The main ways and means of expressing the grammatical meaning of a complex sentence. Elements of the structure of a complex sentence.

Structural-semantic model of a complex sentence as a certain set of elements necessary to express its main grammatical meaning when implementing the corresponding syntactic connection in it.

The concept of open and closed structure of a complex sentence; about its flexible and inflexible structure; on the structure of homogeneous and inhomogeneous composition. Free and non-free (phraseological) models of a complex sentence. Transitional constructions in the field of complex sentence syntax.

A complex sentence in a functional aspect: types of a complex sentence according to the purpose of the statement; mono- and polyfunctional complex sentences; a complex sentence in terms of the emotional coloring of its structure; the specificity of the actual articulation of the structure of a complex sentence.

Typology of a compound sentence: allied and non-union complex sentences; complex and complex sentences.

A complex sentence is a syntactic unit of a higher order than a simple sentence.

A complex sentence is a combination of two or more predicative parts, functioning as one communicative unit. Each of the predicative parts included in it is similar in structure to a simple sentence, however, as part of a complex structure, it loses such features of the sentence as intonation and semantic independence, and interacts with the other part, expressing a detailed message, integral in nature: We again without collusion ran into her 1: going downstairs, she held the key in her hand 2 (V. Nabokov); Everything burned down 1 that life gave me 2 (L. Alekseeva).

Thus, a complex sentence is a polypredicative communicative unit, characterized by structural and semantic unity, as well as intonational wholeness. The most important features of a complex sentence, opposing it to a simple one, are:

1) polypredicativity, which determines the presence of a complex mechanism of mutual adaptation of predicative parts and the use of special means for this: The three are waiting at the porch 1, in a rush. . . fast run 2 will take us away (P. Vyazemsky); Friendship is friendship 1, and service is service 2;

2) polypropositivity - the presence of two or more event or logical propositions and the combination in the semantic structure of the proposal of nominations of two or more events (situations): Darkness is deep in the sky 1 . . . , the dawn has risen 2 (A. Pushkin).

The event proposition is connected with the sphere of being, movement, activity (physical or social); logical proposition - with a reflection of the relations established in the process of mental activity, logical reasoning (relationships of identification, identities, etc.). The sign of polypropositivity is not absolute: in the sphere of a complex sentence, an asymmetry between the number of predicative parts and the number of propositions is possible.

The asymmetry in the relations of predicativity and propositivity is manifested in the existence of simple sentences, which are characterized by polypropositivity.

These are sentences complicated by separate definitions, circumstances, applications, which are folded propositions, as well as sentences with names of propositive (event) semantics and sentences with secondary nominal predicates: A person who harms by virtue of conviction can be persuaded. A person who harms out of personal malice can be softened. Only those who harm out of fear are invulnerable and adamant (L. Ginzburg); The arrival of the guest woke up the little dogs sleeping in the sun (N. Gogol); From that day on, Prince Andrei began to go to the Rostovs (L. N. Tolstoy) as a groom.

In turn, not all complex sentences are polypropositional. Consider, for example, the complex sentence It's good 1 that he did it 2 . The subordinate part in it expresses a proposition (reports a certain "state of affairs"), the main part expresses the subjective attitude of the speaker to the reported (i.e. modus). A complex sentence consisting of two predicative parts turns out to be monopropositional. Thus, polypredicativity can also correspond to monopropositivity.

A complex sentence is a multidimensional unit. It is characterized: a) in the structural aspect - by polypredicativity and a detailed set of structural elements for connecting the combined predicative parts; b) in the semantic aspect - semantic completeness and semantic integrity, as well as often polypropositivity; c) in the communicative aspect - the unity of the communicative task and intonation completeness.

In the structural aspect, a complex sentence is built according to models (schemes), the elements of which are determined by its polypredicative nature: the combination of predicative parts that are different in structure and semantics requires their structural, semantic and intonational adaptation to each other.

The complex sentence model includes a set of basic and additional means of communication. The main means of communication include: a) composing and subordinating unions: My tired thoughts flight has become low 1, and the world of the soul is waterless and poorer 2 (P. Vyazemsky); If my Russia is over 1 - I die 2 (Z. Gippius); b) allied words, or relatives (in a complex sentence): In the river 1, which we call life 2, and we are a mirror stream 1 (P. Vyazemsky); c) correlates (indicative words in the main part of a complex sentence, signaling its incompleteness): What is regret and hello to that 1 who dies in the color of years 2? (M. Lermontov); d) supporting words in complex sentences of an undivided structure - words directly distributed by the subordinate clause: You wander in the forest without thinking 1 that suddenly you will become an eyewitness of some secret 2 (M. Petrovykh); e) intonation.

