M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom" is rightfully one of the best dramatic works of the writer. This is evidenced by her incredible success for a long time in Russia and abroad. The play caused and still causes conflicting interpretations about the characters depicted and its philosophical basis. Gorky acted as an innovator in dramaturgy, raising an important philosophical question about a person, about his place, role in life, about what is important to him. “Which is better: truth or compassion? What is more needed? ”- these are the words of M. Gorky himself. The incredible success and recognition of the play "At the Bottom" was also facilitated by its successful staging on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater in 1902. V. N. Nemirovich-Danchenko wrote to M. Gorky: “The appearance of The Bottom at one blow paved the way for theatrical culture ... Having an example of a truly folk play in The Bottom, we consider this performance the pride of the theater.”
M. Gorky acted as the creator of a new type of social drama. He correctly, truthfully depicted the environment of the inhabitants of the rooming house. This is a special category of people with their own destinies and tragedies.
Already in the first author's remark we come across a description of the rooming house. It is a “cave-like basement”. Poor environment, dirt, light coming from top to bottom. This further emphasizes that we are talking about the very “day” of society. At first, the play was called “At the bottom of life”, but then Gorky changed the name - “At the bottom”. It more fully reflects the idea of the work. A cheater, a thief, a prostitute are representatives of the society depicted in the play. The owners of the rooming house are also at the “bottom” of moral rules, they do not have any moral values in their souls, they carry a destructive beginning. Everything in the rooming house takes place far from the general course of life, events in the world. The “bottom of life” does not capture this course of life.
The characters of the play previously belonged to different strata of society, but now they all have one thing in common - their present, hopelessness, inability to change their fate, and some unwillingness to do so, a passive attitude to life. At first, the Tick is different from them, but after the death of Anna, he becomes the same - he loses hope of escaping from here.
Different origin determines the behavior, speech of the characters. The Actor's speech contains quotations from literary works. The speech of the former intellectual Satin is saturated with foreign words. Luke speaks quietly, slowly, soothingly.
There are many different conflicts and storylines in the play. These are the relations of Ash, Vasilisa, Natasha and Kostylev; Baron and Nastya; Tick and Anna. We see the tragic fates of Bubnov, Actor, Satin, Alyoshka. But all these lines seem to run in parallel, there is no common, core conflict between the characters. In the play, we can observe a conflict in the minds of people, a conflict with circumstances - this was unusual for a Russian audience.
The author does not tell in detail the history of each rooming house, and yet we have enough information about each of them. The life of some, their past, for example, Satin, Bubnov, Actor, is dramatic, worthy of a separate work in itself. Circumstances forced them to sink to the “bottom”. Others, such as Pepel, Nastya, knew the life of this society from birth. There are no main characters in the play, they all occupy approximately the same position. In the long term, they do not have any improvement in life, which depresses with its monotony. Everyone is used to the fact that Vasilisa beats Natasha, everyone knows about the relationship between Vasilisa and Vaska Pepel, everyone is tired of the suffering of the dying Anna. Nobody pays attention to how others live; there are no connections between people; no one is able to listen, sympathize, help. No wonder Bubnov repeats that “threads are rotten”.
People no longer want anything, they do not strive for anything, they believe that everyone on earth is superfluous, that their life has already passed. They despise each other, each considers himself superior, better than others. Everyone is aware of the insignificance of their position, but they do not try to get out, stop dragging out a miserable existence and start living. And the reason for this is that they are accustomed and resigned.
But not only social problems are raised in the play, the characters also argue about the meaning of human life, about its values. The play "At the Bottom" is a deep philosophical drama. People thrown out of life, having sunk to the "bottom", argue about the philosophical problems of being.
M. Gorky raised in his work the question of what is more useful to a person: the truth of real life or a comforting lie. This question has caused so much controversy. The preacher of the idea of compassion, lies is Luke, who consoles everyone, speaks kind words to everyone. He respects *^ every person (“not a single flea is bad, all black ones”), sees a good beginning in everyone, believes that a person can do anything if he wants. Naively, he tries to awaken in people faith in themselves, in their strengths and capabilities, in a better life.
Luke knows how important this faith is for a person, this hope for the possibility and reality of a better one. Even just a kind, affectionate word, a word that supports this faith, can give a person support in life, solid ground under his feet. Belief in one's ability to change, improve one's own life reconciles a person with the world, as he plunges into his fictional world and lives there, hiding from the real world that frightens him, in which a person cannot find himself. And in reality, this person is inactive.
But this applies only to a weak person who has lost faith in himself.
Therefore, such people are drawn to Luke, listen to him and believe him, because his words are a miraculous balm for their tormented souls.
Anna listens to him because he alone sympathized with her, did not forget about her, said a kind word to her, which she, perhaps, had never heard. Luke gave her hope that in another life she would not suffer.
Nastya also listens to Luka, because he does not deprive her of illusions, from which she draws her vitality.
He gives Ashes hope that he will be able to start life anew where no one knows either Vaska or his past.
Luka tells the actor about a free hospital for alcoholics, in which he can recover and return to the stage again.
Luke is not just a comforter, he philosophically substantiates his position. One of the ideological centers of the play is the wanderer's story about how he saved two runaway convicts. The main idea of Gorky's character here is that it is not violence, not prison, but only goodness that can save a person and teach goodness: “A person can teach goodness...”
