Propp cards for young children. Propp cards for kids

It is not often that adults consider retelling preschoolers as a way to develop their analytical thinking. The main thing is to reproduce the read text in detail.

This is healthy and enough with a good memory. But let's take hyperactive guys, children with MMD. (For some reason they are separated) In the search, the question appears from time to time: how to help children with minimal brain dysfunction, how to teach them?

A feature of children with MMD is poor attention, and, consequently, memory. Children, who often have a good level of intellectual development, study mostly poorly. What to do with these? How to compensate for losses? Only focusing on the development of thinking.

And this is where retelling will help. Because you can retell the text with a bad memory only by analyzing it. Propp's cards will help us. An example of the analysis of "Chicken Ryaba" with their help. With their help, preschool children and younger schoolchildren not only retell, but also invent fairy tales according to a figurative plan.

Analysis of fairy tales according to V. Ya. Propp

The Russian folklorist V. Ya. Propp, who studied Russian fairy tales, identified in their structure some elements (functions) of the main character that are constantly repeated. There are 31 of these functions according to his system of analysis (the full set is below). Of these, twenty are the main ones. Not every fairy tale contains them all. Most often a complete set in fairy tales. Functions are represented by pictures. Stages of working with Propp maps

Card making. They can be colorful or sketchy. Below is a description of the fairy elements-functions with support cards. But you can draw them yourself. It is only important that the pictures are understandable to children.
Slowly we introduce the guys to the support cards, first reading small texts and accompanying them with Propp cards
Retelling based on Propp's cards
We are trying to compose simple fairy tales using Propp's cards. We choose 5-8 pictures, invent characters, determine the main character, assistants, as well as those who will harm him.

It is important to remember that a fairy tale does not necessarily have all the functions. Let us give a very simple example in the analysis of a nursery rhyme.

Cucumber, cucumber! Don't go to that end. The mouse lives there. Your tail will bite off.

What do we have here:

The hero is a jerk.
Prohibition - you can not go to the other end of the village.
The pest is a mouse.
Wrecking - the tail will bite off.
Moral - did not listen - was left without a tail.

Even in such a small folklore form, there are fairy-tale elements.

Description of elements-functions of fairy tales

V. Ya. Propp singled out the following structure of fairy tale plots. We will not take all (31) elements, but only the main ones. They are quite enough for preschoolers and younger students.

1. Once upon a time. The fairy tale begins with introductory words that create a fairy-tale space: in a certain kingdom, in a distant state, they lived and got on, in ancient times ...

2. Special circumstance. A non-standard, extraordinary event: someone tramples rye every night, a hen laid a golden egg ...

3. Prohibition. You can’t do something: don’t leave your brother, don’t drink from a puddle, don’t look out the window ...

4. Violation of the prohibition. Fairy-tale characters violate the ban. And this is just what the pest (antagonist) is waiting for: Masha ran away to her friends, ...

5. Wrecking: the geese-swans are right there, picked up the brother, and carried away.

6. The hero leaves the house. Options. He himself goes in search of (the missing brother). Parents send (for rejuvenating apples). Expelled from home (stepmother orders to take her stepdaughter to the forest)

7. Task. What he must achieve: return his brother, free the beauty ...

8. Meeting with the donor. Someone always helps a good deed. The appearance of a character who has something magical: a scooter ball of woolen threads, cherished words, ..

9. Difficult trials: weaving a carpet, building a crystal bridge “from your porch to my palace” in one night ...

10. Receiving magical gifts: objects or words. They can be given just like that by the donor, made, bought, appear from nowhere, stolen.

11. The hero appears and challenges the pest. Supernatural properties of the enemy: Serpent Gorynych with three heads, breathes fire; Has no death...

12. Struggle (pursuit). Fight with the enemy (they fight with swords, arrange a competition: who will run faster, the devil or the hare, who will carry the horse further), or abduction. Koschey is defeated. A chase is sent for the hero: swan geese, Baba Yaga. He fights with the enemy (in open combat - with the Serpent Gorynych, sometimes competes in speed, agility, cunning).

