Since the 2014-2015 academic year, the final graduation essay has been included in the program of the state final attestation of schoolchildren. This format differs significantly from the classic exam. The work is non-subjective in nature, while relying on the knowledge of the graduate in the field of literature. The essay aims to identify the ability of the examinee to reason on a given topic and argue his point of view. Mainly, the final essay allows you to assess the level of speech culture of the graduate. Five topics from a closed list are offered for the examination paper.

1. Introduction
2. Main body - thesis and arguments
3. Conclusion - Conclusion

The final essay of 2016 assumes a volume of 350 words or more.

The time allotted for the examination work is 3 hours 55 minutes.

Themes of the final essay

The questions proposed for consideration are usually addressed to the inner world of a person, personal relationships, psychological characteristics and concepts of universal morality. So, the topics of the final essay of the 2016-2017 academic year include the following areas:

1. "Experience and Mistakes"

Here are the concepts that the examinee will have to reveal in the process of reasoning, referring to examples from the world of literature. In the final essay of 2016, the graduate must identify the relationship between these categories based on analysis, building logical relationships and applying the knowledge of literary works.

One such topic is "Experience and Mistakes".

As a rule, works from the course of the school curriculum in literature are a large gallery of different images and characters that can be used to write a final essay on the topic “Experience and Mistakes”.

• A.S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin"
• Roman M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
• The novel by M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
• Roman I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
• F.M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment"
• The story of A.I. Kuprin "Garnet bracelet"

Arguments for the final essay 2016 "Experience and mistakes"

• "Eugene Onegin" by A.S. Pushkin

The novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" clearly demonstrates the problem of irreparable mistakes in a person's life, which can lead to serious consequences. So, the main character - Eugene Onegin, by his behavior with Olga in the Larins' house, provoked the jealousy of his friend Lensky, who challenged him to a duel. Friends met in a deadly fight, in which Vladimir, alas, turned out to be not such an agile shooter as Eugene. Misbehavior and a sudden duel of friends, thus, turned out to be a big mistake in the life of the hero. Also here it is worth referring to the love story of Eugene and Tatyana, whose confessions Onegin cruelly rejects. Only years later, he realizes what a fatal mistake he made.

• "Crime and Punishment" by F. M. Dostoevsky

The central question for the hero of the work F . M. Dostoevsky becomes a desire to understand his ability to act, to decide the fate of people, neglecting the norms of universal morality - “I am a trembling creature, or do I have the right?” Rodion Raskolnikov commits a crime by killing an old pawnbroker, and later realizes the gravity of the act committed. The manifestation of cruelty and inhumanity, a huge mistake that entailed the suffering of Rodion, became a lesson for him. Subsequently, the hero takes the true path, thanks to the spiritual purity and compassion of Sonechka Marmeladova. The perfect crime remains for him a bitter experience for life.

• "Fathers and Sons" by I.S. Turgenev

Essay example

On his life path, a person has to make a large number of vital decisions, choose how to act in a given situation. In the process of experiencing various events, a person acquires life experience, which becomes his spiritual baggage, helping in later life and interaction with people and society. However, we often find ourselves in difficult, contradictory conditions when we cannot guarantee the correctness of our decision and be sure that what we consider right now will not become a big mistake for us.

An example of the impact on a person's life of his actions can be seen in the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". The work demonstrates the problem of irreparable mistakes in a person's life, which can lead to serious consequences. So, the main character - Eugene Onegin, by his behavior with Olga in the Larins' house, provoked the jealousy of his friend Lensky, who challenged him to a duel. Friends met in a deadly fight, in which Vladimir, alas, turned out to be not such an agile shooter as Eugene. Misbehavior and a sudden duel of friends, thus, turned out to be a big mistake in the life of the hero. Also here it is worth referring to the love story of Eugene and Tatyana, whose confessions Onegin cruelly rejects. Only years later, he realizes what a fatal mistake he made.

It is also worth referring to the novel by I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”, which reveals the problem of an error in the steadfastness of views and beliefs, which can lead to disastrous consequences.

In the work of I.S. Turgenev Evgeny Bazarov is a progressive-minded young man, a nihilist who denies the value of the experience of previous generations. He says that he does not believe in feelings at all: "Love is rubbish, unforgivable nonsense." The hero meets Anna Odintsova, with whom he falls in love and is afraid to admit it even to himself, because this would mean a contradiction to his own convictions of universal denial. However, later he falls mortally ill, without admitting it to his relatives and friends. Being seriously ill, he finally realizes that he loves Anna. Only at the end of his life, Eugene realizes how much he was mistaken in his attitude to love and a nihilistic worldview.

Thus, it is worth talking about how important it is to correctly evaluate your thoughts and actions, analyzing actions that can lead to a big mistake. A person is constantly in development, improving his way of thinking and behavior, and therefore he must act deliberately, relying on life experience.

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Psychologists and neurophysiologists from the University of Michigan undertook to investigate the nature of errors in order to answer the main question: “Why do some people learn more effectively from their mistakes?”. In other words, what causes some of us to ignore failure in order to maintain self-confidence, and others to study failure in order to benefit from it. The experiment, led by university researcher Jason Moser, was based on the fact that there are two different responses to errors, both of which can be tracked with an ECG.

