in the direction of "Courage and cowardice"

Subject:Can a brave person be afraid?

It is generally accepted that a brave person is not afraid of anything. But is it? In order to answer this question, it is necessary to define what courage means and what kind it is. In dictionaries, courage is a positive moral and volitional personality trait, manifested as determination, fearlessness, courage when performing actions associated with risk and danger.

Indeed, courage is usually associated with walking on the edge, with the threat of life, but it can also manifest itself in everyday situations. Brave men are not only in war, we meet them everywhere. One can be called brave who is not afraid to express his opinion, who has the courage to differ from the majority, is able to perceive the new. Does courage involve fear? In my opinion, only a fool is not afraid. It is not shameful to be afraid, but only a person who overcomes fear can be called brave.

Numerous writers have addressed this topic. So, the story of E. Ilyina "The Fourth Height" is dedicated to overcoming fears. Gulya Koroleva is an example of courage in all its manifestations. Her whole life is a battle with fear, and each victory is a new height. In the work we see the life story of one person, the formation of a real personality. Every step she takes is a manifesto of determination. From the first lines of the story, little Gulya shows real courage in various life situations. Overcoming childhood fears, she takes a snake out of the box with her bare hands, sneaks into a cage with elephants in a zoo. The heroine grows, and the trials encountered in life become more serious: the first role in the cinema, the recognition of her wrong, the ability to answer for her actions. Throughout the work, he does what he is afraid of. Growing up, Gulya Koroleva marries, she has a son. It seems that all fears are defeated, you can live a quiet family life, but the biggest test awaits her ahead: the war begins, and her husband goes to the front. She is afraid for her husband, her son, the future of the country, but fear does not paralyze her, does not force her to hide. The girl goes to work as a nurse in the hospital to contribute. Unfortunately, her husband dies and Gulya has to fight alone. She goes to the front, unable to look at the horrors that happen to her loved ones. The heroine takes the "fourth height". She dies, having defeated the last fear that lives in a person, the fear of death. On the pages of the story, we see how the main character is afraid, but overcomes her phobias.

The problem of overcoming fear is also revealed in Veronica Roth's novel Divergent. Beatrice Pryor, the protagonist of the story, leaves her home, the Forsaken faction, to become Fearless. She is afraid of the reaction of her parents, she is afraid of not going through the rite of initiation, of being rejected in a new place. But her main strength lies in the fact that she challenges all her fears, looks them in the face. Tris puts herself in great danger, being in the company of the "Fearless", because she is "different", people like her are destroyed. This scares her terribly, but much more she is afraid of herself. She does not understand the nature of her difference from others, she is horrified at the thought that her very existence can be dangerous for people.

The struggle with fears is one of the key problems of the novel. So, Beatrice's beloved name is For, translated from English it means "four". That is the number of fears he needs to overcome. Tris and Four fearlessly fight for their lives, justice, peace in the city they call home. They defeat both external enemies and internal ones, which undoubtedly characterizes them as courageous people.

I would like to complete my reflections with the statement of M. Twain: “Courage is resistance to fear, not its absence.” Indeed, there is no need to be afraid of fear and associate it with cowardice, you need to fight it, overcoming not only external circumstances, but also resolving internal conflicts.

Why is one person brave - no difficulties will frighten him, he always achieves his goals, is ready for anything for the sake of his family and friends, and the other, on the contrary, is distinguished by cowardice, afraid to take even elementary steps in life in order to achieve at least some success? What makes one person brave and another cowardly? This question has been haunting the minds of writers, poets, and philosophers for centuries.

Courage always means the ability to pull yourself together in a moment of fear. A brave person is not afraid to look problems straight in the eye and never gives up on his endeavors. A brave person is always patient, he has great willpower and a goal that he achieves, passing even through the most difficult obstacles. Nothing will stop him from reaching his goal! The main thing is that brave people have only good goals, otherwise they can bring misfortune not only to relatives and friends, but also to many other people or even to a whole generation. For example, some unfortunate rulers started a war, sacrificing thousands of innocent lives.

A cowardly person is afraid of problems. He tries to get away from them by any means available. A cowardly person may have a goal, but in case of failure, he will easily give it up. Because of cowardice, a person can commit almost any crime, against the law or against morality - whatever they may be, it is always scary!