13. Victory. An enemy can be defeated in battle, lose a competition, or be driven out or destroyed by cunning.

14. Elimination of trouble. The beauty was saved, the enemies went home, the father recovered ...

15. Arrival home.

16. At home, the main character is not recognized because of the spell that changed the appearance

17. False hero (impostor), impersonating a real one or appropriating his merits: The sorceress's daughter drowned her sister, took her place; the brothers killed Ivan, took the rejuvenating apples and told their father that they got them.

18. Exposing an impostor. Ivan appears, saved by a wolf; a real king easily draws a sword from a stone ...

19. The hero will be recognized. Change detected. The people welcome him. The impostor runs away on his own or is expelled in disgrace.

20. Happy ending. Gifts, wedding, festivities - a feast for the whole world ...

21. The moral of this tale. moral outcome of the story.

Propp cards (pictures)

We print out the pictures, stick them on cardboard (they will last longer), and we begin to analyze the fabulous text, laying out the necessary images. And then we retell along the chain.


Once upon a time, there were	Ban	Violation of the ban

Sabotage	The hero leaves home	Task

Giver of magical gifts	Difficult trials	Call to fight the pest

Fight	Victory	Chase

Methods of working with cards V.Ya. Proppa

How to work withmaps of Vladimir Yakovlevich Proppknown for a long time. But it has not lost its relevance even today. Tasks, which are solved using this technique fully comply with the provisions and requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard:

The ability to think through an idea is formed, to follow it in an essay, to choose a topic, an interesting plot, heroes;

Cards develop attention, perception, fantasy, imagination, enrich the emotional sphere, activate oral coherent speech;

Cards develop the activity of the individual, not leaving the child indifferent to the fairy tale plot.

Folklorist Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp studied in detail the tales of the peoples of the world, analyzed hundreds of plots and singled out31 permanent functions, without which no fairy-tale work can do. It is not necessary that all of them will be present in the fairy tale together, sometimes their sequence is violated, but the idea, the content of the fairy tale does not suffer.

J. Rodari reduced the number of these functions up to 20 :

prohibition or order; 2. violation; 3. wrecking; 4. departure of the hero; 5. task; 6. meeting with the donor; 7. magical gifts; 8. the appearance of the hero; 9. supernatural properties of the anti-hero; 10. wrestling; 11. victory; 12. return home; 13. arrival home; 14. false hero; 15. difficult trials; 16. elimination of trouble; 17. recognition of the hero; 18. exposure of a false hero; 19. punishment of the false hero; 20. Wedding or happy ending.

Here are some examples: ban acts as the strongest motive and makes one argue with the existing authority. In the fairy tale “Tiny - Khavroshechka”, the cow says: “Don’t eat my meat, collect my bones, tie them in a handkerchief, plant them in the garden, water them every morning.” In this case, Khavroshechka did not violate the ban. And in "Geese-swans" - parents forbade leaving the house. Alyonushka did not listen. going onbreaking the rules. Sabotage commits the ill-wisher of the protagonist (swan geese). The Firebird steals golden apples ("The Tale of Ivan Tsarevich, the Firebird and the Gray Wolf").

By the way, all detective stories (films and books) can be decomposed according to these functions quite easily.

Methodology

The listed 20 functions must be drawn and made in the form of maps. On each card, any symbolic image is invented. Do not forget that familiarity with fairy functions involves accumulation of a large set fabulous images, characters, knowledge of many fairy tales andsecrets of building fairy tales(structure).

Saying. Zachin(Invitation to a fairy tale).

Already the saying itself sets the listeners in a special way, takes them to a fairy-tale world. Sayings sound significant, promising. The role of the proverb is similar to the role of the epic song and for the most part is not connected with the plot of the fairy tale. Target - prepare the audience to listen to the fairy tale, to interest. The teacher might start like this:

Do you want a fairy tale? A fairy tale is a bundle, it is woven from moonlight, tied with a sunbeam, and entwined with a cloudy belt.
Behind the distant fields, behind the deep seas, behind the high mountains, among the azure glades, in a certain kingdom, a heavenly state, they lived, were ...
In a certain kingdom, in a certain state ... or in a faraway kingdom, a faraway state ...

ending

The ending, like the saying, limits (separates) the fairy tale from real life and returns listeners to reality. Ending options:

They arranged a feast for the whole world, I was there, I drank honey-beer, it flowed down my mustache, but it didn’t get into my mouth.
Here's a fairy tale for you, and a bunch of bagels for me.
Here the fairy tale ends, and whoever listened - well done.