Other inhabitants of the rooming house do not need the philosophy of Luke, the support of non-existent ideals, because these are stronger people. They understand that Luke is lying, but he lies out of compassion, love for people. They have questions about the necessity of this lie. Everyone argues, and everyone has their own position. All the roomers are involved in an argument about truth and lies, but they don't take each other very seriously.
In contrast to the philosophy of the wanderer Luka, Gorky presented the philosophy of Sateen and his judgments about man. “Lie is the religion of slaves and masters... Truth is the god of a free man!” Speaking monologues, Satin does not expect to convince others of anything. This is his confession, the result of his long reflections, a cry of despair and a thirst for action, a challenge to the world of the well-fed and a dream of the future. He speaks with admiration about the power of man, about the fact that man was created for the best: “man - it sounds proud!”, “man is above satiety”, “do not regret ..., do not humiliate him with pity ... you must respect.” This monologue, uttered among the ragged, downtrodden inhabitants of the rooming house, shows that faith in genuine humanism, in truth, does not fade away.
M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom" is a sharp socio-philosophical drama. Social, as it presents the drama caused by the objective conditions of society. The philosophical aspect of the drama is rethought by each generation in a new way. The image of Luke for a long time was evaluated unambiguously negatively. Today, in view of the historical events of the last decade, the image of Luke is read in many ways differently, he has become much closer to the reader. I believe that there is no single answer to the author's question. It all depends on the specific situation and historical era.
Everything is in man, everything is for man!
Only man exists
everything else is his work
and his brain!
M. Gorky. At the bottom
Gorky's play "At the Bottom" not only has not left the stages of domestic theaters for about a hundred years, but also bypassed the largest theaters in the world. Until today, it excites the minds and hearts of readers and viewers, there are more and more interpretations of images (especially Luke). All this suggests that M. Gorky managed not only to look with a fresh, truthful look at the tramps - people who have sunk into the very mud, “to the bottom” of life, deleted from the active life of the society of “former people”, outcasts. But at the same time, the playwright sharply poses and tries to solve serious questions that have worried and will worry every new generation, all thinking humanity: what is a person? what is truth and in what form do people need it? Is there an objective world or “What you believe is what it is”? and, most importantly, what is this world like and can it be changed?
In the play, we come across people who are useless outcasts in society, but it is they who are interested in questions about the place of man in the world around him. The heroes of the play are not similar to each other neither in their views, nor in their thoughts, nor in their life principles, nor in the very way of life. The only thing they have in common is that they are superfluous. And at the same time, almost every one of the inhabitants of the rooming house is the bearer of a certain philosophical concept, on which they try to build their lives.
Bubnov believes that the world is vile and dirty, there are no kind people here, everyone just pretends to paint themselves, but "outside, no matter how you paint yourself, everything will be erased."
Kleshch is embittered at people, cruel to his wife Anna, but believes that hard, exhausting, but honest work can bring him back to the “real” life: “I am a working person ... I am ashamed to look at them .. I've been working since I was little... Do you think I won't break out of here? I’ll get out... I’ll tear off my skin, and I’ll get out. ”
Drunk and lost his name, the Actor hopes that his gift will return to him: "... the main thing is talent ... And talent is faith in oneself, in one's strength."
Nastya, a woman who sells her body, dreams of genuine, sublime love, which is unattainable in real life.
Satin, a cheater-philosopher, has an opinion that is opposite to the principles of Klesch: “Work? For what? To be full?" It seems meaningless to him to spin in a wheel all his life: food is work. Satin owns the final monologue in the play, elevating the man: “Man is free ... he pays for everything himself: for faith, for unbelief, for love, for the mind ... Man is the truth!” material from the site
The inhabitants of the rooming house, brought together in a cramped room, are indifferent to each other at the beginning of the play, they hear only themselves, even if they are all talking together. But serious changes in the internal state of the heroes begin with the appearance of Luke, an old wanderer who managed to wake up this sleepy kingdom, console and encourage many, all-pour or support hope, but at the same time, he was the cause of many tragedies. The main desire of Luke: "I want to understand human affairs." And he, indeed, very soon understands all the inhabitants of the rooming house. On the one hand, endlessly believing in a person, Luka believes that it is very difficult to change life, therefore it is easier to change yourself, to adapt. But the principle “what you believe in is what it is” makes a person come to terms with poverty, ignorance, injustice, and not fight for a better life.
The questions raised by M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom" are timeless, they arise in people of different eras, ages, and religions. That is why the play arouses great interest among our contemporaries, helping them to understand themselves and the problems of their time.
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"At the Bottom" by M. Gorky as a socio-philosophical drama
All in man, all for man! Only man exists, everything else is the work of his hands and his brain!
Gorky's play "At the Bottom" not only has not left the stages of domestic theaters for about a hundred years, but also bypassed the largest theaters in the world. Until today, it excites the minds and hearts of readers and viewers, there are more and more interpretations of images (especially Luke). All this suggests that M. Gorky managed not only to look with a fresh, truthful look at the tramps of people who have sunk into the very dirt, "to the bottom" of life, expelled from the active life of the society of "former people", outcasts. But at the same time, the playwright sharply poses and tries to solve serious questions that have worried and will worry every new generation, all thinking humanity: what is a person? what is truth and in what form do people need it? Is there an objective world, or "what you believe is what it is"? and, most importantly, what~is this world and can it be changed?
