still amazes with its beauty today? 1) Ivan Kalita 2) Dmitry Donskoy 3) Ivan III 4) Simeon Proud * A5. Under which prince was the idea "Moscow - the third Rome" formed 1) Ivan III 2) Ivan Kalita 3) Dmitry Donskoy 4) Vasily III

* A6. The author of "Journey beyond three seas" is 1) Aristotle Fioravanti 2) Fedor the horse 3) Aleviz Fryazin (New) 4) Marco Fryazin * A7. The temple built by Grozny in honor of the victory over Kazan 1) St. Basil's Cathedral 2) Assumption Cathedral 3) Ivanovo Church 4) Church of the Ascension * A8. Name the artist who worked in the Armory in the 17th century 1) Georgy Zinoviev 2) Ivan Maksimov 3) Tikhon Filatiev 4) Simon Ushakov * A9. Which of the buildings was built by the architect Kazakov a) Gubin's House b) Golitsyn Hospital c) Winter Palace d) the Senate building in the Moscow Kremlin e) the building of the Academy of Arts e) Mikhailovsky Palace 1) ABG 2) AVG 3) BGE 4) AVD * A10. Who organized the first professional theater? 1) Volkov 2) Pashkevich 3) Sumarokov 4) Shlykova

* A 11 The “secularization of culture” of the 17th century is evidenced by 1) the appearance of parsuna 2) the adoption of a law on compulsory primary education 3) the beginning of book printing 4) the opening of the Academy of Sciences * A 12 The “secularization of culture” of the 17th century is evidenced by 1) the emergence of a professional theater 2) transition to a new chronology 3) the beginning of printing 4) the creation of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy * A13 “Polyany lived separately in those days ... and there were three brothers - Khoriv, ​​Shchek, Kyi and their sister - Lybid. And they built a city and named it in honor of their brother - Kyiv ... "1)" Cathedral Code 2) "Russian Truth" 3) "Instruction of Vladimir Monomakh" 4) "The Tale of Bygone Years" * A 14 "Father" of the Russian theater is called 1) Biron 2) Volkova 3) Radishcheva 4) Polzunov * A 15 The creator of the first steam engine is considered 1) Biron 2) Volkov 3) Polzunov 4) Rokotov * A 16 In ancient Russian literature, “Life” was called 1) a weather record of events 2) a description of the activities of Christian saints 3) teaching princes to heirs 4) folk epic tales

* A 17 A picturesque work of art of small size was called 1) stained-glass window 2) headpiece 3) filigree 4) miniature * A 18 Russian portrait painter of the 18th century 1) Rokotov 2) Kiprensky 3) Bryullov 4) Voronikhin * A 19 The appearance of book printing in Russia is associated with named after 1) Simeon Ushakov 2) Ivan Peresvetov 3) Andrei Kurbsky 4) Ivan Fedorov * A 20 Russian architects of the 18th century 1) Tatishchev, Shcherbakov 2) Kazakov, Bazhenov 3) Shubin, Argunov 4) Horse, Chokhov * A 21 Navigator who discovered strait between Asia and America 1) Bering 2) Poyarkov 3) Ushakov 4) Nakhimov * A 22 The names of Theophan the Greek, Dionysius, Simeon Ushakov are associated with the development of 1) jewelry art 2) architecture 3) chronicle writing 4) icon painting *

C1 Arrange in chronological order the appearance of historical monuments * A) St. Basil's Cathedral b) "The Tale of Bygone Years" c) "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" d) the white stone Kremlin in Moscow * C2 Correlate * A) Daniil Zatochnik 1) "Zadonshchina" * B ) Zephanius of Ryazan 2) "Prayer" * C) Nestor 3) "Teaching children" * D) Vladimir Monomakh 4) "The Tale of Bygone Years" 5) "Domostroy" * Correlate: * A) Marco Fryazin 1) "Trinity" * B ) Andrei Rublev 2) Chamber of Facets * B) Aristotle Fioravanti 3) Archangel Cathedral * D) Aleviz Novy Fryazin 4) Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin 5) Kazan Cathedral

* References: * 1. History from ancient times to the end of the 18th century, textbook for universities. Ed. A.N. Sakharov. M: Ast., 2003 * 2.V.N. Alexandrov History of Russian Art, Minsk, 2007 * 3.L. A. Belyaev. Fortresses and armaments of Eastern Europe. M: Book House,