For safety and ease of use, it is recommended to buy the most dilute acid, but sometimes it has to be diluted even more at home. Be sure to wear body and face protection as concentrated acids cause severe chemical burns. To calculate the required amount of acid and water, you will need to know the molarity (M) of the acid and the molarity of the solution you need to get.

Steps

How to calculate the formula

Explore what you already have. Look for the acid concentration symbol on the packaging or in the task description. Usually this value is indicated as molarity, or molar concentration (briefly - M). For example, 6M acid contains 6 moles of acid molecules per liter. Let's call this initial concentration C1.

• The formula will also use the value V 1. This is the volume of acid we will be adding to the water. We probably won't need the whole bottle of acid, though we don't know the exact amount yet.

1. Decide what the result should be. The required concentration and volume of acid is usually indicated in the text of the chemistry problem. For example, we need to dilute the acid to a value of 2M, and we need 0.5 liters of water. Let us denote the required concentration as C2, and the required volume - as V 2.

   • If you are given other units, first convert them to molarity units (moles per liter) and liters.
   • If you don't know what concentration or volume of acid you need, ask a teacher or someone well versed in chemistry.

2. Write a formula to calculate the concentration. Each time you dilute the acid, you will use the following formula: C 1 V 1 = C 2 V 2. This means that the original concentration of a solution times its volume equals the concentration of the diluted solution times its volume. We know this to be true because the concentration times the volume equals the total acid, and the total acid will remain the same.

   • Using the data from the example, we write this formula as (6M)(V 1)=(2M)(0.5L).

3. Solve equation V 1. The value of V 1 will tell us how much we need concentrated acid to get the desired concentration and volume. Let's rewrite the formula as V 1 \u003d (C 2 V 2) / (C 1), then substitute the known numbers.

   • In our example, we get V 1 =((2M)(0.5L))/(6M). This equals approximately 167 milliliters.

4. Calculate the required amount of water. Knowing V 1, that is, the amount of acid available, and V 2, that is, the amount of solution that you get, you can easily calculate how much water you need. V 2 - V 1 = required volume of water.

   • In our case, we want to get 0.167 liters of acid per 0.5 liters of water. We need 0.5 liters - 0.167 liters \u003d 0.333 liters, that is, 333 milliliters.

5. Put on safety goggles, gloves and a gown. You will need special glasses that will cover your eyes and sides. Wear gloves and a gown or apron to avoid burning your skin and clothes.

   Work in a well ventilated area. If possible, work under the included hood - this will prevent acid vapors from harming you and surrounding objects. If you don't have a hood, open all windows and doors or turn on a fan.

6. Find out where the source of running water is. If acid gets in your eyes or on your skin, you will need to rinse the affected area under cool, running water for 15 to 20 minutes. Do not start work until you find out where the nearest sink is.

   • When rinsing your eyes, keep them open. Look up, down, to the sides so that the eyes are washed from all sides.

7. Know what to do if you spill acid. You can buy a special kit for collecting spilled acid, which will include everything you need, or purchase neutralizers and absorbents separately. The process described below is applicable to hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric and phosphoric acids. Other acids may require different handling.

   • Ventilate the room by opening windows and doors and turning on the exhaust hood and fan.
   • Apply Little sodium carbonate (baking soda), sodium bicarbonate, or calcium carbonate on the outer edges of the puddle to prevent splashing of acid.
   • Gradually fill the entire puddle towards the center until you have completely covered it with the neutralizing agent.
   • Mix thoroughly with a plastic stick. Check the pH value of the puddle with litmus paper. Add more neutralizing agent if this value exceeds 6-8, and then wash the area with plenty of water.

How to dilute acid

1. Cool the water with people. This should only be done if you will be working with high concentrations of acids, such as 18M sulfuric acid or 12M hydrochloric acid. Pour water into a container, place the container on ice for at least 20 minutes.

   • Most often, water at room temperature is sufficient.

2. Pour distilled water into a large flask. For tasks that require extreme precision (for example, titrimetric analysis), use a volumetric flask. For all other purposes, a regular conical flask will do. The entire required volume of liquid must fit in the container, and there must also be room so that the liquid does not spill.

   • If the capacity of the container is known, there is no need to accurately measure the amount of water.

3. Add a small amount of acid. If you are working with small amounts of water, use a graduated or measuring pipette with a rubber tip. If the volume is large, insert a funnel into the flask and carefully pour the acid in small portions with a pipette.

   • Do not use pipettes in the chemistry lab that require air to be sucked in by mouth.

Today we invite you to talk about the preparation and use of a solution of hydrochloric acid and the acid itself in particular. It has found wide application in various branches of human activity. It is also used in medicine.