In the play, we come across people who are useless outcasts in society, but it is they who are interested in questions about the place of man in the world around him. The heroes of the play are not similar to each other neither in their views, nor in their thoughts, nor in their life principles, nor in the very way of life. The only thing they have in common is that they are redundant. And at the same time, almost every one of the inhabitants of the rooming house is the bearer of a certain philosophical concept, on which they try to build their lives.
"outside, no matter how you paint yourself, everything will be erased."
"real" life: "I'm a working man... I'm ashamed to look at them... I've been working since I was little... Do you think I won't get out of here? I'll get out... I'll tear off my skin, but I'll get out."
"... the main thing is talent... And talent is faith in yourself, in your strength."
Nastya, a woman who sells her body, dreams of genuine, sublime love, which is unattainable in real life.
"Work? For what? To be fed?" It seems pointless to him to spin in a wheel all his life: food is work. Satin owns the final monologue in the play, elevating man: "A man is free ... he pays for everything himself: for faith, for disbelief, for love, for the mind ... Man is the truth!"
The inhabitants of the rooming house, brought together in a cramped room, are indifferent to each other at the beginning of the play, they hear only themselves, even if they are all talking together. But serious changes in the internal state of the heroes begin with the appearance of Luke the old wanderer, who managed to wake up this sleepy kingdom, console and encourage many, inspire or support hope, but at the same time, was the cause of many tragedies. The main desire of Luke: "I want to understand human affairs." And he, indeed, very soon understands all the inhabitants of the rooming house. On the one hand, endlessly believing in a person, Luka believes that it is very difficult to change life, therefore it is easier to change yourself, to adapt. But the principle "what you believe is what you are" makes a person put up with poverty, ignorance, injustice, and not fight for a better life.
"At the bottom", timeless, they arise in people of different eras, ages, religions. That is why the play arouses great interest among our contemporaries, helping them to understand themselves and the problems of their time.
Department of Education, Science and Youth Policy of the Voronezh Region
GBPOU "Buturlinovsky Mechanics and Technology College"
Development of a lesson in literature
M. Gorky. The play "At the Bottom" as a socio-philosophical drama.
Image system.
Prepared by the teacher
Russian language and literature
Selivanova I. G.
2016
Subject. M. Gorky. The play "At the Bottom" as a socio-philosophical drama.
Image system.
Lesson type - learning new material.
Lesson type - combined lesson.
Goals:
educational :
Improving the skill of text analysis; the formation of universal educational actions in the process of analyzing the text of a dramatic work;
developing :
Development of a culture of speech, skills of monologue and dialogic speech;
Development of the logic of thinking;
Acquisition of the ability to lead a discussion, speak in public;
educating :
Instilling a sense of goodwill, attention and respect for the interlocutor;
Acquisition of moral values;
Activation of creative abilities of students.
Tasks:
- create a problematic situation
Encourage students to express their own point of view on various issues.
Form of organization of the lesson: conversation, reading a play by roles, elements of a theatrical game.
Methods:
Reproductive: verbal, visual;
Productive: creating diagrams, filling them with the results of observations and their own judgments, work in groups.
Means of education : portrait of M. Gorky, illustrations for the play “At the bottom”, books with the text of the play “At the bottom”, textbooks.
On the desk : portrait of A.M. Gorky, topic of the lesson, epigraph.
Man is the truth! You have to respect the person!
M. Gorky
During the classes:
Org. moment, an explanation of the goals and objectives of the lesson.
We continue to study the work of A. Gorky. In the previous lesson, we studied in detail the story "Old Woman Izergil". And today our task will be to analyze A. Gorky's play "At the Bottom" in more detail.
Problem questions:
1) What was the main theme of M. Gorky's work at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century?2) What is the plot line of the work based on?
3) Describe the characters in the play?
4) Who really argues with Luka: Satin or the author himself?
5) Is the play “At the Bottom” an innovative work?
6) What is the salvation of people who have fallen “to the bottom” of life?
7) What two problems were reflected in the disputes of the heroes about man, life, which raised the problem of humanism?
Conversation on the content of the play "At the bottom".
Gorky's play "At the Bottom" was written in 1902 for the troupe of the Moscow Public Art Theater. The name itself has a lot of meaning. People who have fallen to the bottom will never rise to the light, to a new life. The theme of the humiliated and offended is not new in Russian literature.
3. Story about the history of writing the play "At the bottom".In 1900, when artists from the Art Theater traveled to the Crimea to show Chekhov his plays The Seagull and Uncle Vanya, they met Gorky. The head of the theater, Nemirovich-Danchenko, told them that the theater had the task of not only "captivating Chekhov with its art, but also infecting Gorky with the desire to write a play."
The following year, Gorky handed over to the Art Theater his play "The Petty Bourgeois". The first performance of the Gorky play by the Art Theater took place on March 26, 1902, in St. Petersburg, where the theater went on a spring tour.
For the first time, a new hero appeared on the scene: the revolutionary worker, the machinist Neil, a man conscious of his strength, confident in victory. And although the censorship crossed out all the "dangerous" places from the play, also crossed out Neal's words: "The owner is the one who works!" .
The government feared that the play had turned into a revolutionary demonstration. During the dress rehearsal of the play, the theater was surrounded by police, and disguised policemen were placed in the theater; mounted gendarmes rode around the square in front of the theatre. "One might think that they were preparing not for a dress rehearsal, but for a general battle," Stanislavsky wrote later.
Almost simultaneously with the play "Petty Bourgeois" Gorky worked on the second play, "At the bottom". In this new play, the protest against capitalist society sounded even more sharply and boldly. Gorky showed in her a new, unfamiliar world - the world of tramps, people who have sunk to the very bottom of life.