The saying and the ending make up the frame in which the storyteller includes narration .

The story is usually full traditional, so-calledfabulous formulas:speech clichés, rhythmic proverbs that characterize different actions and descriptions of characters, constant epithets, etc.:

The king began to feast, to convene guests.
Hut, hut! Stand in the old way, as mother put - back to the forest, front to me.
He became such a fine fellow - neither to think, nor to guess, nor to describe with a pen.
The horse runs, the earth trembles, flames burst from the ears.
Sword-treasurer, Vasilisa-beautiful, self-assembled tablecloth, etc.

It is necessary to explain to the children that the fairy tale begins with some extraordinary event, where the main role is played by a magical creature. Sooner or later, the hero of a fairy tale faces evil forces or great difficulties, obstacles, and then overcomes them. Difficult tasks are usually performed by the hero with the help of magical items or creatures.

When the children have in stock the knowledge of many fairy tales, you can spend severalthematic classes or game-tasks, quizzeson the topic: "Fairy-tale heroes (heroines)", Fairy-tale monsters", "Magic helpers", "Magic transformations". “Journey through the Far Far Away Kingdom (the place of action in fairy tales is determined)”, “Fairytale number 3 (reception of three repetitions)”, “Visiting sisters-sayings, brothers-beginnings, girlfriends-endings” preferably using works of painting, music as additional means of influencing the child.

Preparatory games-tasksthat can be included in educational activities:

Miracles in the sieve. In the process of this game, various miracles occurring in fairy tales are revealed: how and with the help of what transformations, magic are carried out. Clarify magic words, objects and their effect.

Who in the world is the angrier of all (the kindest of all)?Identification of evil and insidious heroes (good), a description of their appearance, character, lifestyle, habits, dwelling. Then they analyze whether a fairy tale can exist without such heroes, what is their role in the development of the plot. For whom these characters are kind, for whom they are evil and why (probably for Koshchei, Baba Yaga is a very kind woman and a true friend).

Treasured words. During this game, the guys make an attempt to isolate the most effective, meaningful words (magic, sentences).

What is useful on the road? Based on the analysis of magical fairy-tale items that help to overcome the enemy (self-assembled tablecloth, walking boots, scarlet flower, etc.), they come up with new helper items. The most ordinary object (a pen, a shoe) can become magical, or maybe it will begin to perform functions that are not characteristic of it - a bowler hat as a nest, a bag, a mirror.

What common. The game involves a comparative analysis of various plots in terms of similarities and differences ("Teremok" and "Mitten", "Morozko" and "Mrs. Blizzard")

The work of writing fairy tales can be divided into two stages:

Stage 1 - immediatefamiliarization with the functionsfairy tale.

To begin the lesson can be as follows: “Fabulous actions live in a forest clearing in a small carved hut. They live very friendly, help each other to compose fairy tales. Let's get to know them"

The teacher can take not all 20, but the most common ones in fairy tales. For example: the hero leaves the house, prohibition, violation of the prohibition, a difficult task, a magical remedy, help, the hero escapes persecution, struggle, the enemy is defeated, a happy ending.

You read a fairy tale, then “lay it out” by function. Later, the children themselves find the indicated function verbally, lay out cards with functions.

As they gain experience with maps and features, children can be encouraged to tasks:

find familiar "magic cards" in a new, just read fairy tale;
independently determine the absence of a familiar card;
put the cards in the order in which they are given by the plot of the new fairy tale;
find a mistake in the arrangement of cards according to the plot of a new fairy tale.

On the basis of fairy tale textsexercises for the formation of figurative speech.They make the process of perception deeper, focus on the language material, make you think about the meaning of the words and expressions used in the text.

For example, Baba Yaga - say differently. Or: As they said before? (A golden-maned horse, a damask sword, morning is wiser than evening, etc.).Praise Baba Yaga.

At the 2nd stage, learning to write your own storieswith the help of magic cards.

Children are offered a set of 5-6 cards. They can come up with two, three of them (it's easier to cope with a difficult task). When writing in groups, the child may notice inaccuracies in the story of a friend (speech, logical errors), and be attentive when composing.