There are many examples of courage and cowardice in the literature. The problem of courage and cowardice is well demonstrated in the work of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" During the capture of the fortress, Pyotr Grinev was ready to sacrifice his own life, but Shvabrin showed cowardice, going over to the side of the enemy.

Courage is a very valuable quality, but only if it belongs to a prudent person who has good goals and intentions.

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From a very early age, we begin to understand what courage is and what cowardice is, that being brave is good, and being cowardly is bad, that courage means a person’s ability to take decisive action in any situation, and cowardice is an avoidance of these actions. .

Rereading Russian literature, one can come across many examples of the brave actions of heroes, and vice versa, the actions of those who proved themselves to be a real coward. In the famous novel by M.Yu. Lermontov “A Hero of Our Time”, one of the heroes is the young cadet Grushnitsky. In the description of Pechorin, Grushnitsky appears as a person who demonstrates some kind of courage that is not ours: “I saw him in action: he waves his saber, shouts and rushes forward, closing his eyes. This is something not Russian courage! Grushnitsky has a St. George Cross, but Pechorin considers him a coward. Is he right? I recall the scene of a quarrel between Grushnitsky and Pechorin, when the former cadet slandered the princess in order to take revenge, while Pechorin demanded an apology. It was easier for Grushnitsky to lie than to admit in front of everyone that he actually slandered the girl. He was afraid of the vile water society, ready to slander anyone, just to look like a hero in the eyes of others. Grushnitsky has not changed, even standing in the face of death, he "wraps himself in magnificent phrases", proclaiming nonsense: "There is no place for us on earth together ...". However, real courage is alien to him. If he were bold, he would admit his cowardice, his fear of appearing pathetic in the face of a pompous society proclaiming false values. But Grushnitsky is simply not capable of this.

I also recall Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", in which Nikolai Rostov considers himself a brave man. And indeed it is. Yes, in the first battle near Shengraben, he did not open fire on the French, instead he threw down his pistol and, like a hare, rushed to run away. But it was his first fight. Then Rostov became a real officer, not only in battle, but also in life. When he lost a serious amount to Dolokhov, he confessed to himself the crime he had committed, and vowed never to sit at the card table and make up for the entire loss to the family. And when fate brought him to Princess Bolkonskaya, he quickly put things in order among the rebellious serfs, putting them in their place.

Courage is a priceless quality that develops over time. Courageous deeds can only be done by truly kind and strong people. Only brave people can make the world a little better and kinder, change it for the better.

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FINAL ESSAY 2017/2018. THEMATIC DIRECTION "Courage and cowardice". “The madness of the brave is the wisdom of life! M. Gorky

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Cowardice Cowardice is the most ancient human vice, And one must be especially wise here, To make a simple breakthrough through fear And retain courage in everyday life! And envy has long crept into the masses, But there is an unexpected turn - When in broad daylight, who is unkind, Blind nonsense contemptuously carries! And smiling to himself maliciously, I am glad to choke on my own sting, If only no one could see - The soul is empty, and in the heart there is discord! Courage It's good to be brave, but it's scary... A madman can not be afraid, And walk along the edge, where it's dangerous, Is it courage? Of course not. Fear is always present in us, in everyone, Someone is closer or farther, Having overcome fear in oneself once, You can live in honor and without falsehood. And pull up a boor in the train, Drowning pull ashore, Save the weak from a bully, If a person believes in himself. Fear should not control the mind, To mock you later, Therefore, every minute we need to remain a man

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This direction is based on a comparison of opposite manifestations of the human "I": readiness for decisive actions and the desire to hide from danger, to evade the resolution of complex, sometimes extreme life situations. On the pages of many literary works are presented both heroes capable of bold actions and characters demonstrating weakness of spirit and lack of will.

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Courage is not in vain considered the highest virtue - after all, courage is the key to other positive qualities. (W. Churchill) How can a tree bloom if its roots have dried up? So it is here: until there is proper order in the kingdom, where will military courage come from? If the leader does not constantly strengthen the army, then he is more likely to be defeated than a winner. You, having despised all this, praise only courage; and what courage is based on is not important to you. (Ivan the Terrible)