In August 1902, Gorky gave the play to Nemirovich-Danchenko. Rehearsals began, and Gorky now often had to visit Moscow. The actors and the director worked with enthusiasm, went to the Khitrov market, to the rooming houses where the tramps lived, and Gorky talked a lot about the life of his heroes, helping to better understand their lives and habits.
O. L. Knipper-Chekhova recalled how, at one of the rehearsals, Gorky said: “I read“ At the bottom ”in the rooming house, to the real Baron, to the real Nastya. You see! We cried in the rooming house, shouted:“ We are worse! .. Kissed hugged me..." On December 18, 1902, the premiere of the play took place. Actors, directors, author were endlessly called. The performance turned into a stormy celebration of A. M. Gorky; he went on stage excited, confused - he did not expect such a success. Big, slightly stooped, he frowned and, out of embarrassment, forgot to drop the cigarette he was holding in his teeth, he forgot to bow.
A huge crowd, which did not get to the performance, stood at the theater for a long time. The police urged the audience to disperse, but no one left - they were waiting for Gorky just to look at him.
And the work on the play was difficult and intense. "Without the sun" - "Nochlezhka" - "In the doss house" - "At the bottom" - this is how its name changed. The history of the title to some extent indicates the general contours of the author's work on the play. This process is evidenced by contemporaries. “I was at Gorky’s in Arzamas,” wrote L. Andreev, “and heard his new drama “In the Dormitory House” or “At the Bottom” (he has not yet settled on one or another title) ... He piled up a mountain of the most severe suffering, threw dozens of diverse faces into a heap - and united everything with a burning desire for truth and justice.
What do you think is the meaning of this name?
(Gorky did not immediately come to this option, there were also “Without the Sun”, “Nochlezhka”, “In the Night House”).
People who have fallen to the bottom will never rise to the light, to a new life. The theme of the humiliated and offended is not new in Russian literature. But this work is special and was considered innovative at that time.What ispeculiarity andunusualness this work?
( Students will note that this is a dramatic work that is not designated by the author by genre, that the characters in it are unusual (tramps ).
It’s good if they notice that the characters act little, but talk a lot, even argue that the disputes are clearly on philosophical, “eternal” questions, this is very unexpected for tramps, but M. Gorky presents this logically, naturally).
How would you definegenre this play? (The answer, of course, must be justified).
Disputes about a person, about truth, occupy a very large place, make you think, so we understand: events are external, and most importantly, inside the characters, and everything is not easy here.) In terms of genre, this is most likelydrama .
BUTthe nature what is she like?
(Learners will highlightsocial
Problems (the situation of the overnight stays, relations with the hosts of the hostel, the hopelessness of life on the “bottom”),
may be notedpsychologism
the sound of these problems, and, of course,philosophical
problems will be named (disputes about a person, about truth). 
Recordings are made in the base notes .
Work with text.
The play was performed in1902 and obviously about that time. The remarks clearly state that the action is taking place.in a rooming house andin the wasteland around her (act 3). You can read the description of the hostel.
It is necessary to pay attention to the words of the remarks, their meaning and special meaning (a basement that looks liketo the cave , ceiling -heavy, stone vaults , sooty , with crumbling plaster, along the walls -bunks , in the middle of the rooming house - a large table, two benches, a stool, everything -unpainted and dirty a wide bed covered with a dirty cotton canopy).
teacher's word : look attentively at the assembly point of these unfortunates gathered on the cramped platform of the basement-cave in the first act. Or in the "vacant lot" - "littered with various rubbish and overgrown with weeds" - in the third act. You will make a curious discovery: this platform is, in fact, divided into cells, into microspaces, burrows in which "former" people live separately and even aloof, devoid of work, the past, they live with their misfortune, even close to tragedy. Here is a room behind a thin partition in which the thief Vaska Pepel lives, who sells stolen goods to the owner of the rooming house Kostylev, the former lover of his wife Vasilisa, who dreams of leaving here with Natalia, the sister of the hostess. The triangle Ashes - Vasilisa - Natalya has an independent meaning in the play.
But for all the drama of the struggle within its framework - Vasilisa incites Pepel to reprisal her husband, slyly promises to give him money - for many other inhabitants of the rooming house, the outcome of this struggle is not so important.
And here is the family behind the curtain.
Its drama (a miserably lived life, dying in the basement) connects Anna and the locksmith Klesch, perhaps blaming himself for his cruelty to his wife. Kvashnya and Nastya settled in the kitchen, by the stove, each with their own drama. Kvashnya was married, and that was enough for her that she was in no hurry to rejoice at the courtship of the policeman Medvedev, a wealthy man who still does not live in a rooming house.
The prostitute Nastya, who dreams of the fateful Gaston or Raul, and the Baron, who recalls a noble grandfather, are constantly “mimicking” each other. The baron, however, says to the “scoundrel” Nastya, who makes fun of his dreams: “I am not like you! You are… scum.” But as soon as she runs away, not wanting to listen to him, he is looking for her (“Ran away ... where? I’ll go see ... where is she?”).
In a certain sense, the hidden interconnection of these disparate human cells, the unity of the poor fellows, even fighting, ridiculing each other, can be defined by Nastya's words: “Oh, you unfortunate! After all, you ... you live with me, like a worm - with an apple!