For example, the task is to compose a fairy tale "About the Christmas tree."Suggested 5 cards- Absence, ban, violation of the ban, magical remedy, happy ending. You can give the cards in order, or you can invite them to think about how to arrange them.

Or - come up with a fairy tale about Baba Yaga and Koschey. Condition : They are kind and help people.Which magic card will be the main(“help”), what cards could make the fairy tale more interesting, full of adventures and surprises (prohibition, violation of the ban, difficult task, happy ending)?

Negotiate with children the following provisions:

who will be the main character;
who will interfere with the hero;
who will help him solve a difficult task (magic assistants, other heroes);
come up with a title for the story;
what openings and endings will be used;
inventing fabulous words and expressions;
the presence of main and secondary characters, meetings, actions of heroes, their moral characteristics.

The number of game techniques and situations depends on your imagination. Can be offered game tricks:

"Propp's Maps"

Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp (April 17 (29), 1895, St. Petersburg - August 22, 1970, Leningrad) - Russian folklorist, one of the founders of modern text theory.

Propp cards: fairy tale constructor

Later, these three dozen functions were cut down by various scientists to 28

Teaching methodology: Stage 1: introduce children to a fairy tale as a genre of a literary work. Explain the general structure of the fairy tale: - saying, beginning (invitation to the fairy tale); - narration; - the ending of the fairy tale (the return of the listener to reality).

Stage 2: reading a fairy tale and accompanying reading by laying out Propp's cards;

Stage 3: retelling a fairy tale based on Propp's cards Stage 4: At this stage, you can try to compose fairy tales yourself using Propp's cards. To do this, 5-8 cards are selected, the main characters are invented, who will be the main character, the hero's assistants and those who will harm him.

How can the storytelling method be used to help a child cope with a task? It is desirable that the main character and the child have some common features. Maybe they both like jam or watch the same cartoon. When constructing a fairy tale for the main character, it is necessary to create a safe magical space. Therefore, formulas like: “A long time ago, in a certain kingdom-state” are used ...

It's good when the protagonist has a friend-assistant in the space of a fairy tale. A friend in a fairy tale helps to ease mental stress and defuse emotions. In the course of a fairy tale, it is necessary to solve some problem. The main character solves a problem, acquires a certain skill and transforms.

An anti-hero is introduced into the fairy tale - a character who must be defeated (or maybe changed). The end of the story should be positive. The problem is solved, after which the hero returns home, receives half the kingdom and a beautiful wife

Thank you for your attention!

What Propp cards? Famous fairy tale researcher V.Ya. Propp analyzed the structure of Russian folk tales and singled out a set of permanent structural elements or functions in them.

With help Propp's cards you can easily analyze the structure of the tale by breaking it down into functions again. to your child this will help to better understand the content of the tale and facilitate retelling.

Action plan

Stage 1: introduce children to, as a genre of literary work. Explain the general structure of the story:
- saying, beginning (invitation to a fairy tale);
- narration;
- the ending of the fairy tale (the return of the listener to reality).

Stage 2: reading a fairy tale and accompanying reading by laying out Propp's cards;

Stage 3: retelling the tale, based on Propp cards;

Stage 4: At this stage, you can try to compose fairy tales yourself using Propp cards. To do this, 5-8 cards are selected, the main characters are invented, who will be the main character, the hero's assistants and those who will harm him.

How to apply the technique of creativity

How can the storytelling method be used to help a child cope with a task?
Using this method, the child, one way or another, identifies himself with the main character, plays the situation, which ultimately helps, again, to creatively approach the task that has arisen before him and prepare for it psychologically.

To do this, a fairy tale can be started, for example, with the words: “A hero who looks like a baby is going to solve a problem. During the fairy tale, he solves the problem (problem), finds new friends, defeats the "dragon" and returns happy.

It is advisable to direct the child to take a full part in inventing (compiling) a fairy tale, only occasionally helping and prompting him how to build the development of a fairy tale “this way and that ...”.

In order to get the maximum effect from compiling a fairy tale, it is recommended to follow a number of simple rules:

1 It is desirable that the main character and the child have some common features. Maybe they both like jam or watch the same cartoon.