Additional means of communication, namely the structural features of predicative parts, due to the need for their connection with others, include: 1) the paradigm of a complex sentence - the ratio of aspectual-temporal forms and modal plans of predicates. It has more members than the simple sentence paradigm (in a complex sentence, their maximum number reaches 49), which is explained by various combinations of tense and modal plans of predicative parts. In addition to temporal and modal characteristics, the complex sentence paradigm also takes into account the aspectual forms of predicates, since depending on their identity or non-coincidence, various ratios of situations in time (sequence or simultaneity) are transmitted, cf. 2 (owl view) - sequence of actions; When the doctor examined the patient 1 (non-native view), no one interfered 2 (non-n. view) - simultaneity; 2) anaphoric and cataphoric pronouns, indicating the incompleteness of one of the parts and its close connection with the other: anaphoric pronominal words refer to the previous predicative part, cataphoric ones to the next one: In Russia, the censorship department arose before literature 1; his fatal perfection was always felt 2 (V. Nabokov); The whole city is like that there 1: a scammer sits on a scammer and drives a scammer 2 (V. Gogol); 3) structural incompleteness of one of the predicative parts, the presence of unsubstituted syntactic positions in it: He is in hall 1; further 2: no one 3 (A. Pushkin); 4) grammaticalized lexemes specific to certain complex sentences: for example, in non-target complex sentences, lexemes enough, not enough, too, etc. are used: Any crumbs of experience 1 are enough for a genius to be able to recreate an accurate picture 2 (A. Bitov) ; 5) the semantic correlation of the lexical content of the predicative parts, manifested in the presence of words with common semes or in lexical repetition: With a clear mind, the heart is clear 1, and the sea is clear as glass 2: everything is so welcoming and safe 3, everything is so smiling and bright 4 (P. Vyazemsky); 6) unfixed/fixed (fixed) order of predicative parts (fixed postposition unfixed postposition): Poetry is lying in the grass, underfoot 1 , so you just have to bend down 2 to see it and pick it up from the ground 3 (B. Pasternak); 7) the parallelism of the structure, relevant for some types of complex and non-union complex sentences: I was gloomy 1, - other children are cheerful and talkative 2 (M. Lermontov).

The set of means of communication - the structural elements of a complex sentence - forms its model (scheme), which can be both typical and private. A typical model is a general model by which all complex sentences of the same structural-semantic type are built, a particular model is a model of a specific complex sentence. It includes the means of predicative links that are inherent in a particular syntactic construction and are relevant for its construction. The complex sentence model is graphically transmitted in the form of a block diagram. For example, the sentence Evil exists 1 in order to fight it 2 (I. Brodsky) is built according to the scheme , (p. what). Models of a complex sentence are divided into free and phraseologized (phrase models). The latter include stably reproducible additional means of connecting predicative parts (particles, special lexemes, repetition of words or their forms): Let's take a closer look at the sentence of the phraseologized structure. It is worth reading this poem more carefully 1, as we will understand its entire depth 2. It is built according to a non-free model, which includes, as its constant component, such additional means of communication as the word stands (cost) and the adjoining perfective infinitive in the first part. The general model of complex sentences of this variety has the form:

[worth (cost) + infinitive], (with. how).

Such sentences of a phraseologized structure name two events that are connected by the relations of condition and direct consequence, cf. : As soon as we carefully read this poem, we will understand its meaning. If we carefully read this poem, we will understand its meaning. In addition, in sentences built on this phrase model, the presence of a characteristic property in a person or object, which determines the possibility of what is called the second part, is emphasized. As a result, additional causal relationships may arise between the two predicative parts: As soon as he gets sick 1, everything stops 2 . Thus, this sentence of a phraseologized structure, like many others built on non-free models, is ambiguous. The model of a complex sentence is an indicator of its grammatical meaning; the structural mechanism of a sentence determines its syntactic semantics.

In the semantic aspect, a complex sentence is a unit characterized by semantic integrity. Its meaning is not the sum of the meanings of its constituent predicative parts. “The grammatical meaning of a complex sentence is usually understood as the semantic relations between its parts, and one or another grammatical meaning is characteristic not only of one particular sentence, but of all sentences that have the same structure (structure), built on the same model” . He did not accept Gift Offers 1 because there was nothing to give 2 (I. Goncharov); The dogs climbed far into the kennels 1, since there was no one to bark at 2 (I. Goncharov); One day Varyusha woke up because Sidor. . . pounded his beak on the glass 2 (K. Paustovsky), despite the difference in specific unions, are built according to a common model model:, (causal subordinating union). A causal relationship is established between the events of the first and second predicative parts. Thus, the syntactic meanings of these constructions are the meanings of the cause.

There are general and particular syntactic meanings. General meanings are the meanings inherent in typical models of complex sentences and based mainly on the main means of communication; private syntactic meanings are determined taking into account the lexical content and additional means of communication and characterize the subtypes of complex sentences or their varieties (within the subtype). Let's compare the complex sentences: a) The lamps were burning brightly 1, and everyone sang and sang his simple song the disabled samovar 2 (K. Paustovsky); b) It was getting hot 1, and I hurried home 2 (M. Lermontov); c) The youthful fever of Stolz infected Oblomov 1 , and he burned with a thirst for work 2 . . . (I. Goncharov). All of them are built according to a common standard model, and, the main means of communication in it is the connecting union and. The common syntactic meaning of these constructions is the meaning of the connection. Their lexical content, the features of the paradigm and the order of their parts make it possible to single out particular syntactic meanings: a) enumerative meaning; b) effective value; c) connective-distributive meaning.

The distinction between general and particular meanings is essential for the classification of complex sentences: the types of complex sentences are distinguished taking into account general meanings, subtypes and their varieties, taking into account particular syntactic meanings.

A particular meaning can be specified as a result of the use of syntactically specialized elements. These are adverbs, particles (and their combinations), introductory words that perform the functions of concretizers of a certain particular meaning in a complex sentence. So, in the sentence Already, almost in front of the pillbox, there were forward arrows 1, but it was still impossible to walk along the road 2 (N. Tikhonov), the words already and still express a concessive meaning. The role of such elements is especially great in compound and non-union complex sentences.

Typed lexical elements also play an important role in the implementation of syntactic meanings. These are lexical means that regularly express certain meanings in various types of complex sentences, participating in the formation of the corresponding grammatical meanings.