The use of hydrochloric acid in medicine.

Hydrochloric acid contributes to the following processes:

balances the acid-base balance of the body;

treats oncological diseases;

inhibits the development of malignant tumors;

digests proteins in the stomach.

Treatment of low acidity of the stomach with hydrochloric acid.

How to prepare a solution of hydrochloric acid and before treating low acidity, you must consult a doctor and consult with him and in no case make any attempts at self-treatment. He will prescribe you a treatment, according to the individual characteristics of your body, as well as taking into account the results of your tests.

In addition to drugs with hydrochloric acid, you can take drugs that help stimulate the production of hydrochloric acid in the body. In addition, to date, herbal remedies (wormwood, peppermint, calamus) have been developed that also stimulate the production of hydrochloric acid in the body, thereby helping to increase the level of stomach acidity.

With medications containing hydrochloric acid you can prevent stomach cancer, reduce the risk of hepatitis, as well as diseases such as diabetes, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, eczema, cholelithiasis, rosacea, urticaria, asthma and many others.

How to prepare a hydrochloric acid solution and how to use it.

In order not to wonder how to prepare a hydrochloric acid solution, we suggest that you study the following information that will be useful to you. The prepared solution with hydrochloric acid is sometimes called aqua regia. This cooking recipe was invented by Bolotov and in order to cook it, we need the following substances. AT liter jar water, add 0.5 cups of grape vinegar, then 1-2 teaspoons of sulfuric acid and 1 tablespoon of 38% hydrochloric acid, without violating this sequence. At the end, you need to add 4 tablets of nitroglycerin. With the help of the resulting hydrochloric acid solution and other ingredients, it is possible to break down cancer cells that provoke the appearance of a disease such as cancer. As for the application, you need to use a similar solution three times a day, 1-2 teaspoons, which are diluted in 0.5 cups of liquid (this can be ordinary water, tea or coffee) before or after meals. If the disease has taken an acute form, the dose can be increased to 1 tablespoon per half glass of water.

Treatment with hydrochloric acid solution of hemorrhoids.

In connection with a sedentary lifestyle, a disease such as hemorrhoids can develop. The most common treatment for this disease is traditional medicine. The use of such a recipe is considered very effective. We take half a glass of water and add 1-2 tablespoons of a 3-5% hydrochloric acid solution there. The resulting solution is recommended to use half a cup before meals.

Thus, knowing how to prepare a solution of hydrochloric acid, and knowing what it is used for, you have a chance, at home, to recover from many diseases.

Structural formula

True, empirical, or gross formula: HCl

Chemical composition of hydrochloric acid

Molecular weight: 36.461

Hydrochloric acid(also hydrochloric, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen chloride) - a solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in water, a strong monobasic acid. Colorless, transparent, caustic liquid, "fuming" in air (technical hydrochloric acid is yellowish due to impurities of iron, chlorine, etc.). At a concentration of about 0.5%, it is present in the human stomach. The maximum concentration at 20 °C is 38% by weight, the density of such a solution is 1.19 g/cm³. Molar mass 36.46 g/mol. Salts of hydrochloric acid are called chlorides.

Physical properties

The physical properties of hydrochloric acid are highly dependent on the concentration of dissolved hydrogen chloride. When solidified, it gives crystalline hydrates of the compositions HCl H 2 O, HCl 2H 2 O, HCl 3H 2 O, HCl 6H 2 O.

Chemical properties

• Interaction with metals standing in a series of electrochemical potentials up to hydrogen, with the formation of a salt and the release of gaseous hydrogen.
• Interaction with metal oxides to form a soluble salt and water.
• Interaction with metal hydroxides to form a soluble salt and water (neutralization reaction).
• Interaction with metal salts formed by weaker acids, such as carbonic.
• Interaction with strong oxidizing agents (potassium permanganate, manganese dioxide) with the release of gaseous chlorine.
• Interaction with ammonia with the formation of thick white smoke, consisting of the smallest crystals of ammonium chloride.
• A qualitative reaction to hydrochloric acid and its salts is its interaction with silver nitrate, which forms a curd precipitate of silver chloride, insoluble in nitric acid.