2 When constructing a fairy tale for the main character, it is necessary to create a safe magical space. Therefore, formulas like: “A long time ago, in a certain kingdom-state” are used ...

3 It's good when the protagonist has a helper friend in the space of a fairy tale. A friend in a fairy tale helps to ease mental stress and defuse emotions.

4 In the course of a fairy tale, it is necessary to solve some problem. The main character solves a problem, acquires a certain skill and transforms.

5 An anti-hero is introduced into the fairy tale - a character who must be defeated (or maybe changed).

6 The ending of the fairy tale should be positive. The problem is solved, after which the hero returns home, receives half the kingdom and a beautiful wife.

Usage example

Here we provide a list of the main motives highlighted by the researcher Propp:

1. Once upon a time. We create a fabulous space. (Each fairy tale begins with the introductory words "a long time ago", "once upon a time", "in the thirtieth kingdom").

2. A special circumstance (“father died”, “the sun disappeared from the sky”, “the rains stopped pouring, and a drought set in”).

4. Violation of the prohibition (characters of fairy tales look out the window, and leave the yard, and drink water from a puddle; at the same time, a new face appears in the fairy tale - an antagonist, a pest).

5. The hero leaves the house (at the same time, the hero can either set off, be sent away from the house, say, with the blessing of his parents, to look for his sister, or be expelled, for example, the father takes the daughter expelled by the stepmother into the forest, or leave the house, turning into a goat after prohibition violated).

6. The appearance of a friend-assistant (gray wolf, puss in boots).

7. The way to achieve the goal (it can be flying on a magic carpet, using a treasure sword, etc.).

8. The enemy begins to act (the snake kidnaps the princess, the sorceress poisons the apple).

9. Victory (destruction of evil spells, physical destruction of the antagonist - the Serpent, Koshchei the Immortal, victory in the competition).

10. Persecution (what fairy tale, like a detective, does without a chase? Heroes can be pursued by swan geese, Serpent Gorynych, Baba Yaga, Famously Accursed and other no less "cute" characters).

11. The hero escapes the persecution (by hiding in the stove, turning into someone or using magical means and overcoming great distances).

12. The giver tests the hero. And then a new character appears - a wizard, a dwarf, an old woman who needs help or a beggar. Baba Yaga gives the girl a task to do homework, the Serpent invites the hero to lift a heavy stone.

13. The hero passes the test of the giver (everything is obvious).

14. Obtaining a magical agent (it can be transferred, manufactured, bought, appear from nowhere, stolen, given by a donor).

15. Absence of the donor (Baba Yaga lets go in peace, the wizard disappears, the dragon hides back into the cave).

16. The hero enters into battle with the enemy (sometimes it is an open battle - with the Serpent Gorynych, sometimes a contest or a game of cards).

17. The enemy is defeated (in fairy tales, the antagonist is not only won in battle or competition, but also driven out or destroyed with the help of cunning).

18. The hero is marked (a mark is applied to the body or a special object is given - a ring, a towel, a scapular, he takes something from a defeated enemy).

19. The hero is given a difficult task (get a ring from the bottom of the sea; weave a carpet; build a palace in one night; bring something, I don’t know what).

20. The hero performs the task (how could it be otherwise?).

21. The hero is given a new look (a common technique is immersion in boiling water or hot milk, which makes the hero even more beautiful).

22. The hero returns home (usually this takes the same forms as the arrival, but it can also be a victory flight on a defeated dragon).

23. The hero is not recognized at home (sometimes due to external changes that have occurred to him, a spell cast, mutilation, growing up).

24. A false hero appears (that is, one who pretends to be a hero or appropriates his merits).

25. Unmasking a false hero (this can happen as a result of special tests or evidence from authorities).

26. Recognition of the hero. (And then a substitution is discovered. The false hero is expelled in disgrace, and our character is embraced by a loving royal couple)

27. Happy end (a feast for the whole world, a wedding, half a kingdom to boot).

28. Moral (what conclusion can be drawn from the story that happened).

You can download the full archive of Propp's maps for free. In the archive, in one folder, there are pictures separately, and in another, two prepared sheets so that you can print them on a printer and use them for the game.