There are two types of such lexical elements: 1) typological-constructive elements necessary to implement the main syntactic meaning of a complex sentence. So, antonyms express a comparative meaning, the main one for compound and non-union sentences with comparative relations: Young - for service 1, old - for advice 2 (proverb); 2) private-constructive elements that cause an additional grammatical meaning that does not coincide with the main meaning of the sentence; so, the use of modal words in complex sentences with subordinate clauses modifies the main syntactic meaning: True, the bullet hit him in the shoulder 1, because he suddenly lowered his arm 2 (M. Lermontov). The subordinate clause expresses not a causal, but an investigative meaning, since its rationale is given in the main part.

In the semantic aspect, a complex sentence acts as a polypropitive unit: it is focused on reporting two or more situations, each of which receives a predicate expression, and may contain several dictum meanings. This feature does not apply, however, to all types of complex sentences. Monopropositive are: 1) complex sentences with substantive-attributive (defining) clauses, in which the clause is used not to name a separate situation, but to establish the reference of a name: There are words 1 that only seem banal 2 ; 2) explanatory-objective complex sentences, in which one part may contain a mode of expression (give a modal and / or evaluative interpretation of the message), and the second - a dictum (main message): . Vyazemsky); It is good 1 that autumn has already passed 2 ; 3) complex sentences with pronominal-correlative clauses, in which the clause in combination with the correlate gives a detailed name of a person or object: This is all 1 that I heard 2 (M. Bulgakov) - cf. : all overheard.

The meaning of a complex sentence can also be organized in such a way that the propositions contained in its parts "correlate with the same situation". So, in divisive compound sentences with unions, it’s not the same. . . not that, or. . . whether different propositions serve to inaccurate nomination of the same situation, not clearly identified by the speaker: Either he [Rudin] envied Natalia 1 , or he regretted her 2 (I. Turgenev).

In the communicative aspect, a complex sentence is considered as an integral unit that performs a specific communicative task. The actual articulation of a complex sentence is carried out through intonation and the order of the parts. With a neutral (objective) order of parts, the topic is usually located at the beginning of the statement (the first part); the rheme takes postposition,

rheme theme rheme theme

cf. : (Freezing). It's cold, / / ​​the snow crunches underfoot. Wed : (Freezing). The snow crunches underfoot, / / ​​it's cold. In the last utterance, a change in the order of the parts actualizes the rheme, the first part is distinguished by intonation (raising the pitch on the stressed word and increasing its duration). The theme-rhematic division of a complex sentence reflects the allocation of less and more significant information for the speaker: the most important information is the rheme of the statement.

The boundaries of syntactic and actual articulation in a complex sentence may not coincide.

rheme theme

Wed: Since the classes were over, / / ​​I went home (the boundaries of the components of the actual articulation coincided

rheme theme

give with boundaries of predicative parts); The house where I settled / / had an interesting history (the clause, along with the reference word, is part of the topic - and the boundaries of syntactic and actual articulation do not coincide). The peculiarity of the actual division of a complex sentence is that its components usually denote whole events, therefore each of the predicative parts can have its own communicative structure.

When expressing the purpose of the statement in a complex sentence, not only single-functional, but also multi-functional parts can be combined, for example, narrative and interrogative: He worked all his life 1, and what did you do 2? Thus, in comparison with a simple sentence, a complex one is characterized by the possibility of combining different goals, different functional plans. It has not only a modal, temporal, but also a communicative perspective.

The classification of complex sentences is based on the juxtaposition of the means of communication between predicative parts and syntactic meanings. When differentiating complex sentences, quantitative and qualitative criteria for their division are used, related both to their structure and semantics.

1) Binomial / polynomial sentences are distinguished by the number of predicative parts: It was raining 1, and trees were rustling from a strong wind 2 (A. Chekhov); For some time he stood at the window 1: the sky was curdled 2 ; occasionally, in the place 3 where the blind sun 4 floated, opal pits 3 appeared (V. Nabokov);

2) by the presence of allied means of communication, allied / non-union complex sentences are opposed: in allied constructions, predicative parts are connected by unions (composing or subordinating) or allied words, allied sentences are characterized by the absence of allied means of communication: You sing me that song 1 that the old one used to sing to us mother 2 (S. Yesenin); There will be, there will be time 1: the sun will come again 2 (K. Sluchevsky).

3) according to the nature of the model (scheme), sentences built on free models and sentences built on non-free (phraseological) models (sentences of phraseologized structure) are distinguished. Sentences of a phraseologized structure are built according to special non-free models, which are characterized by the presence of additional stably reproduced means of communication (particles, special lexemes, repetitions). Their features are: a) modeling based on the stability of the phrase scheme and its reproducibility; b) especially close connection of predicative parts; c) often a fixed order of parts; d) tendency to idiomatic meaning; e) the presence of a variety of expressive and evaluative meanings: The more flame in my long-experienced 1, the less ahead of the fire in me tired 2 (I. Severyanin); Be brave, don't be brave 1, but you won't be braver than the world 2 (N. Leskov).

The most important and regular elements of the structure of a complex sentence include the main means of communication (unions and allied words), the ratio of aspectual-temporal and modal forms of predicates, the relative position of parts, and in complex sentences, in addition, the presence or absence of correlative (indicative) words and the ratio of the subordinate part to the main part (the subordinate part refers to the entire main part or to any word or phrase in it). As already mentioned, quantitatively and qualitatively different combinations of these structural elements form models of complex sentences of various types (of course, taking into account known lexical restrictions), each of which is characterized by its wide grammatical meaning.