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According to the dictionary of V.S. Bezrukova, COURAGE is a positive moral and volitional personality trait, manifested as determination, fearlessness, courage when performing actions associated with risk and danger. Courage allows a person to overcome the fear of something unknown, complex, new by willpower and achieve success in achieving the goal. It is not for nothing that this quality is highly revered among the people: “God owns the brave”, “The courage of the city takes”. It is also honored as the ability to speak the truth (“Dare to have your own judgment”). Courage allows you to face the truth and objectively assess your capabilities, not be afraid of the dark, loneliness, water, heights and other difficulties and obstacles. Courage provides a person with a sense of dignity, a sense of responsibility, security, and reliability of life. Synonyms: courage, determination, courage, heroism, enterprise, arrogance, self-confidence, energy; presence, uplifting of spirit; spirit, courage, desire (to tell the truth), audacity, boldness; fearlessness, fearlessness, fearlessness, fearlessness; fearlessness, decisiveness, daring, heroism, courage, riskiness, desperation, audacity, innovation, daring, audacity, audacity, daring, trouble, valor, novelty, courage, masculinity.

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Cowardice is one of the expressions of cowardice; a negative, moral quality that characterizes the behavior of a person who is unable to perform actions that meet moral requirements (or, conversely, refrain from immoral actions), due to the inability to overcome fear of natural or social forces. T. can be a manifestation of prudent self-love, when it is based on fears of incurring adverse consequences, someone's anger, fear of losing existing benefits or social position. It can also be subconscious, a manifestation of spontaneous fear of unknown phenomena, unknown and uncontrolled social and natural laws. In both cases, T. is not just an individual property of the psyche of this or that person, but a social phenomenon. It is associated either with egoism, which has taken root in the psychology of people over the centuries-old history of private property, or with the impotence and depressed position of a person, generated by a state of alienation (even fear of natural phenomena develops into T. only under certain conditions of social life and the corresponding upbringing of a person). Synonyms: timidity, timidity, cowardice, suspiciousness, indecision, hesitation, fear; fearfulness, fear, shyness, cowardice, timidity, fearfulness, capitulation, cowardice, cowardice.

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Within the framework of this direction, we will talk about indifference and responsiveness from several positions. 1. Courage and cowardice as abstract concepts and properties of a person (in a broad sense). Within the framework of this section, you can reflect on the following topics: Courage and cowardice as personality traits, like two sides of the same coin. Courage/cowardice as personality traits conditioned by reflexes. True and false courage/cowardice. Courage as a manifestation of excessive self-confidence. Courage and risk taking. Courage/cowardice and self-confidence. Relationship between cowardice and selfishness. The difference between rational fear and cowardice. The connection between courage and philanthropy, philanthropy, etc. 2. Courage/cowardice in minds, souls, characters. Within this section, you can reflect on the concepts: willpower, fortitude, the ability to say no, the courage to stand up for your ideals, the courage necessary to defend what you believe in. And you can also talk about cowardice, as the inability to defend one's ideals and principles. Courage or cowardice in making decisions. Courage and cowardice when accepting something new. Courage and cowardice when trying to get out of the comfort zone. Courage to admit the truth or admit your mistakes. The influence of courage and cowardice on the formation of personality. Contrasting two types of people.

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3. Courage/cowardice in life. Pettiness, inability to show courage in a particular life situation. 4. Courage / cowardice in war and in extreme conditions. War exposes the most basic human fears. In war, a person is able to show previously unknown traits of character. Sometimes a person surprises himself by showing heroism and hitherto unseen fortitude. And sometimes even good people, contrary to their expectations, show cowardice. Within the framework of this section, the concept of heroism, heroism, as well as desertion, betrayal, etc. are associated with courage / cowardice. 5. Courage and cowardice in love.

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Sample list of topics What does it mean to be brave? Why does a person need courage? What does cowardice lead to? What actions does cowardice push a person to? Can it be argued that courage is the engine of progress? In what situations in life is courage best manifested? Do you need courage in love? Does it take courage to admit your mistakes? Courage is the beginning of victory Do you agree with the statement of O. de Balzac: “Fear can make a daredevil timid, but it gives courage to indecisive”? How do you understand the expression “fear has big eyes”? How do you understand the words of Confucius: “Cowardice is knowing what to do and not doing it”?