So, rooming house Kostyleva - it is, first of all, a symbol of homelessness, homelessness, a symbol of an abnormal life. The play is based on an acute social conflict: the contradiction between the actual position of a person in society and his high purpose; the contradiction between the masses and the autocratic regimes of landlord Russia, which reduce people to the tragic fate of vagabonds.
11 . Analysis image systems . Work in 3 groups .
Each group presents his heroes, and we all make notes in notebooks, collecting all the material.
Heroes of the play "At the Bottom" turned out to be generalized, collective images, typical, but also quite individual. Under the vaults of the Kostylevo rooming house were people of the most diverse nature and social status.
LukeAn elderly man (60 years old), a wandering preacher who comforts everyone, promises deliverance from suffering to everyone, says to everyone: “You hope!”, “You believe!” Luka is an outstanding personality, he has a lot of life experience and a keen interest in people. He feels sorry for suffering people, so he says various comforting words to them. His whole philosophy is contained in the saying: "What you believe is what you are."
M. Gorky became interested in the Bogomil doctrine (an ancient religious and philosophical doctrine), according to which God, in order to save the world from Satan, sent Christ to earth. In the play by M. Gorky, the teaching of Christ is represented by Luke, whose name obviously goes back to the name of the Apostle Luke. Before us is a seasoned man, ready for long journeys, for the vicissitudes of fate. Kindness and friendliness emanates from the outward appearance of the wanderer.
For Luke, all people are the same: “And all people! No matter how you pretend, no matter how you wobble, but you were born a man, you will die a man ... ”For Luke, any human life is valuable:“ A person - whatever it is - is always worth its price ... "
In the second act, Luke even more actively preaches a certain philosophy of life. Comforts everyone. In all this he is close to his gospel namesake, he can be called a worthy disciple of Christ. “Your faith has saved you, go in peace,” is the most important maxim of Christ.
But there is another interpretation of his name. According to V.I.Dal, “crafty” means cunning, secretive, contradictory, two-faced. "Evil" is a demon, an unclean spirit. In the fourth act, the inhabitants of the rooming house, discussing Luka, directly connect him with the evil one: “Disappeared from the police ... like smoke from the face of fire!”
However, one way or another, but the "kind old man" changed the rooming houses.
Luke. M. M. Turkhanov. 1938
Unemployed man (40 years old). He loves incomprehensible, rare words, because previously served in the telegraph office, read a lot and was an educated person. The hero expresses the author's position, he is far from the philosophy of Christian patience, for him there is one proud-sounding word - a person who "pays for everything himself: for faith, for unbelief, for love, for the mind - a person pays for everything himself, and therefore he free." Understands social injustice more clearly than others. He claims that a person needs the truth, whatever it may be!
In Bogomilism (the ancient Slavic dogma), the writer was attracted by the apocrypha about Satan, more precisely about Satanail. And it is with Satanail that the name of Satina is connected. His bestial growl - the growl of a kind of Antichrist - opens the action of the play. According to the Bogomilian doctrine of the world, it was Satanail who created the visible material world. He also created human flesh, but he could not breathe a soul into a person. And then the supreme God took pity and sent his divine spirit into the person. Thus, the material world, human flesh is the creation of Satanail, and the soul of man and the sun are the creation of God. Based on this, the meaning of the original title of the play “Without the Sun” is understandable. It is directly related both to the song of the shelters "The sun rises and sets ...", and with the supposed optimistic ending: "... they sang songs and under the sun forgot about hatred for each other." It also becomes clear why Satin, at the end of the second act, calls the shelters “dead”, because they have no spirit: “The dead do not hear! Dead people don't feel!"
Among the "former people" Satin stands out for his firmness and determination. He strives for the truth, which is clearly seen in his relationship with the rooming houses. Luka is perplexed why the intelligent, brave Satin was among the tramps: "You are such a brave ... Konstantin ... not stupid ... and suddenly." Apparently, the inflexibility of Sateen's nature, his unwillingness to compromise, allowed M. Gorky to call this tramp Konstantin, which means "solid, constant." Leading a correspondence dispute with Luka, Satin declares about himself: “Do not offend a person! .. And if they offended me once and - for life at once! How to be? Forgive? Nothing. Nobody."
IT IS KNOWN THAT M. GORKY EXPRESSES MANY THOUGHTS IN THE DRAMA
EXACTLY SATIN
Satin. K. S. Stanislavsky. 1902
BubnovBubnov (45 years old) occupies a special place among the overnight stays. At one time, Gorkovologists called him a philosopher of hopelessness, an indifferent cynic. From the very beginning of the action, Bubnov shows merciless sobriety in assessing the situation of the shelters.
For him, the inhabitants of the basement are a thief, a cheater, an alcoholic, and nothing more. Bubnov’s truth is the truth of external circumstances, the truth of a person’s complete dependence on the world around him, clearly expressed in the formula: “What was, was, and only trifles remained ... Everything faded, one naked person remained.” Such is Bubnov himself. Therefore, it is no coincidence that his surname is formed from the noun “tambourine” - a squandered person, reminiscent of the expressions “goal, like a tambourine”, “started a lawsuit - became like a tambourine goal”, etc.
On the one hand, Bubnov is a squandered person, and on the other hand, he is also a drummed, reckless tramp, for whom there is nothing sacred in life. According to the shoemaker Alyoshka, Bubnov "is only drunk and looks like a man." The concepts of honor and conscience do not matter to him.