Most complex sentences are built on such models, they are the most productive and stylistically neutral. They are called free.

However, there are also complex proposals that are built on more complex models. In addition to the basic elements of the structure mentioned above, they include other, more specific elements that make the connection between the predicative parts especially close and cause more specific and complex grammatical meanings. Complex sentences built according to such models are limited in their use (usually typical for live colloquial speech). Such models are called non-free.

Such, for example, is the complex sentence What else, but there are enough swamps in Meshchera (K. Paustovsky). The structural model of this sentence, in addition to the comparative union a and the present tense (suffices) with a timeless meaning, also includes the pronominal combination of something else, which forms the first part. This also determines the more complex grammatical meaning of this sentence - it expresses not comparative relations, but discriminatory-comparative ones. According to the same non-free model, such sentences are built: Who else, but he knows; Where else, but in Moscow you will find everything, etc. Cf. free model proposal: There is little arable land in Meshchera, but there are plenty of swamps.

Individual particles are especially often used as additional elements of the structure, but these can also be various morphological forms of words and even fully significant words.

So, the negative particle not and the restrictive particle are only used in complex sentences with the union as, expressing the relationship of temporal interdependence, for example: 1) The peasant did not have time to gasp, as the bear settled on him (I. Krylov); 2) As soon as we had time to rest and dine, we heard gun shots (A. Pushkin). The first part in such sentences denotes an action interrupted by another action, which is mentioned in the second part (a sentence with a particle not), or an action that ended just when the action indicated in the second part of the sentence began (a sentence with a particle only). Thus, the difference in meaning between the first and second sentences depends on the use of different particles in these sentences. Both particles are necessary in the organization of such proposals. Without them, such sentences cannot be constructed at all (one cannot say: “We managed to dine, how ...”, “I managed to gasp, how ...”, etc.).

In the structure of these complex sentences, the verb managed also takes part, which, in combination with particles, not only directly indicates by its lexical meaning the nature of the relations expressed in the complex sentence (did not have time ... only managed ...).

In sentences with a double union than ... those in which facts interconnected in their development are compared, forms of the comparative degree of adjectives or qualitative adverbs are an obligatory element of the structure, for example: 1) The sooner the fire burned out, the more visible the moonlit night became (A. Chekhov); 2) The more he spoke, the more he blushed (Saltykov-Shchedrin).

In the sentences analyzed above with elements, I did not have time ..., how ...; only managed ..., how ... and in sentences with the union than ... the, in addition to the main elements of the structure, several more private elements, characteristic only for these sentences, are distinguished. This leads to the fact that the connection between the parts of a complex sentence turns out to be so close that it even seems difficult to decide which part is main and which is subordinate. In such cases, we can talk about the subordination of parts of a complex sentence.

Thus, the more elements of the structure are included in the model of a complex sentence, the closer the connection between its parts, the less free it is, and, conversely, the fewer such elements, the less close the connection is, the more free in its structure the complex sentence turns out to be.

4) if it is possible to change the order of predicative parts in complex sentences, flexible and inflexible structures are distinguished. Flexible structures allow different options for the order of parts: If you have to choose a fate 1 - I will not be deceived by another 2 (N. Krandievskaya). Inflexible structures are structures in which permutations of predicative parts and the insertion of one of the parts into another are impossible: The train departed at seven o'clock in the evening 1, so that Mikhail Ivanovich could have time to have lunch ... before departure 2 (L. Tolstoy);

5) on the basis of “correspondence / inconsistency in the number of propositions and predicative parts of the sentence”, symmetrical and asymmetric constructions are distinguished. In symmetrical constructions, the number of propositions is equal to the number of predicative parts: If you need help 1 call 2 . In asymmetric constructions, the number of propositions does not correspond to the number of predicative parts, and individual links of the semantic structure of the statement are not expressed using linguistic means (implicit): If you want to buy bread 1, then the bakery is to the right 2 . In this statement, three components of the semantic structure correspond to two predicative parts: If you want to buy bread 1, then (keep in mind, know 2) (that) a bakery to the right 3 . The second component is omitted, which causes the asymmetry of the complex sentence.

According to the function (the nature of the goal setting), the functional types of the complex sentence are distinguished. At the same time, they differ:

1) functionally homogeneous sentences - sentences, all the predicative parts of which coincide in goal setting: a) narrative: I walked slowly 1: I was sad 2 (M. Lermontov); b) interrogative: Why ... others can do everything 1 , but I can't 2 ? (L. Tolstoy); c) incentive: Give everything earthly to the earth 1, and, like blue smoke, ascend to us in blue, pure and unharmed 2 (F. Sologub).

2) syncretic, uniting functionally heterogeneous parts: a) narrative-interrogative: Without a doubt, he was in a miserable position 1, but what was there to do 2? (L. Tolstoy); b) narrative-motivating: ... You won’t find better 1: turn a gentle look, girls, to the infantry 2 (A. Tvardovsky); c) motivating-interrogative: Yes, run to the officer 1 - why is he chilling there 2? (A. Chekhov); d) incentive-narrative: Understand 1: lack of freedom from lies leads to atrocities 2 (V Kornilov).

Syncretic functional types are represented mainly in the sphere of complex and non-union complex sentences, the predicative parts of which are characterized by a greater degree of independence than in a complex sentence.