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How do you understand the saying: “A fearful dog barks more than bites”? Is the saying "courage is half the battle" true? What actions can be called courageous? What is the difference between arrogance and courage? Who can be called a coward? Can you cultivate courage? How do you understand M. Twain's statement: "Courage is resistance to fear, not its absence" Do you agree with L. Berne's statement: "A coward is more dangerous than any other person, he should be feared most of all"? What are the causes of fear? Can a person with high moral principles be a coward? Cowardice is a sentence? Do you agree with the statement of B. Russell: “To be afraid of love means to be afraid of life, and to be afraid of life means to be two-thirds dead”? Can you love someone you're afraid of? Can a brave person be afraid of anything? Can it be argued that a person is afraid only of what he does not know? Do you agree with the statement of D. Diderot: “We consider a coward who allowed his friend to be insulted in his presence. D. Diderot

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How do you understand F. Cooper's expression: "Fear makes the smart stupid and the strong weak"? What is the difference between true courage and false courage? Is courage always expressed in actions? How do you understand the expression: “The work of the master is afraid”? Is it embarrassing to be afraid? How do extreme conditions affect courage? How do you understand the saying of W. Shakespeare: "Cowards die many times before death, the brave die only once"? Is it possible to argue that courage and cowardice are two sides of the same coin? Why is it important to be bold in life? Do you agree with the statement of Zh.Zh. Rousseau: "Don't confuse courage with arrogance and rudeness: there is nothing more dissimilar both in its source and in its result"? Do you agree with G.S. Crispa: “In battle, those are most exposed to danger who are most obsessed with fear; courage is like a wall”? What does it mean to be brave in everyday life? What's the difference between courage and risk-taking? What is the difference between fear and cowardice? Do you agree with Voltaire's statement: "The success of science is a matter of time and courage of the mind"? How is willpower related to courage? Does it take courage to say "no"? Why is it important to have the courage to stand up for your ideals? Why is it important to have courage when making decisions? Does it take courage to embrace something new?

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How do you understand the saying of Helvetius: “To be completely devoid of courage, one must be completely devoid of desires”? Can cowardice hinder the development of personality? Do you agree with the statement of W. Churchill: “Courage is not in vain considered the highest virtue - after all, courage is the key to other positive qualities”? How does courage affect the formation of personality? Confirm or refute the statement of Thucydides: "Ignorance makes people bold, but reflection makes them indecisive." How does cowardice affect the formation of personality? What is the difference between a coward and a daredevil? Do you agree with P. Holbach: “You can never live happily when you tremble with fear all the time”? Why are people afraid to express their opinion? How is courage shown in war? Do you agree with G.Yu. Caesar: “It is easier to find people who voluntarily go to death than those who patiently endure pain”? What qualities does a person show in a war? Do you agree with G. Ibsen's statement: "Cowardice in its prime turns into cruelty"? Why does creativity require courage? Why do people show cowardice in war? How do you understand F. Bacon's statement: "Heroism is an artificial concept, because courage is relative"? Do you agree with the statement of S. Lagerlöf: “When fleeing, more soldiers always die than in battle”? How is hypocrisy related to cowardice? Do you need courage in love? Can a coward be happy? Do you agree with the words of Plutarch: "Courage is the beginning of victory"?

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List of literature for preparation for the final essay. VK. Zheleznikov "Scarecrow" V.M. Garshin "Coward" M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", "White Guard" B.L. Vasiliev “Tomorrow there was a war”, “The dawns here are quiet” A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" V.V. Bykov "Sotnikov" M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Wise Scribbler" E. Remarque "Three Comrades", "All Quiet on the Western Front" A. Dumas "The Count of Monte Cristo", "The Three Musketeers" E. Ilyin "The Fourth Height" J. London "White Fang" , "Martin Eden" V. Nabokov "Invitation to execution" S. Collins "The Hunger Games" A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet", "Olesya" W. Golding "Lord of the Flies" R. Gallego "White on Black" F.M. Dostoevsky "The Idiot" V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" J. Orwell "1984" V. Roth "Divergent" M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man", "Nakhalenok" E. Hemingway "Farewell to Arms!" M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time", "Song of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov" N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba", "Overcoat" M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil" A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin" B.N. Polevoi "The Tale of a Real Man"

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On the pages of many literary works are presented both heroes capable of bold actions and characters demonstrating weakness of spirit and lack of will.