In addition, a “tambourine” is a person who has lost cards. In this case, there was a transfer based on the name of the card suit. Playing cards is a favorite pastime of overnight stays, and sometimes they call Bubnov simply Tambourine. Also, the word "tambourine" has the meaning of "lazy", "parasite". Bubnov declares about himself: “I am lazy. I don’t like the passion of working!”
This character in the play is a messenger of evil and personifies the lower world. The author's attitude towards him is clearly negative. M. Gorky reveals the coldness and darkness of the soul of an impassive registrar of reality. Bubnov was convinced that man is a superfluous creature on earth. “You are superfluous everywhere ... and all the people on earth are superfluous,” he says to Nastya. And if a person is not needed by anyone and is a superfluous being, then he should not bind himself with anything and is free to live as he wants.
Bubnov. V. V. Luzhsky. 1902
Vaska Pepel
A young man (28 years old) is a hereditary thief, longing for a right life, he wants to become an honest and decent person, because Pepel earns a living by dishonest labor, he wants to fix it all. Under the influence of Luka, Vaska begins to dream of a free life in Siberia. And he thinks that by marrying Natasha, he will get what he wants. But in the end, having killed Kostylev, he ends up in prison.
Ash. B. G. Dobronravov. 1938
NatashaNatasha - 20 years old, Vasilisa's sister. Quiet, kind girl. She is full of passionate dreams of the future. Natasha wants to leave the rooming house, to get out of this "bottom of life", but she can't. Natasha loves and calls to marry Pepel, but the girl understands that nothing good will come of this. After all, Vaska treated her sister badly, which means that he can do the same with her. She never got married, because. after beating his sister, he ends up in the hospital, and from there he leaves in an unknown direction.
Baron and NastyaNastya is a young girl, (24 years old), passionately desiring great, true love. True, her dreams in others cause malicious mockery. Even her roommate, the Baron, makes fun of her. Nastya suffers from her hopelessness and wants to go to the ends of the world. This heroine exclaims: “And why ... why do I live here ... with you? I’ll leave ... I’ll go somewhere ... to the ends of the world! ”In this regard, Nastya’s behavior in the finale of the drama is especially indicative. Upon hearing the news of the Actor's death, she "slowly, wide-eyed, walks to the table." On the table is a single lamp that illuminates the rooming house. Nastya goes to the light. She is amazed by the new feelings and thoughts that have opened up to her, she finally realizes the need for a different life.
Baron (33 years old) is the only person who has no illusions about liberation. But he has a thread: “Everything is in the past!” If there is nothing ahead, then at least there is something behind. The baron often recalled his origin (his old surname, houses in Moscow and St. Petersburg, carriages with coats of arms, etc.). But Nastya mocks him, says that none of this happened. “Understood what it’s like for a person when they don’t believe him?”
According to his past social status, the Baron is also named, who "no, no, and will show himself as a gentleman." The most weak-willed of the overnight stays, he spent his whole life dressing up. He does not even remember how he ended up among the tramps. All the hostels speak negatively about the Baron. But he is the only one who knows the genealogy of his kind. Luka calls him "spoiled baron", and Nastya - "insignificance". For half a bottle of vodka offered by Ash, the Baron is ready to get on all fours and bark like a dog. At the same time, it is impossible not to notice that it was the Baron who came up with the idea of an aimlessly squandered life. It is he who asks the question: "But ... after all, why - someday I was born ... huh?" I want him, even for a moment, to know his purpose.
Baron. Actor V. I. Kachalov. 1902
Nastya. O. L. Knipper. 1902
Tick and AnnaAndrei Mitrich (40 years old) is a locksmith who dreams of honest work. He most of all hopes to escape from this hole (“I’ll get out ... I’ll tear off my skin, but I’ll get out!”), that this is not the end, but a temporary fall. Tick thinks that after the death of his wife, his life will become easier. He awaits her death as a release!
He lived only half a year in a rooming house and has not yet got used to his position, he hopes to get out of here and openly despises his comrades in misfortune: “What kind of people are they? Roar, golden company... Do you think I won't break out of here? Just wait… the wife will die.” The selfish, embittered Klesch is looking forward to the death of his wife, whom, according to Kvashnya, "hit half to death." He is deprived of the slightest sympathy for his dying companion. And she, despite the torment, still dreams of living:“Well ... a little more ... to live ... a little! If there is no flour there ... here you can endure ... you can!” About this, referring to Kleshch, Kostylev says: “Oh, Andryushka, you are an evil person! Your wife has withered away from your villainy ... no one loves you, does not respect you. Hence the name of the character:tick - an insect that digs into the skin, a bloodsucker.
Anna (30 years old) - his wife, seriously ill, near death. Considers herself the most unfortunate woman. She is crushed by life, full of suffering and useless to anyone.
Actor (40 years)In the past he was a famous actor, but soon he went down, drank himself and even forgot his name! He is often preoccupied with memories of his already past glory. His only dream is to find the city that Luka was talking about, where there is a free clinic for alcoholics. After all, he still hopes to return to the stage. But having learned that there is no “righteous land” and there is no hospital, the actor commits suicide, because. cannot bear the collapse of his last hope. Named after his past profession, as he really lost his name: “I don’t have a name here ... Do you understand how insulting it is to lose a name? Even dogs have nicknames ... ”Even here in a rooming house inhabited by the most colorful, colorful inhabitants, he looks out of this world. The actor perceives life as a mirage: he believed in the existence of free hospitals, believed in the "righteous city".