It is traditional to divide sentences into exclamatory and non-exclamatory sentences. These types of sentences differ in the presence / absence of emotional coloring in the syntactic construction and, thus, are associated with the reflection of the position of the speaker (the author of the statement), with the transfer of his emotions and assessments. First of all, exclamatory intonation, as well as particles, interjections and expressive vocabulary serve as a means of expressing emotions: How vividly unpretentious pictures of marching movements arise in my head 1, and what a modest charm they acquire in memories 2! (A. Kuprin). Non-exclamatory and exclamatory sentences are unevenly distributed in the system of complex structures. Non-exclamatory sentences predominate, while exclamatory ones are used, as a rule, in the sphere of binary constructions, and they are closely related to the functional types of the sentence: it is the question or motivation that often expresses the speaker's emotions.

With all the variety of structural, semantic and functional characteristics in modern Russian studies, there are three main features that serve as the basis for a consistent multi-level classification of complex sentences: 1) the presence / absence of means of communication that combine predicative parts. On this basis, the classes of allied and non-union proposals are distinguished; 2) contrasting the composition / subordination of predicative parts in the field of allied constructions: allied sentences are divided into compound and complex; 3) the assignment of one predicative part to one word of another part or to the entire part as a whole (non-segmentation/segmentation). The last division applies only to complex sentences. As a result, a rather harmonious classification arises: each division in it makes it possible to reveal the semantic originality of a distinguished class or subclass of sentences, due to the structural features underlying the classification. So, non-union sentences differ from allied ones by the diffuseness of semantics, the non-differentiation of relations between parts. Compound and complex sentences differ in the degree of autonomy of the parts and the nature of the expressed relations between them. The division of complex sentences into undivided and dissected corresponds not only to a set of structural features that delimit them, but also to significant differences in the nature of the relationship between the parts, which is reflected in the establishment of an analogy with the phrase for the first, for the second (dissected) - with a simple sentence with an adverbial determinant .

The further division of compound and non-union sentences is predominantly traditional: compound sentences are differentiated depending on the type of the coordinating union, and then divided into subtypes according to the nature of the syntactic meaning, non-union complex sentences are classified depending on the relationship between the predicative parts (taking into account additional means of communication) .

Thus, the general classification of complex sentences is generally heterogeneous. Let us turn to the consideration of their main classes.

More on the topic The concept of a complex sentence. The place of a complex sentence in the system of syntactic units of the language. The grammatical meaning of a complex sentence as its main distinguishing feature. A complex sentence as a structural-semantic union of predicative parts and as a special independent unit of syntax. Differential features of a complex sentence.:

1. The concept of a complex sentence. The place of a complex sentence in the system of syntactic units of the language. The grammatical meaning of a complex sentence as its main distinguishing feature. A complex sentence as a structural-semantic union of predicative parts and as a special independent unit of syntax. Differential features of a complex sentence.

§one. Difficult sentence. General concepts

Difficult sentence is a unit of syntax.

complex are called sentences consisting of two or more grammatical bases, connected into a single whole in meaning, grammatically and intonationally.
A complex sentence differs from a simple sentence in that in a simple sentence there is one grammatical basis, and in a complex sentence there is more than one. A complex sentence, therefore, consists of parts, each of which is framed as a simple sentence.
But a complex sentence is not a random collection of simple sentences. In a complex sentence, parts are interconnected in meaning and syntactically, with the help of syntactic links. Each part, being framed as a sentence, does not have semantic and intonational completeness. These features are characteristic of the entire complex sentence as a whole.

Complex sentences, like simple ones, are characterized by the purpose of the utterance. They can be non-exclamatory and exclamatory.

Unlike a simple sentence, a complex one requires determining how many parts it consists of and what connection its parts are connected by.

§2. Types of syntactic connection of parts of a complex sentence

The syntactic relationship between parts of a complex sentence can be:

• allied
• unionless

Allied connection- this is a kind of syntactic connection expressed with the help of unions.

Allied connection can be:

• writing
• subordinating

Coordinating syntactic connection- this is a type of syntactic connection with an equal relationship of parts. A coordinating syntactic connection is expressed with the help of special means: coordinating conjunctions.

The storm passed and the sun came out.

Subordinating syntactic connection- this is a type of syntactic connection with an unequal relationship of parts. The parts of a complex sentence with a subordinating link are different: one is the main sentence, the other is a subordinate sentence. The subordinating syntactic connection is expressed with the help of special means: subordinating conjunctions and allied words.

We didn't go for a walk because a thunderstorm started.

(We didn't go for a walk- main proposition because the storm has begun- subordinate clause.)

Associative syntactic relationship is a meaningful connection. Parts of a complex sentence are connected only by punctuation. Neither conjunctions nor allied words are used to express an allied syntactic connection. Example:

The coach got sick, the class was rescheduled for next week.

The nature of the syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence- this is the most important classification feature of complex sentences.

§3. Classification of complex sentences

The classification of complex sentences is a classification according to the syntactic relationship between its parts. Complex sentences are divided into:

into 1) allied and 2) non-union, and allied, in turn - into 1) compound and 2) compound.

Therefore, there are three types of complex sentences:

• compound
• complex subordinate
• unionless

Each of these types is subject to further classification by meaning.

test of strength

Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. How many grammatical bases are in a complex sentence?