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Quotes for the final essay in the direction "Courage and cowardice". Be brave for the truth. Whoever dares, he ate (and sat on a horse) Courage is the beginning of victory. (Plutarch) Courage, bordering on recklessness, contains more madness than (M. Cervantes) When you are afraid, act boldly, and you will avoid the worst troubles. (G. Sachs) To be completely devoid of courage, you need to be completely devoid of desires. death than those who patiently endure pain.(J. Caesar) Who is courageous, he is brave.(Cicero) Do not confuse courage with arrogance and rudeness: there is nothing more dissimilar both in its source and in its result.(J.J Russo) Excessive courage is the same vice as excessive timidity (B. Johnson)

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Courage based on prudence is not called recklessness, and the exploits of the reckless should rather be attributed to mere luck than to his courage. (M. Cervantes) In battle, those who are most in danger are those who are most obsessed with fear; courage is like a wall. (Sallust) Courage replaces the fortress walls. (Sallust) To be brave means to consider everything terrible to be far and everything that inspires courage to be close. (Aristotle) ​​Heroism is an artificial concept, because courage is relative. (F. Bacon) Others show courage without having it, but there is no person who would demonstrate wit if he were not witty by nature. (J. Halifax) True courage rarely comes without stupidity. (F. Bacon)

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Ignorance makes people bold, and reflection makes them indecisive. (Thucydides) Knowing in advance what you want to do gives you courage and ease. (D. Diderot) Courage is not in vain considered the highest virtue - after all, courage is the key to other positive qualities. (W. Churchill) Courage is resistance to fear, not its absence. (M. Twain) Happy is the one who boldly takes under his protection what he loves. (Ovid) Creativity requires courage. (A. Matisse) It takes a lot of courage to bring bad news to people. (R. Branson)

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The success of science is a matter of time and courage of the mind. (Voltaire) To use your own mind, you need remarkable courage. (E. Burke) Fear can make a daredevil timid, but it gives courage to the indecisive. (O. Balzac) A person is afraid only of what he does not know, every fear is overcome by knowledge. (V. G. Belinsky) A coward is more dangerous than any other person, he should be feared more than anything. (L. Berne) There is nothing worse than fear itself. (F. Bacon) Cowardice can never be moral. (M. Gandhi) A coward sends threats only when he is sure of safety. (I. Goethe)

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You can never live happily when you are trembling with fear all the time. (P. Holbach) Cowardice is very harmful because it keeps the will from useful actions. (R. Descartes) We consider a coward who allowed his friend to be insulted in his presence. (D. Diderot) Cowardice in its prime turns into cruelty. (G. Ibsen) Who fearfully cares about how not to lose life will never rejoice in it. (I. Kant) The difference between the brave and the coward is that the first, aware of the danger, does not feel fear, and the second feels fear, unaware of the danger. (V. O. Klyuchevsky) Cowardice - is to know what to do and not to do it. (Confucius) Fear makes the smart stupid and the strong weak. (F. Cooper) A fearful dog barks more than bites. (Curtius) When fleeing, more soldiers always die than in battle. (S. Lagerlöf) Fear is a bad mentor. (Pliny the Younger) Fear arises as a result of the impotence of the spirit. (B. Spinoza) Frightened - half defeated. (A.V. Suvorov) Cowards speak most of all about courage, and scoundrels speak about nobility. (A.N. Tolstoy)

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A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" As an example, we can take a comparison of Grinev and Shvabrin: the first is ready to die in the battle for the fortress, directly expresses his position to Pugachev, risking his life, under pain of death remained faithful to the oath, the second was afraid for his life and went over to the side of the enemy. The daughter of Captain Mironov turns out to be truly courageous. The "coward" Masha, who shuddered from the shots at the exercises in the fortress, shows remarkable courage and firmness, opposes the claims of Shvabrin, being in his full power in the fortress occupied by the Pugachevites. The title character of the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin" essentially turned out to be a coward - he completely subordinated his life to the opinion of society, which he himself despised. Realizing that he is to blame for the overdue duel and can prevent it, he does not do this, as he is afraid of the opinion of the world and gossip about himself. To avoid accusations of cowardice, he kills his friend.

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A vivid example of true courage is the main character of the novel M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don" Grigory Melekhov. The First World War picked up Gregory and spun in a whirlwind of turbulent historical events. Grigory, like a true Cossack, gives himself over to the battle. He is determined and bold. Easily captures three Germans, deftly beats off a battery from the enemy, saves an officer. Evidence of his courage - St. George's crosses and medals, an officer's rank. Gregory shows courage not only in battle. He is not afraid to radically change his life, to go against the will of his father for the sake of his beloved woman. Gregory does not tolerate injustice and always speaks openly about it. He is ready to drastically change his fate, but not to change himself. Grigory Melekhov showed extraordinary courage in the search for the truth. But for him, she is not just an idea, some idealized symbol of a better human existence. He is looking for its embodiment in life. Coming into contact with many small particles of truth and ready to accept each, he often discovers their failure when faced with life, but the hero does not stop in search of truth and justice and goes to the end, making his choice at the end of the novel.