The character of M. Gorky's drama is a former actor, but he is a servant of Melpomene. He came to the rooming house from some special, different world and in a certain sense stands above other tramps. He is gifted and, undoubtedly, the most educated, cultured among all the roomers, including Sateen. In addition, he is kind, sympathetic, has good taste. This image was highly appreciated by A.P. Chekhov.
Actor performed by N. G. Alexandrov. 1924
Kvashnya gives the action the first emotional impetus, causes emotional fermentation in the basement. Her name is derived from the verb "sour", which means to ferment. Kvashnya is kind, responsive, not devoid of a sense of compassion. But most importantly, it is practical. It is she who becomes the new mistress of the rooming house. But the word "sourdough" has another meaning: fermented dough, dough. The fermented dough rises quickly, you can’t hold it: “You can’t hold the kvass with a lid” (V. Dal). Once in the rooming house, Kvashnya felt not “at the bottom”, but at the “top”. She quickly adapts to circumstances, “grows.” From the top of her new position, Kvashnya begins to tyrannize those around her:“Look at me ... slush! Do not pamper ... "
Kostylev and VasilisaThe figure of the owner of the rooming house Kostylev (54), one of the "masters of life", who is ready even to squeeze the last penny out of his unfortunate and disadvantaged guests, is disgusting. The owner of the rooming house, Kostylev, is a worthless creature. This is an obvious hypocrite, not so much comforting as spiritually lulling his guests, saying that "in the next world ... every deed of ours is taken into account."
All the inhabitants of the basement treat Kostylev with undisguised, frank disgust. As soon as the owner appears in the rooming house, a kind of emptiness is created around him, a kind of moral vacuum. Kostylev, as it were, represents a different, lower world. His religiosity is a cover for an empty, cold soul, which is why his end is so absurd and pitiful.
For M. Gorky hypocrisy is a stronger sin than rudeness.
Just as disgustingVasilisa's wife (26v.) with her immorality, she has “no soul”, she is “greedy for money”.
The play "At the bottom". Staged by the Moscow Art Theater.
12. Drawing up a table. Relationship between conflict and characters.
2 . The love conflict created a double triangle:
Ashes, Vasilisa and Kostylev; Ashes, Vasilisa and Natasha. But these relationships do not affect the rest of the characters, they are just spectators.
Philosophical disputes about truth, man and his dignity.
First of all, Luka, Satin, Bubnov, Kleshch, Vaska Pepel and Baron argue.
13. Creative task: "Know the hero!"
(Actor)2. “And why ... why do I live here ... with you? I’ll leave ... I’ll go somewhere ... to the ends of the world! ”
(Nastya)
3. “What was - was, but only trifles remained ... Everything faded, one naked man remained.”
(Bubnov)
4. "But ... after all, why - someday I was born ... huh?"
(Baron)
5. “Won something about! Wow! This - you deftly came up with ... a husband, which means in a coffin, a lover - to hard labor, and herself ... "
(Ash)
6. “Do not offend a person! .. And if they offended me once and - for life at once! How to be? Forgive? Nothing. Nobody"
(Satin)
7. “Look at me ... slush! Do not pamper ... "
(Kvashnya)
8. “Well ... a little more ... to live ... a little! If there is no flour there ... here you can be patient ... you can!”
(Anna)
9. “And all the people! No matter how you pretend, no matter how you wiggle, but you were born a man, you will die a man ... "
(Luke)
10. “Here I am… someday the same… in the basement… downtrodden…”
(Natasha)
11. “in the next world ... every deed of ours is taken into account”
(Kostylev)
12. “What kind of people are they? Roar, golden company... Do you think I won't break out of here? Just wait ... the wife will die "
(Mite)
VI . Generalization of the studied material.
QUESTIONS:
What is the play about?
What is the main idea of Gorky's drama?
Why does a person lose a name?
Who are the characters in the play? What are their fates?
What is the play's conflict?
About the life of the tramps. “Everything faded, one person remained.” About a world where there is no God.
2 . Question. What is the main idea of Gorky's drama?
What is truth and what is a person. "Man, that sounds proud!" The less a person is connected with the world of things, the more a person he is. "The man is worth the price." What do they live for? - For a better person.
3.Question. Why does a person lose a name?
He found himself at the bottom of life, died, lost his profession.
4.Question. Who are the characters in the play? What are their fates?
Satin is a drunken cheat who claims that people need the Truth
Luke is a stranger. "The man is worth the price!" "How can you not trust a person." "To love the living"
Tick - "I'll get out when my wife dies" - "People are everywhere."
Actor - Sverchkov-Zavolzhsky - lost his name. Motive for death.
5 Question. What is the play's conflict?
philosophical conflict. Dispute about truth and man. The righteous land is not on the map, but in you.
VI. Reflection
– Today, you and I, guys, are convinced that every person has the truth.
Perhaps at your age you have not yet decided what life principles you will adhere to in later life, but for some reason I am sure that you will make the right choice. Thank you for your work.
VII. Homework
– Prepare factual material for a class essay on the topic “Truth in M. Gorky’s play“ At the Bottom ””.
Literature:
1. Text of M. Gorky's play "At the bottom".
3.N.V. Egorova. Lesson developments in Russian literature of the twentieth century. M. "VAKO" 1 hour 2005 2 hours 2016
Appendix.
The play "At the Bottom" The meaning of the name
Philosophical problems, first of all, were reflected in the disputes about man, goodness and truth, which raise the problem of humanism.Thinking about the truth and the dispute about the destiny of man.