   • two or more

2. How are parts of a complex sentence related?

   • within the meaning of

3. Does a part of a complex sentence have a completeness?

   • yes, each part is a separate independent proposal

4. Are complex sentences characterized by the purpose of the utterance?

5. Can complex sentences be exclamatory?

6. Is it correct to assume that the syntactic connection between the parts of a complex sentence is only allied?

7. What can be an allied connection between parts of a complex sentence?

   • main
   • adnexal

8. Is it possible to have a syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence without conjunctions?

9. What type of allied syntactic connection is characterized by an equal relationship of parts of a complex sentence?

   • an equal relationship characterizes a subordinating relationship

10. What type of allied syntactic connection is characterized by an unequal relationship of parts of a complex sentence?

    • unequal attitude characterizes the coordinative connection

Right answers:

1. two or more
2. in meaning and syntactically (using a syntactic link)
3. no, only all the parts together are an independent offer
4. coordinating and subordinating
5. equal relationship characterizes the coordinative connection
6. unequal attitude characterizes a subordinating relationship

A complex sentence is a sentence consisting of two or more grammatical bases (predicative units) that make up a semantic, structural and intonational unity.

A complex sentence functions in the language as one communicative unit and is characterized by formal grammatical and semantic features, among which the most important are: a) polypredicativeness; b) a special structural scheme; c) intonational completeness, semantic and structural integrity; d) it reports on several situations and the relationship between them.

The polypredicativeness of a complex sentence is found in the presence of two or more predicative units that have the structure of a simple sentence, combined into one. Parts of a complex sentence only

can be conditionally called simple sentences. Having a syntactic structure similar to simple sentences, they do not have: a) meaningful completeness, because only in combination they express a complex thought, versatile connections between objects and phenomena of the environment; b) intonation completeness, because only the entire complex sentence is characterized by the intonation of the end; c) communicative meaning, since they are not independent units of communication.

A complex sentence consisting of two predicative units is called a binary, or two-component: Therefore, let us be frank in matters great and simple, in order to answer for everything from birth to death.(V. Krishchenko); Not only people make mistakes, even saints make mistakes(V. Simonenko).

A complex sentence, consisting of three or more predicative units, is called a multi-membered or multicomponent: Childish trust "I to the teacher is a drop of pure dew on a rose flower, you need to pick a flower so as not to shake off this drop(V. Sukhomlinsky); I do not have happiness and do not see it in my dreams, therefore I carry other dreams in my heart; when I sometimes suffer and cry, then I don’t ask fate for happiness (Lesya Ukrainka).

A complex sentence is not a mechanical combination of simple sentences; it is built according to a certain peculiar scheme. During construction, certain structural varieties of a simple sentence are used, which are modified in accordance with the features of a complex sentence.

So, parts of complex sentences do not act as a separate communicative unit and do not have semantic and intonational completeness. Only the entire complex sentence as a whole can be considered as an independent structural and communicative unit, which is a means of forming and transmitting information.

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION OF THE PARTS OF A COMPLEX PROPOSITION

The main means of combining predicative units of a complex sentence are conjunctions, connecting words and intonation.

Intonation plays an important role in any sentence (simple and complex). Any complex sentence is characterized by tonal completeness, has an intonation of the end. In separate complex constructions, intonation is the only means of expressing semantic and syntactic relations between the predicative units of a complex sentence.

There are the following types of intonations:

1) intonation of the list: Leaves nada, nada, cold land, cranes are already flying over the garden to warmer climes(A. Kaminchuk);

2) intonation of opposition or juxtaposition: Not a garden bloomed here, not a garden bed - boys and girls near the school (G. Prygara);

3) intonation of explanation: I dreamed: red roses flamed in golden rays (Lesya Ukrainka).

One of the most common means of communication of predicative units is conjunctions and connecting words, which are indicators of a coordinating or contractual connection. From a semantic point of view, in many cases, without the help of context, they express certain semantic relations.

Conjunction unions(paratactical) combine equal parts of a complex sentence into one whole and express binding, comparable-opposite and dividing relationships: A thunderstorm passed, and the night rushed by, and again the day is noisy all around (V. Sosyura); Years of love, childlike, like spring waters, have disappeared, but the sound of spring waters will never be forgotten.(Lesya Ukrainka); It was not from the sun that the harvest ripened - then the singing of happiness hardened in the grain (S. Letyuk); then a dark night will come, then a cheerful day makes noise(L. Glebov). Conjunctive conjunctions only connect the predicative parts of a compound sentence and do not belong to any of these parts.

Contracting unions(hypotactical) connect parts of complex sentences and express temporary, conditional, causal, s "yasuvalnі and other relationships. They always refer to the contracting part, subordinating it to the main one: spring flies in flowers, pike cranes and does not know that they open gates to her with vistuns everywhere(Alexander Oles); Do not be afraid of insights, for they are like medicine (L. Kostenko).

Connecting words, connecting parts of a folded sentence, act as members of the contract part of the sentence. Significant parts of speech act as linking words: relative pronouns (who, what, which, whose) and pronouns (how, when, where, where): Avoid people who, seeing your vices and shortcomings, justify or even approve of them(G. Skovoroda); Look, I laugh when my heart cries...(Lesya Ukrainka).

Connecting words can have correlative demonstrative words in the main part. Demonstrative and definitive pronouns (such, that, everyone, all), as well as pronominal adverbs (then, here, there, there, so) act as related words: My soul will never forget the gift that spring gave ... ( Lesya Ukrainka); Here, where every stone was poured with blood in battle to take, with respect and love, "stop, friend, you (V. Luchuk).

One of the means of combining the predicative units of a complex sentence into one whole is the ratio of the aspectual-temporal and modes of their forms of adjectival verbs, which are appropriately coordinated. So in sentences with simultaneity of actions, adjective verbs are expressed in the form of one tense, and in sentences with a temporal sequence - in different-temporal forms: A nightingale sings in the grove, I listen to a gentle chirping, a pure, I hear a Ukrainian thing in that twitter(A. Krymsky); The day, ripe and heavy, rolled down like a black-sided apple, and the night, with a slow wave of the hand, writes wide shadows in black charcoal.(G. Rylsky).