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Not afraid to completely change his life and the young monk, the hero of the poem M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri". The dream of a free life completely captured Mtsyri, a fighter by nature, forced by circumstances to live in a gloomy monastery hated by him. He, who has not lived a day in freedom, independently decides on a brave act - an escape from the monastery in the hope of returning to his homeland. Only in the wild, in those days that Mtsyri spent outside the monastery, all the wealth of his nature was revealed: love of freedom, thirst for life and struggle, perseverance in achieving the goal, unbending willpower, courage, contempt for danger, love for nature, understanding of its beauty and power. Mtsyri shows courage, the will to win in the fight against the leopard. In his story about how he descended from the rocks to the stream, contempt for danger sounds: But free youth is strong, And death seemed not terrible. Mtsyri failed to achieve his goal - to find his homeland, his people. “The prison has left its mark on me”, - this is how he explains the reason for his failure. Mtsyri fell victim to circumstances that turned out to be stronger than him (a stable motive of fate in the works of Lermontov). But he dies adamant, his spirit is not broken. Great courage is required in order to preserve oneself, one's personality under the conditions of a totalitarian regime, not to abandon one's ideals and ideas, including in creativity, not to submit to the conjuncture.

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Many works of classical Russian literature raise the issue of fear of life in its various manifestations. In particular, many works of A.P. are devoted to the theme of fear and cowardice. Chekhov: "Fears", "Cossack", "Champagne", "Beauties", "Lights", "Steppe", "Man in a Case", "Death of an Official", "Ionych", "Lady with a Dog", "Chameleon" , "Ward No. 6", "Fear", "Black Monk", etc. The hero of the story "Fear" Dmitry Petrovich Silin is afraid of everything. According to the author of the story, he is "sick with the fear of life." The hero, according to Chekhov, is frightened by the incomprehensible and incomprehensible. For example, Silin is afraid of terrible events, catastrophes and the most ordinary events. He is afraid of life itself. Everything that is incomprehensible in the world around him is a threat to him. He reflects and tries to find answers to his questions about the meaning of life and human existence. He is convinced that people understand what they see and hear, and he poisons himself daily with his own fear. The hero of the story is always trying to hide and retire. He seems to be running away from life: he leaves the service in St. Petersburg due to the fact that he experiences feelings of fear and fear, and decides to live alone in his estate. And then he receives a second strong blow when his wife and friend betray him. When he finds out about the betrayal, fear drives him out of the house: "His hands were trembling, he was in a hurry and looked around at the house, he was probably scared." It is not surprising that the hero of the story compares himself to a newborn midge, whose life consists of nothing but horrors.

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In the story "Ward No. 6", the theme of fear also comes to the fore. The hero of the story, Andrei Efimovich, is afraid of everything and everyone. Most of all, he is afraid of reality. Nature itself looks terrible to him. The most ordinary things and objects seem frightening: "Here it is reality!" Andrey Efimovich thought. The moon, and the prison, and the nails on the fence, and the distant flame in the bone factory were terrible. The fear of the incomprehensibility of life is presented in the story "The Man in the Case". This fear causes the hero to move away from reality. The hero of the story, Belikov, is constantly trying to "hide from life" in a case. His case is made of circulars and regulations, which he constantly follows. His fear is undefined. He is afraid of everything and at the same time of nothing in particular. The most hated thing for him is not following the rules and deviating from the regulations. Even insignificant little things plunge Belikov into mystical horror. "Reality irritated him, frightened him, kept him in constant anxiety, and, perhaps, in order to justify this timidity of his, his disgust for the present, he always praised the past and what had never happened; and the ancient languages ​​\u200b\u200bthat he taught , were for him, in essence, the same galoshes and an umbrella where he hid from real life. If Silin, because of a fear of life, tries to hide in his estate, then Belikov's fear of life makes him hide in a case of rules and strict laws and, in the end, hide underground forever.