The first is called “error-related negativity” (ERN), which appears after about 50 milliseconds after failure and is involuntary, inevitable with any miss. The second signal, labeled "error positivity" (PE), occurs somewhere between 100-500 milliseconds after a miscalculation, is associated with awareness, and happens when we pay attention to a miss, fixing on a disappointing result. Experience has shown that we learn from mistakes more effectively if the brain demonstrates, firstly, a stronger ERN signal, which causes a long initial reaction to an error, and secondly, a longer PE signal, in which a person pays attention to a miscalculation and tries to take a lesson from it.

In his research, Moser turned to the work of Stanford psychologist Carol Dweck on dichotomy. According to her, people are divided into two types - with fixed and developing thinking. The former are convinced that certain mental abilities are inherent in them from birth, and it is impossible to change this. The second believe that if you make an effort and give yourself time, there is a chance that everything will work out. It is this category that perceives errors as a necessary harbinger of knowledge, an engine of learning.

The worldview of people with a fixed mindset, according to Moser, can create certain difficulties in life. This is especially harmful for children: a student who is sure that he cannot increase his level of intelligence, after the first failure, will not make efforts to study. At the same time, if you praise a child for his efforts, even if he did not cope with the task, this will push him to development, increase diligence.

One way or another, the fear of making a mistake is inherent in each of us. The feeling that you did everything right is equal in our minds to self-esteem. “Being right is vital for a person, it is one of the easiest and cheapest ways to make yourself happy, get satisfaction, increase self-esteem,” says Catherine Schultz, author of the book on mistakes “Being Wrong”.

Elena Telnova clarifies: the tendency to step on the same rake many times is more obvious for people of a certain psychotype - in particular, hysteroid, or demonstrative. They have a strongly expressed unconscious mechanism of repression, which helps to avoid internal conflict, continue to feel “good”, without changing anything in their lives, behavior, views of the world. These people are just arranged like that: it is easier for them than others to forget negative experiences, turn a blind eye to their mistakes and not correct them. “In addition, a person constantly steps on a rake if rigidity is strongly expressed in his character: he hardly changes the planned program of activity, despite the fact that the conditions objectively require its restructuring,” the psychologist explains. - Rigidity can be one of the signs of age-related changes in the psyche of any of us. Therefore, with age, it is by no means easier for many to restructure their behavior depending on previous experience, their own or someone else's. On the contrary, the psyche prefers to act strictly according to learned patterns, and everything that is outside the "norm" causes a lot of emotions - from helplessness to anger.

Life is a long road to perfection. Everyone goes through it on their own. This means that he grows up on his own, gets acquainted with the changes that occur inside a person, learns the world with its unpredictable, like the movement of atmospheric masses, the course of history. But humanity does not want to learn from the mistakes of previous generations, and stubbornly steps on the same rake again and again.

It took a painfully long time to create Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov's novel Quiet Flows the Don. The tragic story of several generations of one family, caught in a whirlpool of terrible destructive events, gives an idea of ​​​​the mistakes that lead to the collapse, death of almost all members of the Melekhov family. The explanatory dictionary gives the concept of the word error:

unintentional deviation from the correct actions, deeds, thoughts.

It seems to me that the main word in this definition is "unintentional". No one wants to make mistakes on purpose, to spite everyone and everything. Most often, when a person makes a mistake, he is sure that he is right. So does Grigory Melekhov. Throughout the novel, he does everything somehow "out of his mind." Against a reasonable, logical rejection of love for the married Aksinya, he achieves a reciprocal feeling:

He stubbornly, with bullish persistence, courted her.

When the father decides to marry his son to a girl from a wealthy family, not having any feelings for Natalya, only obeying the will of Pantelei Prokofich, Grigory makes another mistake. Returning to Aksinya, then leaving her, returning to Natalya, Grigory rushes between two differently beloved women. The mistake ends in tragedy for both: one dies from an abortion, the other dies from a bullet. So it is in determining his path in the revolution: he is looking for harmony, the highest truth, truth, but he does not find them anywhere. And the transition from the Reds to the Cossacks, and then to the Whites, the new transition to the Reds also does not bring him either freedom, or justice, or harmony. “Blessed is he who visited our world in his fatal moments,” F.I. Tyutchev once said. Gregory - a saint in a soldier's overcoat - a great warrior who so passionately desired peace, but did not find it, because he got such a share ...

But the hero of the novel by A.S. Pushkin, Eugene Onegin, gained rich experience in dealing with girls and women. “How early he could be hypocritical, harbor hope, be jealous ...” - and always achieve his goal. That's just the experience played a cruel joke with him. Having met true love, he did not give the “cute habit” a move, he did not want to lose “his hateful freedom”. And Tatyana married another. Onegin, not finding a modest village girl in a secular lady, received his sight! An attempt to return Tatyana ends in failure for him. And he was so confident in himself, in the correctness of his actions, his choice.