Depicting the "bottom", Gorky shows society in miniature . All the inhabitants of the rooming house are "former" in the past. The actor, Ashes, Nastya, Natasha, Kleshch strive to break free from the "bottom" of life, but they feel their complete powerlessness in front of the constipation of this prison, which gives rise to a feeling of hopelessness in the characters:Mite
“There is no work ... there is no strength! Here is the truth! Shelter... there is no shelter! You need to breathe ... here it is, really!
Anna
“I don’t remember when I was full ... I was shaking over every piece of bread ... My whole life I was trembling ... I was tormented ... as if I couldn’t eat more than another ... All my life I went in rags ... all my unfortunate a life..."
Actor (poems by Pierre Beranger)
Lord! If the Holy Honor to the madman who will inspire the World does not know how to find the way to the truth, - Mankind has a golden dream ...
Luke
He believes that the truth is not needed by a person. For a person, the most important thing is consolation, or even deception - the “golden dream” (the true truth of life, because it is too harsh, “butt for people”), a person must be able to pity, especially when it’s hard for him, that you need to bring him compassion.
satin
Calls to open your eyes to life's contradictions and problems. According to the hero, one must live in the present, soberly assessing reality, but at the same time dreaming about the future, based on the present, not detached from real life. And this is the true Truth, “Man is the truth! Everything is in a person, everything is for a person! Only man exists, everything else is the work of his hands and his brain! Man! It's great! That sounds... proud!” "Lie is the religion of the raboa and the masters... The truth is the god of the free man!"
This is not about a specific person, now crushed by want, oppression, but about a person in general. This is the philosophical outlook on life.
Why is the play "At the Bottom" a socio-philosophical drama? and got the best answer
Answer from ~Tatyank@~[guru]
The beginning of the twentieth century was marked by the appearance of such plays as "The Cherry Orchard" by A.P. Chekhov and "At the Bottom" by M. Gorky. These two works were so unconventional in their construction and the questions posed that their authors began to rightfully be considered the founders of modern dramaturgy. The plays, of course, differ from each other in many ways, but there are also similarities. Both works seem to be closer to the genre of drama. But Chekhov insisted on such a genre definition as a lyrical comedy, and Gorky called his play a collection of pictures from the life of tramps. Why, then, is it closer to us, the readers, to define the genre of the play “At the Bottom” as a drama? In my opinion, this is due to its socio-philosophical content, the depth of life and human problems posed and solved by the author.
For the first time in Russian dramaturgy, the life of the social lower classes, the "bottom" was shown so realistically and mercilessly. The life of the inhabitants of the Kostylevo rooming house is so terrible and hopeless that it makes readers shudder. A terrible thing happens at the "bottom" - people are dying morally and physically, each of whom deserves a better share. It is impossible to imagine a situation more tragic than that in which the heroes of the play found themselves. All of them are victims of the ugly and cruel orders prevailing in society, victims of social evil. An unfortunate coincidence of life circumstances - and a person is not able to correct his fate, not to rise, and then there is only one road - to the “bottom”.
The heroes of the play got to the rooming house in different ways, but now they have one fate, terrible and inevitable. Their life is not much different from death, it is not for nothing that there are so many deaths in the play, and the clever Satin says: “The dead do not hear! ” These “living dead” are not the worst of people. Many of them dream of goodness, beauty. This is Nastya, Kleshch, Anna. Others have resigned themselves to the existing state of affairs, they are indifferent even to crimes, but they know how to judge everything correctly and unconsciously yearn for the best and worthy. And these humiliated, lonely, deeply unhappy people, completely rejected by society, are endlessly arguing about philosophical categories, such as truth, freedom, work, equality, happiness, pride, honesty, conscience, patience, death. All this interests them in connection with an even more important social and philosophical problem: what is a person, why did he come to earth, what is the true meaning of his being?
Gradually, but inevitably, all the participants in the disputes are faced with the question: what is better - truth or compassion, truth or lies for salvation. The preacher of lies for salvation, the wanderer Luke, plays the role of a comforter in the play. The author exposes the philosophy of Luke. Reality itself, the truth of life, refutes Luke's lie, which not only soothes and comforts, but also justifies and reconciles, which is by no means acceptable for a worthy person. The author thinks so, and therefore Luke leaves in the third act: “Lie is the religion of slaves and masters ... Truth is the god of a free man! ”- this is what Satin, opposed to Luka, says, acting as a reasoner.
Man is strong with truth, whatever it may be. The philosophy of Luke is needed only by the weak, who no longer have the strength to fight for their destiny. The play contains proud words about a man: “A man is the truth! Man! It's great! This sounds... proudly! ". These words contrast sharply with the terrible fate of the inhabitants of the rooming house. And this inevitably gives rise to the most difficult questions: why does it happen that people fall to the “bottom”? What to do so that everyone's life would be worthy of the great title - Man? Such deep socio-philosophical problems are posed by the author in his play.
Leonid Andreev wrote that Gorky, as a philosopher, persistently and painfully searches for the meaning of being. “He piled up a mountain of the most severe suffering, threw dozens of diverse faces into one heap - he united everything with a burning desire for truth and justice.”
The play ends tragically, because its heroes, who have fallen to the "bottom", can no longer rise to the light, can not be reborn to a worthy life. But the spiritual awakening of the inhabitants of the "bottom" is near, their desire for the best is growing.