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The fairy tale by M.E. is dedicated to the problem of fear of life. Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Wise Gudgeon". The life of a minnow flashes before the reader, simple in its structure, based on fear of the potential dangers of the world order. The father and mother of the hero lived a long life and died a natural death. And before departing to another world, they bequeathed to the son to be careful, since all the inhabitants of the water world, and even a person, can destroy him at any moment. The young minnow learned the science of his parents so well that he literally imprisoned himself in an underwater hole. He came out of it only at night, when everyone was sleeping, he was malnourished and “trembled” around the clock - if only they didn’t grab him! In this fear, he lived for 100 years, really outliving his relatives, although he was a small fish that anyone can swallow. And in this sense, his life was a success. His other dream also came true - to live in such a way that no one would ever know about the existence of the wise minnow. Before his death, the hero thinks about what would happen if all the fish lived the same way as he did. And he sees: the genus of minnows would cease! All opportunities passed him by - to make friends, start a family, raise children and pass on his life experience to them. He is clearly aware of this before his death and, thinking deeply, falls asleep, and then involuntarily violates the boundaries of his hole: “his snout” is shown out of the hole. And then - scope for the reader's imagination, because the author does not report what happened to the hero, but only states that he suddenly disappeared. There were no witnesses to this incident, so not only the task of at least living unnoticed was achieved by the minnow, but also the "super task" - to disappear unnoticed as well. The author bitterly sums up the life of his hero: "He lived - trembled, and died - trembled"

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Often anxiety, caring for loved ones helps to become courageous. Remarkable courage is shown by a little boy from the story of A.I. Kuprin "The White Poodle". In the story, all the most important events are connected with the white poodle Arto. The dog is one of the artists of the wandering troupe. Grandpa Lodyzhkin appreciates him very much and says about the dog: "He feeds, waters and clothes the two of us." It is with the help of the image of a poodle that the author reveals human feelings and relationships. Grandfather and Serezha love Artoshka and treat him like a friend and family member. That is why they do not agree to sell their beloved dog for any money. But Trilly's mother believes: "Everything is sold, what is bought." When her spoiled son wanted a dog, she offered fabulous money to the artists and did not even want to listen that the dog was not for sale. When Arto could not be bought, they decided to steal it. Here, when grandfather Lodyzhkin showed weakness, Serezha shows determination and takes a brave, worthy deed of an adult: by all means return the dog. At the risk of his life, almost getting caught by the janitor, he frees his friend.

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True courage, courage in war can be shown not only by a soldier, a warrior, but also by a simple person, by the forces of circumstances involved in a terrible cycle of events. Such a story of a simple woman is described in the novel by V.A. Zakrutkin "Mother of Man". In September 1941, the Nazi troops advanced far into the depths of Soviet territory. Many regions of Ukraine and Belarus were occupied. He remained on the territory occupied by the Germans and a farm lost in the steppes, where a young woman Maria, her husband Ivan and their son Vasyatka lived happily. Having seized the previously peaceful and abundant land, the Nazis ruined everything, burned the farm, drove people to Germany, and hanged Ivan and Vasyatka. Only Mary managed to escape. Alone, she had to fight for her life and for the life of her unborn child.

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The story of V. Bykov "Sotnikov" emphasizes the problem of true and imaginary courage and heroism, which is the essence of the storyline of the work. The main characters of the story - Sotnikov and Rybak - behaved differently under the same circumstances. Rybak, being afraid, agreed to join the police, hoping to return to the partisan detachment at an opportunity. Sotnikov chooses a heroic death, because he is a man with a heightened sense of responsibility, duty, the ability not to think about himself, about his own fate, when the fate of the Motherland is being decided. The death of Sotnikov was his moral triumph: "And if anything else he cared about in life, it was his last duties towards people." The fisherman, on the other hand, discovered shameful cowardice, cowardice, and for the sake of his own salvation he agreed to become a policeman: "There was an opportunity to live - this is the main thing. Everything else - then"

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Courage and cowardice are topics that have long been raised in literary works (recall the greatest monument of ancient Russian literature, The Tale of Igor's Campaign). The relevance of these topics is due to the fact that these qualities are inherent in every person, and in a situation of choice, he manifests himself either as a brave and strong-willed, or as a coward who does not want to decide anything, putting everything on other people's shoulders. The relevance of these concepts for each person is confirmed by the abundance of proverbs and sayings dedicated to cowardice and courage, aphorisms and catch phrases.