Lexical elements can also determine the nature of syntactic relations and link parts of a complex sentence. Lexical means of communication in the broadest sense include connecting and correlative words. Such elements can be pronouns that are used instead of nouns and indicate the relationship between predicative units: The sunny path is pouring, and on it you and I and around in flowers my Ukraine(V. Sosyura). A common secondary member (or several members) can also be a lexical element: At that time, hot summer abounded over Kyiv, June was coming, and heavy dark clouds gathered in the sky almost every evening (V. Sobko).

The order of placement of parts of a complex sentence can be free and fixed, permanent.

For a free order, the predicative parts can change their place in the sentence: Leaves will grow from a leaflet, a shirt will be knitted from a thread (M. Singaevsky). If you change the arrangement of the parts of a complex sentence, the content of the verb and the relationship between the parts will not change. The free order of the parts have those complex sentences in which the relation of simultaneity is established.

If there is a temporal sequence between the parts of a complex sentence, a causal relationship, and a clear relationship, then the order in which the predicative parts are placed is constant, fixed: For hundreds of years they crucified us, and did not overcome, therefore Ukraine did not die and will never die(D. Pavlychko); Popular wisdom says: December ends the year, opens the door to real winter (M. Tkachenko).

Difficult sentence is a structural, semantic and intonational union of predicative units, () grammatically similar to a simple sentence. A complex sentence has its own grammatical meaning and grammatical form, its own structural indicators. A complex sentence is a syntactic communicative unit of a higher order than a simple sentence.
Similarities Between Simple Sentence and Compound Sentence:

1. Each part of a complex sentence is built on the model of a simple sentence.
2. In each part of a complex sentence there is a composition of main members, minor members, and complicating components are possible.

predicative unit

predicative unit

1) A syntactic structure containing a predicate.

2) Part of a complex sentence, its building material.

« A compound sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more simple sentences.
“Sentences that have in their composition two or more predicative units that form a semantic, structural and intonational unity are called complex” (N.S. Valgina).
So, the components of a complex sentence were called and are called differently: simple sentences (school), predicative units (university textbooks).
Indeed, a complex sentence consists of parts that are similar to simple sentences. Experiment: take simple sentences and make complex sentences out of them.
Nr, Father spent the whole evening reading a new story. The story was fantastic. Her father liked her.
When constructing a complex sentence from simple sentences, the latter cease to have the most important features of the sentence - semantic and intonational independence. A complex sentence in meaning and structure is never an "arithmetic sum" of simple sentences. The content of the parts of a complex sentence becomes clear only as part of a complex sentence (as morphemes in a word).
A complex sentence is a fact of saving language resources. Certain relationships are established between the parts of a complex sentence, which deprive the parts of semantic, intonational, and sometimes structural completeness.
A simple sentence undergoes a whole system of changes, becoming a component of a complex sentence. Thus, despite the fact that there is some commonality between a simple and a complex sentence (predicativity), when entering a complex sentence, these predicative units acquire features that significantly distinguish them from simple sentences. Simple sentences lose their semantic and intonational completeness, and therefore it is more expedient to call parts of a complex sentence predicative units.
The grammatical features of a complex sentence are determined by two points: 1) each of its parts is built according to one or another scheme of a simple sentence; 2) the combination of parts of a complex sentence constitutes a structural-semantic unity (V.A. Beloshapkova).
This duality of a complex sentence has led to a different understanding of its syntactic essence.:

1. A.M. Peshkovsky, A. A. Shakhmatov, who understood a complex sentence as a chain of simple sentences, abandoned the term complex sentence. A.M. Peshkovsky called a complex sentence a “complex whole”, A.A. Shakhmatov called it a “combination of sentences”.
2. V.A. Bogoroditsky described a complex sentence as a single and integral structure. This idea was deepened by N.S. Pospelov, V.A. Beloshapkova,

S.E. Kryuchkov, L.Yu., Maksimov, for whom a complex sentence is a structural-semantic unity of predicative parts.
Features of a complex sentence.

1. Structural features of a complex sentence:

1. Polypredicativity; (polypredicativity, which determines the presence of a complex mechanism for the mutual adaptation of predicative parts and the use of special means for this: The troika is waiting at the porch, in a rush. A quick run will take us away (P. Vyazemsky); Friendship is friendship, and service is service;)

1. The presence of lexical and grammatical means of communication: conjunctions, allied words, correlative words (indicative words), particles, intonation.

N-r, You are many years late, but still I am glad for you.
Know how to live even when life becomes unbearable.
3. The presence of common members of the proposal.

1. Structural incompleteness of any predicative part of a compound sentence (usually the second).

1. Semantic features of a complex sentence:

1. Polypropositivity. (polypropositivity - the presence of two or more event or logical propositions and the combination in the semantic structure of the sentence of nominations of two or more events (situations): The sky is deep in darkness, the dawn has risen (A. Pushkin).)
2. The lexico-thematic unity of the parts of a complex sentence, which entails their logical compatibility.
3. Between the predicative parts of a complex sentence, certain relationships are established that are associated with certain communicative premises, i.e. for each type of complex sentence, a certain grammatical meaning is characteristic.

The independence of a complex sentence is manifested in the following:

1. single complex semantics;
2. single intonation pattern;
3. availability of specific means of communication.