Receipt

Hydrochloric acid is produced by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water. Hydrogen chloride is obtained by burning hydrogen in chlorine, the acid obtained in this way is called synthetic. Hydrochloric acid is also obtained from off-gases - by-product gases generated during various processes, for example, during the chlorination of hydrocarbons. The hydrogen chloride contained in these gases is called off-gas, and the acid thus obtained is called off-gas. In recent decades, the share of off-gas hydrochloric acid in the volume of production has been gradually increasing, displacing the acid obtained by burning hydrogen in chlorine. But hydrochloric acid obtained by burning hydrogen in chlorine contains fewer impurities and is used if necessary. high purity. In laboratory conditions, a method developed by alchemists is used, which consists in the action of concentrated sulfuric acid on table salt. At temperatures above 550 °C and an excess of table salt, interaction is possible. It is possible to obtain by hydrolysis of chlorides of magnesium, aluminum (hydrated salt is heated). These reactions may not go to completion with the formation of basic chlorides (oxychlorides) of variable composition, for example. Hydrogen chloride is highly soluble in water. So, at 0 °C, 1 volume of water can absorb 507 volumes of HCl, which corresponds to an acid concentration of 45%. However, at room temperature, the solubility of HCl is lower, so 36% hydrochloric acid is usually used in practice.

Application

Industry

• It is used in hydrometallurgy and electroforming (etching, pickling), for cleaning the surface of metals during soldering and tinning, for obtaining chlorides of zinc, manganese, iron, and other metals. In a mixture with surfactants, it is used to clean ceramic and metal products (inhibited acid is needed here) from contamination and disinfection.
• It is registered in the food industry as an acidity regulator (food additive E507). It is used to make seltzer (soda) water.

The medicine

• A natural component of human gastric juice. At a concentration of 0.3-0.5%, usually mixed with the enzyme pepsin, it is administered orally with insufficient acidity.

Features of circulation

Highly concentrated hydrochloric acid is a corrosive substance that causes severe chemical burns if it comes into contact with the skin. Eye contact is especially dangerous. To neutralize burns, a weak alkali solution, usually baking soda, is used. When opening vessels with concentrated hydrochloric acid, hydrogen chloride vapor, attracting moisture from the air, forms a fog that irritates the eyes and respiratory tract of a person. Reacts with strong oxidizing agents (chlorine, manganese dioxide, potassium permanganate) to form toxic chlorine gas. In the Russian Federation, the circulation of hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 15% or more is limited.

Hydrochloric acid- a chemical substance that is presented in the form of the interaction of water and hydrogen chloride. In its pure form, the acid has no color. technical view acid has a yellowish tint, because it contains iron, chlorine and some other elements. Hydrochloric acid is used in many areas of human life. The fields of application of hydrochloric acid are very diverse. Let's consider them further.

The use of hydrochloric acid in industry

For example, the food industry uses acid as a food additive E507. This additive is used in the manufacturing process of vodka products, as well as various syrups. The use of hydrochloric acid in the food industry mainly plays the role of a regulator of the acid state of products. In metallurgy, technical hydrochloric acid is popular. It is used to clean metal before soldering or tinning. Etching and pickling in electroforming is not complete without the participation of hydrochloric acid. It creates an active environment for the above mentioned processes.

In order for the use of hydrochloric acid in industry not to create unnecessary problems, it is necessary to approach the choice of its type and concentration with responsibility.

The use of hydrochloric acid in everyday life

You probably have not thought about the composition of cleaning products that you use daily. Many of them contain hydrochloric acid. Use in everyday life, for the toilet: we use products that are highly acidic, which is why they should only be used with rubber gloves. This will keep your hands from getting irritated.

Housewives use a solution of hydrochloric acid at home. Using it as a stain remover helps get rid of rust or ink on clothes. Hydrochloric acid should be stored in glass containers out of the reach of small children. If hydrochloric acid has got on the skin or mucous membranes, it is necessary to immediately wash the affected area with running water. The use of hydrochloric acid at home should be carried out in compliance with safety rules. In addition to the ability to remove difficult stains from clothes, hydrochloric acid is used to combat scale. In order not to aggravate the situation when cleaning dirty dishes, it is recommended to use a certain concentration of acid. In these cases, inhibited hydrochloric acid is used, the use of which allows you to maintain the integrity of dishes made of fragile materials.

To keep your home and clothes clean, you must have hydrochloric acid at home. Use in everyday life should be extremely careful so as not to harm yourself and the things you interact with.

The use of hydrochloric acid in medicine

Hydrochloric acid is one of the components of human gastric juice. Therefore, in case of a decrease in its concentration, medications based on hydrochloric acid are prescribed. The use of hydrochloric acid in medicine plays a special role in the health of a person with diseases of the digestive tract. Due to the presence of a certain amount of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice, the food is digested, and the microorganisms that enter the stomach die.

Hydrochloric acid is also used to treat specific skin diseases (warts). The use in folk medicine has become widespread: to improve digestion with low acidity of gastric juice, it is necessary to take hydrochloric acid preparations before eating. The use of hydrochloric acid (salts) helps in the fight against digestive disorders.