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FIPI comment on the direction "Courage and cowardice":
"This direction is based on a comparison of opposite manifestations of the human "I": readiness for decisive actions and the desire to hide from danger, to evade the resolution of complex, sometimes extreme life situations. On the pages of many literary works, both heroes capable of bold actions and characters showing weakness of spirit and lack of will."

Recommendations for students:
The table contains works that reflect any concept related to the direction "Courage and cowardice". You DO NOT NEED to read all of the titles listed. You may have already read a lot. Your task is to revise your reading knowledge and, if there is a lack of arguments in one direction or another, fill in the gaps. In this case, you will need this information. Take it as a guide in the vast world of literary works. Please note: the table shows only a part of the works in which the problems we need are present. This does not mean at all that you cannot bring completely different arguments in your works. For convenience, each work is accompanied by small explanations (the third column of the table), which will help you navigate exactly how, through which characters, you will need to rely on literary material (the second mandatory criterion when evaluating a graduation essay)

An approximate list of literary works and carriers of problems in the direction of "Courage and cowardice"

Direction	Approximate list of literary works	Carriers of the problem
Courage and cowardice	L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"	Andrey Bolkonsky, captain Tushin, Kutuzov- Courage and heroism in war. Zherkov- cowardice, the desire to be in the rear.
	A. S. Pushkin. "Captain's daughter"	Grinev, Captain Mironov's family, Pugachev- bold in their actions and aspirations. Shvabrin- a coward and a traitor.
	M. Yu. Lermontov "Song about the merchant Kalashnikov"	Merchant Kalashnikov boldly goes to a duel with Kiribeevich, defending the honor of his wife.
	A. P. Chekhov. "About love"	Alekhine afraid to be happy, as it requires courage in overcoming social rules and stereotypes.
	A. P. Chekhov. "The Man in the Case"	Belikov afraid to live, because "no matter what happens."
	M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Wise Gudgeon"	Fairy tale hero The wise gudgeon chose fear as his life strategy. He decided to be afraid and take care, because only in this way can one outsmart the pike and not fall into the nets of fishermen.
	A. M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"	Danko took the liberty of leading people out of the forest and saving them.
	V. V. Bykov "Sotnikov"	Sotnikov(courage), Fisherman(cowardice, betrayed the partisans).
	V. V. Bykov "Obelisk"	Teacher Frost courageously fulfilled the duty of a teacher and remained with his students.
	M. Sholokhov. "Destiny of Man"	Andrey Sokolov(the embodiment of courage at all stages of life). But cowards were also encountered along the way (the episode in the church when Sokolov strangled a man who intended to give the Germans the names of communists).
	B. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet"	Girls from the platoon of foreman Vaskov, who took on an unequal battle with German saboteurs.
	B. Vasiliev. "Not listed"	Nikolai Pluzhnikov courageously resists the Germans, even when he remains the only defender of the Brest Fortress.

The topic "Courage and cowardice" was proposed among other topics of the final essay on literature for 2020 graduates. Many great people have talked about these two phenomena. “Courage is the beginning of victory,” Plutarch once said. “The courage of the city takes,” A.V. Suvorov agreed with him many centuries later. And some even made provocative statements on this topic: “Real courage rarely does without stupidity” (F. Bacon). Be sure to include such quotes in your work - this will have a positive effect on your assessment, as well as mentioning examples from history, literature or from life.

What to write about in an essay on this topic? You can consider courage and cowardice as abstract concepts in their broadest sense, think about them as two sides of the coin of one person, about the truth and falsity of these feelings. Write about the fact that courage can be a manifestation of excessive self-confidence, that there is a direct connection between selfishness and cowardice, but rational fear and cowardice are not the same thing.

A popular topic for reflection is cowardice and courage in extreme conditions, for example, in war, when the most important and previously hidden human fears are exposed, when a person shows character traits previously unknown to others and himself. Or vice versa: even the most positive people in an emergency situation can show cowardice. Here it would be useful to speculate about heroism, heroism, desertion and betrayal.

As part of this essay, you can write about courage and cowardice in love, as well as in your mind. Here it would be appropriate to recall willpower, the ability to say “no”, the ability or inability to defend one’s opinion. You can talk about human behavior when making decisions or getting to know something new, getting out of your comfort zone, the courage to admit your mistakes.

Other directions of the final essay.