Nobody is immune from mistakes. As we live our lives, we will make mistakes over and over again. And when we gain experience, maybe we will lose all interest in life. Everyone makes their own choice: deliberately making another mistake or quietly sitting in their shelter and calmly enjoying the experience ...

A person makes many mistakes throughout his life, sometimes without noticing it himself. But by reflecting, we turn them into experience, albeit sometimes bitter. Yes, the tuition fee is too high, but one cannot bargain with life, it does not accept everyday petty-bourgeois calculations. We all make mistakes, and this is natural and inevitable. It must be understood that human nature is not ideal, and experience is indeed the best teacher and helps to correct it.

Many writers have also thought about this topic. For example, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky in the novel "Crime and Punishment" touched upon the problem of experience and mistakes. The protagonist of the work, Rodion Raskolnikov, having killed the old pawnbroker and her pregnant sister, is much more aware that he made the biggest mistake of his whole life. He understands how wrong his beliefs, his theory, were. Rodion confesses to his deed, realizing at the same time that he is the most ordinary person, and not the arbiter of fate or a louse. At the same time, he receives invaluable life experience, the price for which turned out to be so high. The author does not directly state whether Raskolnikov repented, but an astute reader sees a bible in a prisoner sentenced to hard labor. This means that the hero turned to God and abandoned theories that could be harmful in practice.

Another example can be given. Also, an irreparable mistake was made by Nastya, the main character of the story by K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram". The girl left her elderly mother all alone. Katerina Ivanovna was very lonely and ill. For three years the daughter did not visit the poor old woman. Of course, Nastya loved her mother very much, but the work did not let her go. Therefore, Ekaterina Petrovna tried once again not to disturb Nastya, sending her letters very rarely. But the vitality left her and age took its toll. I don’t even know what served this more: old age or longing for my only daughter? Then the elderly woman wrote a letter to her, feeling that she would not survive the winter. But the daughter was too busy. When Nastya received a letter from a neighbor that Katerina Petrovna was dying, she realized that she had no one else in her life. And at the same moment he leaves for the station. But having arrived in the village, Nastya realizes that it is already too late. Katerina Petrovna never saw her only loved one before her death. Nastya did not have the relevant experience. She apparently never lost a loved one until now. How could she, young and full of strength, know that her mother's life is so fleeting. All she has left is a longing for the dearest person and an endless sense of guilt in front of him. All these complex emotions formed the basis of her life experience. She will not make such a mistake again and will save her relatives, giving due work, but not forgetting about the family - the only real value of a person.

Sometimes a person needs to go through many trials, make many mistakes in order to gain experience that will allow him to cleanse himself and become better, smarter and kinder. It is no coincidence that mature people give preference not to a career, but to family values, not to appearance, but to essence, not to ambitions, but to dreams, moreover, the dreams of close and dear people.

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Everyone is familiar with the Latin saying: "To err is human." Indeed, on the path of life we ​​are doomed to constantly stumble in order to gain the necessary experience. But people do not always learn lessons even from their own mistakes. Then what about other people's mistakes? Can they teach us something?

It seems to me that this question cannot be answered unambiguously. On the one hand, the entire history of mankind is a chronicle of fatal mistakes, without looking back on which it is impossible to move forward. For example, the international rules of warfare, which prohibit brutal methods of hostilities, were developed and refined after the most bloody wars ... The rules of the road we are used to are also the result of road mistakes that claimed the lives of many people in the past. The development of transplantology, which today saves thousands of people, became possible only thanks to the perseverance of doctors, as well as the courage of patients who died from complications of the first operations.

On the other hand, does humanity always take into account the mistakes of world history? Of course not. Endless wars, revolutions continue, xenophobia flourishes, despite the convincing lessons of history.

In the life of an individual, I think the situation is the same. Depending on our own level of development and life priorities, each of us either ignores other people's mistakes or takes them into account. Recall the nihilist Bazarov from the novel. Turgenev's hero denies authorities, world experience, art, human feelings. He believes that it is necessary to destroy the social system to the ground, not taking into account the sad experience of the French Revolution. It turns out that Eugene is not able to learn a lesson from the mistakes of others. I.S. Turgenev warns readers about the results of neglecting universal human values. Despite his strength of character and outstanding mind, Bazarov is dying because "nihilism" is a road to nowhere.

But the protagonist of A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” understands perfectly well that in order to save one’s life, one must learn from the mistakes of others. Seeing how quickly the prisoners who “go down” for the sake of an extra piece die, Shukhov strives to preserve human dignity. Ivan Denisovich, watching the beggar Fetyukov, whom everyone despise, remarks to himself: “He won’t live his time. Doesn't know how to put himself. What allows Shukhov to draw such a bitter conclusion? Probably, observing the mistakes of other campers, like Fetyukov, who became "jackals".

It turns out that the ability to learn from the mistakes of others is not characteristic of everyone and not in all life situations. It seems to me that when a person gets older and wiser, he begins to treat the negative experience of other people with more attention. And younger people tend to develop by making their own mistakes.

The material was prepared by the creator of the SAMARUS online school.