A complex sentence is a combination of predicative units built according to one or another structural scheme and intended to function as an integral unit of a message.

Complex sentences are divided into types. The first division is according to the nature of the formal connection between the parts. If the parts are connected only by intonation, then the sentence is called unionless (BSP). If unions and allied words are used for communication, then the sentence refers to allied words. Allied, in turn, are divided into two categories according to the nature of the allied means used in them. If a coordinating union is used for the connections of parts, then the sentence refers to compound (CSP). If subordinating conjunctions or allied words are used to connect the parts, then the sentence is characterized as complex (CPP).

Complex sentences

Allied non-Union

Compound complex

At the same time, the meaning expressed by different types of complex sentences can be the same, compare: 1. Night fell, Pinocchio headed to the Field of Miracles. 2. Night fell, and Pinocchio went to the Field of Miracles. 3. As soon as night fell, Pinocchio went to the Field of Miracles. The first sentence is non-union, the second refers to compound ones with connecting relations between parts, the third one is complex with a subordinate clause of time.

Almost any complex sentence can be transformed into a sentence of a different type: If you put money in a hole, a tree with a bunch of gold coins will grow (SPP) - If you put money in a hole, a tree of gold coins (BSP) will grow.

A complex sentence is a structural, semantic and intonational combination of predicative units that are grammatically similar to a simple sentence. A complex sentence has its own grammatical meaning and grammatical form, its own structural indicators. A complex sentence is a syntactic communicative unit of a higher order than a simple sentence.
Similarities Between Simple Sentence and Compound Sentence:

1. Each part of a complex sentence is built on the model of a simple sentence.
2. In each part of a complex sentence there is a composition of main members, minor members, and complicating components are possible.

The difference between a simple sentence and a complex sentence:

1. Structural: a simple sentence contains one predicative unit (a simple sentence is a monopredicative unit), a complex sentence contains two (or more) predicative units (a complex sentence is a polypredicative unit). A simple sentence is built from words and phrases, and a complex one is built from simple sentences, which in some cases remain unchanged, while in others they undergo structural changes, entering the complex as its components.
2. Semantic: parts of a complex sentence are deprived of independence - semantic completeness; intonation completeness; components of the “dependence” of parts of a complex sentence that are not characteristic of a simple sentence may appear: unions, allied words, demonstrative words, functional equivalents.

What are the parts of a complex sentence?
According to school grammar, "A compound sentence is a sentence consisting of two or more simple sentences."
“Sentences that have in their composition two or more predicative units that form a semantic, structural and intonational unity are called complex” (N.S. Valgina).
So, the components of a complex sentence were called and are called differently: simple sentences (school), predicative units (university textbooks).
Indeed, a complex sentence consists of parts that are similar to simple sentences. Experiment: take simple sentences and make complex sentences out of them.
Nr, Father spent the whole evening reading a new story. The story was fantastic. Her father liked her.
When constructing a complex sentence from simple sentences, the latter cease to have the most important features of the sentence - semantic and intonational independence. A complex sentence in meaning and structure is never an "arithmetic sum" of simple sentences. The content of the parts of a complex sentence becomes clear only as part of a complex sentence (as morphemes in a word).
A complex sentence is a fact of saving language resources. Certain relationships are established between the parts of a complex sentence, which deprive the parts of semantic, intonational, and sometimes structural completeness.
A simple sentence undergoes a whole system of changes, becoming a component of a complex sentence. Thus, despite the fact that there is some commonality between a simple and a complex sentence (predicativity), when entering a complex sentence, these predicative units acquire features that significantly distinguish them from simple sentences. Simple sentences lose their semantic and intonational completeness, and therefore it is more expedient to call parts of a complex sentence predicative units.
The grammatical features of a complex sentence are determined by two points: 1) each of its parts is built according to one or another scheme of a simple sentence; 2) the combination of parts of a complex sentence constitutes a structural-semantic unity (V.A. Beloshapkova).
This duality of the complex sentence has led to a different understanding of its syntactic essence:

1. A.M. Peshkovsky, A. A. Shakhmatov, who understood a complex sentence as a chain of simple sentences, abandoned the term complex sentence. A.M. Peshkovsky called a complex sentence a “complex whole”, A.A. Shakhmatov called it a “combination of sentences”.
2. V.A. Bogoroditsky described a complex sentence as a single and integral structure. This idea was deepened by N.S. Pospelov, V.A. Beloshapkova,

S.E. Kryuchkov, L.Yu., Maksimov, for whom a complex sentence is a structural-semantic unity of predicative parts.
Features of a complex sentence.

1. Structural features of a complex sentence:

1. Polypredicativity;

1. The presence of lexical and grammatical means of communication: conjunctions, allied words, correlative words (indicative words), particles, intonation.

N-r, You are many years late, but still I am glad for you.
Know how to live even when life becomes unbearable.
3. The presence of common members of the proposal.

1. Structural incompleteness of any predicative part of a compound sentence (usually the second).

1. Semantic features of a complex sentence:

1. Polypropositivity.
2. The lexico-thematic unity of the parts of a complex sentence, which entails their logical compatibility.
3. Between the predicative parts of a complex sentence, certain relationships are established that are associated with certain communicative premises, i.e. for each type of complex sentence, a certain grammatical meaning is characteristic.

The independence of a complex sentence is manifested in the following:

1. single complex semantics;
2. single intonation pattern;
3. availability of specific means of communication.

A complex sentence is a combination of predicative units built according to one or another structural scheme and intended to function as an integral unit of a message.