The use of hydrochloric acid in construction

Hydrochloric acid is used to improve the quality of many construction processes. For example, adding hydrochloric acid to a concrete mix increases its frost resistance. Also, the mixture hardens faster, and the masonry becomes more resistant to moisture. It is also known the use of hydrochloric acid in construction as a limestone cleaner. Red brick is cleaned of dirt and traces of building materials with a 10% hydrochloric acid solution. It is important to remember that not all types of bricks are affected by hydrochloric acid without damaging the structure of the building product. Therefore, you need to use only ten percent hydrochloric acid. A chemical solution of hydrochloric acid significantly saves finances, because other cleaners can cost ten times more.

The low cost does not make the use of hydrochloric acid less effective. Acid is used in many industries: from medical to construction. But, like all other acids, hydrochloric acid has the ability to irritate the skin, and high concentrations can lead to burns.

You can buy hydrochloric acid online by clicking on the link

Hydrochloric acid (hydrochloric acid) - an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride HCl, is a clear, colorless liquid with a pungent odor of hydrogen chloride. Technical acid has a yellowish-green color due to impurities of chlorine and iron salts. The maximum concentration of hydrochloric acid is about 36% HCl; such a solution has a density of 1.18 g/cm3. Concentrated acid "smokes" in air, since the escaping gaseous HCl forms tiny droplets of hydrochloric acid with water vapor.

Hydrochloric acid is not flammable, not explosive. It is one of the strongest acids, dissolves (with the release of hydrogen and the formation of salts - chlorides) all metals in the series of voltages up to hydrogen. Chlorides are also formed during the interaction of hydrochloric acid with metal oxides and hydroxides. With strong oxidizing agents, it behaves like a reducing agent.

Salts of hydrochloric acid - chlorides, with the exception of AgCl, Hg2Cl2, are highly soluble in water. Glass, ceramics, porcelain, graphite, fluoroplast are resistant to it.

Hydrochloric acid is obtained by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water, which is synthesized either directly from hydrogen and chlorine or obtained by the action of sulfuric acid on sodium chloride.

Produced technical hydrochloric acid has a strength of at least 31% HCl (synthetic) and 27.5% HCl (from NaCl). Commercial acid is called concentrated if it contains 24% or more HCl, if the HCl content is less, then the acid is called dilute.

Hydrochloric acid is used to obtain chlorides of various metals, organic intermediates and synthetic dyes, acetic acid, activated carbon, various adhesives, hydrolytic alcohol, and in electroforming. It is used for etching metals, for cleaning various vessels, casing pipes of boreholes from carbonates, oxides and other sediments and contaminants. In metallurgy, ores are treated with acid, in the leather industry - leather before tanning and dyeing. Hydrochloric acid is used in the textile, food industry, medicine, etc.

Hydrochloric acid plays an important role in the processes of digestion, it is an integral part of gastric juice. Diluted hydrochloric acid is prescribed orally mainly for diseases associated with insufficient acidity of gastric juice.

Hydrochloric acid is transported in glass bottles or gummed (coated with a layer of rubber) metal vessels, as well as in plastic containers.

Hydrochloric acid very dangerous for human health. Causes severe burns on contact with skin. Eye contact is especially dangerous.

If hydrochloric acid gets on the skin, it must be washed off immediately with a plentiful stream of water.

The mist and vapors of hydrogen chloride formed when concentrated acid interacts with air are very dangerous. They irritate mucous membranes and the respiratory tract. Prolonged work in an atmosphere of HCl causes catarrh of the respiratory tract, tooth decay, clouding of the cornea of ​​​​the eyes, ulceration of the nasal mucosa, and gastrointestinal disorders.
Acute poisoning is accompanied by hoarseness, suffocation, runny nose, cough.

In the event of a leak or spill, hydrochloric acid can cause significant damage environment . Firstly, this leads to the release of vapors of the substance into the atmospheric air in quantities exceeding sanitary and hygienic standards, which can lead to poisoning of all living things, as well as the appearance of acid precipitation, which can lead to a change in the chemical properties of soil and water.

Secondly, it can seep into groundwater, resulting in pollution of inland waters.
Where the water in rivers and lakes has become quite acidic (pH less than 5), fish disappear. When trophic chains are disturbed, the number of aquatic animal species, algae and bacteria is reduced.

In cities, acid precipitation accelerates the destruction of marble and concrete structures, monuments and sculptures. Hydrochloric acid corrodes metals when it comes in contact with metals, and reacts with substances such as bleach, manganese dioxide, or potassium permanganate to form toxic chlorine gas.

In the event of a spill, hydrochloric acid is washed off surfaces with plenty of water or an alkaline solution that neutralizes the acid.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources