Gustave Flaubert(fr. Gustave Flaubert) - French realist prose writer, considered one of the largest European writers of the XIX century. He worked a lot on the style of his works, putting forward the theory of the "exact word" ( le mot juste). He is best known as the author of Madame Bovary (1856).

Born December 12, 1821 in Rouen in a petty bourgeois family. His father was a surgeon in the hospital of Rouen, and his mother was the daughter of a doctor. He was the youngest child in the family. In addition to Gustave, the family had two children: an older sister and brother. Two other children did not survive. The writer spent his childhood bleakly in the doctor's dark apartment.

The writer studied at the Royal College and Lyceum in Rouen, starting in 1832. There he met Ernest Chevalier, with whom he founded Art et Progress in 1834. In this edition, he first printed his first public text.

In 1836 he met Eliza Schlesinger, who had a profound influence on the writer. He carried his silent passion through his whole life and displayed it in the novel "Education of the Senses".

The youth of the writer is associated with the provincial cities of France, which he repeatedly described in his work. In 1840 Flaubert entered the faculty of law in Paris. There he led a bohemian life, met many famous people, wrote a lot. He dropped out of school in 1843 after the first epileptic stroke. In 1844, the writer settled on the banks of the Seine, not far from Rouen. Flaubert's lifestyle was characterized by isolation, the desire for self-isolation. He tried to devote time and energy to literary creativity.

In 1846 his father died, and after some time his sister. His father left him a solid inheritance on which he could live comfortably.

Flaubert returned to Paris in 1848 to take part in the Revolution. From 1848 to 1852 he traveled to the East. He visited Egypt and Jerusalem, through Constantinople and Italy. He wrote down his impressions and used them in his works.

From 1855, in Paris, Flaubert visited many writers, such as the Goncourt brothers, Baudelaire, and met with Turgenev.

In July 1869 he was greatly shocked by the death of his friend Louis Boulay. There is evidence that Flaubert had love affairs with the mother of Guy de Maupassant, which is why they had friendly relations.

During the occupation of France by Prussia, Flaubert hid in Rouen with his mother and niece. His mother died in 1872 and at that time the writer had already started having problems with money. There are health problems as well. He sells his property, leaves an apartment in Paris. He publishes his works one after another.

The last years of the writer's life, overshadowed by financial problems, health problems and the betrayal of friends.

Gustave Flaubert died on May 8, 1880 as a result of a stroke. The funeral was attended by many writers, including Emile Zola, Alphonse Daudet, Edmond Goncourt and others.

Creation

In 1849 he completed the first edition of The Temptation of Saint Anthony, a philosophical drama on which he subsequently worked all his life. In terms of worldview, it is imbued with ideas of disappointment in the possibilities of cognition, which is illustrated by the clash of different religious trends and corresponding doctrines.

First edition of Madame Bovary, 1857. Title

Flaubert became famous for the publication in the magazine of the novel Madame Bovary (1856), work on which began in the autumn of 1851. The writer tried to make his novel realistic and psychological. Soon after, Flaubert and the editor of the Revue de Paris were sued for "insulting morality." The novel turned out to be one of the most important forerunners of literary naturalism, but the author's skepticism is clearly expressed in it in relation not only to modern society, but also to man in general. As noted by B. A. Kuzmin,

in his work itself, Flaubert seems ashamed to show his sympathy for people who are not worthy of this sympathy, and at the same time considers it below his dignity to show his hatred for them. As a resultant of this potential love and quite real hatred for people, Flaubert's pose of dispassion arises.

Some of the formal features of the novel noted by literary critics are a very long exposition, the absence of a traditional goodie. Transferring the action to the province (with its sharply negative image) puts Flaubert among the writers in whose work the anti-provincial theme was one of the main ones.

Gaston Bucière. Salambo. 1907

The acquittal allowed the novel to be published as a separate edition (1857). The preparatory period of work on the novel "Salambo" required a trip to the East and North Africa. So the novel appeared in 1862. This is a historical novel that tells about the uprising in Carthage in the third century BC.

Salambo. Alphonse Mucha (1896)

Two years later, in September 1864, Flaubert completed work on the final version of the novel "Education of the Senses". The third novel, The Education of the Senses (1869), was full of social problems. In particular, the novel describes the European events of 1848. The novel also includes the author's own life events, such as the first love. The novel was received coldly, and only a few hundred copies were printed.

In 1877, he published in magazines the stories The Simple Heart, Herodias, and The Legend of St. Julian the Merciful, written in between work on his last novel, Bouvard and Pécuchet, which remained unfinished, although we can judge its finale from the surviving author's sketches, quite detailed.

From 1877 to 1880 he edited the novel Bouvard and Pécuchet. This is a satirical work that was published after the death of the writer in 1881.

A brilliant stylist who carefully honed the style of his works, Flaubert had a huge impact on all subsequent literature, brought to it a number of talented authors, among whom were Guy de Maupassant and Edmond Abu.

Flaubert's writings were well known in Russia, Russian critics wrote sympathetically about them. His works were translated by I. S. Turgenev, who was close friends with Flaubert; M. P. Mussorgsky created an opera based on "Salambo".

Major works

Gustave Flaubert, a contemporary of Charles Baudelaire, occupies a leading role in the literature of the 19th century. He was considered immoral and admired, and today he is one of the leading writers. The novels Madame Bovary and The Education of the Senses brought him fame. His style combines elements of psychologism and naturalism. He considered himself a realist.

Gustave Flaubert began work on Madame Bovary in 1851 and worked for five years. The novel was published in Revue de Paris magazine. The style of the novel is similar to the style in the novels of Balzac. The plot of the novel tells about Charles Bovary, who graduated from a provincial lyceum. So, he gets a position as a doctor in a small settlement. He marries a young girl, the daughter of a wealthy farmer. But the girl dreams of a beautiful life, she reproaches her husband for his inability to provide such a life and gets herself a lover.

The novel "Salambo" was published after the novel "Madame Bovary". Flaubert began work on it in 1857. He spent three months in Tunisia studying historical sources. When he appeared in 1862, he was received with great enthusiasm. The novel opens with the mercenaries celebrating their victory in the war in the gardens of their general. Angry at the absence of the general, and remembering their grievances, they smash his property. Salammbô, the general's daughter, comes to calm down the soldiers. Two mercenary leaders fall in love with this girl. The freed slave advises one of them to conquer Carthage in order to get the girl.

Work on the novel "Education of the Senses" began in September 1864 and ended in 1869. It consists of autobiographical elements of the writer. The novel tells about a young provincial who goes to study in Paris. There he learns friendship, art, politics and cannot decide in his views between the monarchy, the republic and the empire. Many women appear in his life, but all of them are incomparable with Marie Arnoux, the merchant's wife, who was his first love.

The idea of ​​the novel Bouvard and Pécuchet appeared in 1872. The author wanted to write about the vanity of his contemporaries. Later, he tried to understand the very nature of man. The novel tells how, on a hot summer day, two men, Bouvard and Pécuchet, meet by chance and get to know each other. Later it turns out that they have the same profession (copier), and even shared interests. If they could, they would live outside the city. But, having received an inheritance, they still buy a farm and are engaged in agriculture. Later it turns out their inability to this work. They try themselves in the field of medicine, chemistry, geology, politics, but with the same result. Thus, they return to their profession of copyists.

The 19th century in the field of culture was rightfully considered the century of the novel. The novel was to the educated classes what the series are now. Both entertainment and learning. At Gorky's call "Love a book - a source of knowledge!" legs are growing just from that era when the novelist not only entertained the public with a plot, but at the same time screwed it with a lot of useful information. Victor Hugo will always be an example to us in this.

Why Victor Hugo! He is not alone! The 19th century is the century of glory for the French novel. It was then that literature in France became a source of decent income for many, the most diverse, writers and journalists. The circle of consumers of literature, those who could read and enjoyed it, grew many times over. For which special thanks should be said to the system of public education and the industrial revolution. The "production" of novels has also become a kind of entertainment industry. But not only. Literature and journalism shaped the national consciousness and the French language itself.

And if we talk about language and style, the main success in this area has been achieved by Gustave Flaubert (1821 - 1880). He is sometimes called the creator of the modern novel.

“Flaubert's Normandy mustache” is remembered by everyone who listened to and fell in love with D. Tukhmanov's disc “According to the Wave of My Memory”, which appeared in 1975. What is true is true, Gustave Flaubert's mustache was luxurious. And yes, he was a native of Normandy.

Gustave Flaubert was born in the "capital" of Normandy, Rouen. His father was the chief physician of the local hospital. Studying at the Royal College of Rouen made the boy fall in love with history and literature. And not only French. Gustave read both Cervantes and Shakespeare. Here, in college, he acquired a true friend for life, the future poet L. Buie.

Now from Paris to Rouen - two hours by train. At the beginning of the 19th century, this was also not very far away, so Gustave Flaubert went to continue his studies in Paris. At the Sorbonne he studied law. After three years of study, he did not pass the exams and said goodbye to the thought of a career as a lawyer. But he had a burning desire to become a writer.

In 1846 my father died. After him, the family was left with a sufficient fortune so that Gustave could return to the Croisset estate near Rouen, which belonged to their family. Here he lived, taking care of his mother and doing literature. From here, he used to travel to Paris, where he met with famous colleagues E. Zola, G. Maupassant, the Goncourt brothers and I. S. Turgenev. By the way, the Russian writer had a considerable influence on all the listed French writers. A translation was not required for communication. Turgenev spoke excellent French.

Flaubert's life is not particularly eventful. Although there were travels in it. For example, in Tunisia, which has recently become a French colony, and in the Middle East. But still he locked himself in the provinces and concentrated entirely on literature. He did not have to constantly earn a living by writing. Therefore, he could at his pleasure hone each phrase in search of the “right word” (“mot juste”). In the already mentioned song from the disc “According to the wave of my memory”, written after a poem by M. Voloshin, the Goncourt brothers are called “chasers”. Perhaps this nickname would be more suitable for the great perfectionist Flaubert. In short, G. Flaubert became famous as an outstanding stylist.

Throughout his creative life, Flaubert published five books. His first novel, Madame Bovary, was published in 1857. The release of the novel was accompanied by a scandal, which attracted additional attention to it.

The main theme of this work is the conflict between invented life and real life. The heroine of the novel is not a heroic person at all. Moreover, the unforgettable MS Panikovsky would call Madame Bovary a pitiful and insignificant person. An ordinary bourgeois from a small town near Rouen (a province of the province, so to speak), in search of adventure and "high" (in her understanding) love, squanders her husband's money and eventually commits suicide. At the same time, it is poisoned with arsenic. Who knows - not the most aesthetic way to settle scores with life. Long and painful dying, black vomit... And G. Flaubert painstakingly described all this. And in general, Flaubert's work made a splash with its realism. Before that, no French writer had described in detail how the heroine of his novel was being fucked in a carriage circling the city. Ah, the morality of the French nation was terribly traumatized by this! The author and editors of the magazine in which the novel was published were sued for insulting public morality

The lawsuit by the writer and journalists was won. In 1857, the novel "Madame Bovary" was published as a separate book. Completely, without cuts. And critics stuck a label to H. Flaubert: a realist. However, the realism of the French writer has little to do with the critical realism that flourished in pre-revolutionary Russia, and even more so with the socialist realism that frightened philology students in the Soviet Union for seventy years.

The second book of G. Flaubert came out five years later. It was the historical novel Salammbô. The action took place in Carthage after the first Punic War. That is, long before our era. Exotic, however. The writer's impressions of the trip to Tunisia had an effect. Carthage was in these parts. By the way, the novel was and remains a very fascinating reading matter. There is a lot of eroticism in it, which at that time could be considered pornography too.

The third novel, "Education of feelings" ("L "éducation sentimentale") was published in 1859. This is a story about a young man who lives in the difficult times of the next French revolution. The young man was brought up in a romantic spirit, but faced with real life. Honestly speaking, this is a phenomenon that occurs with every generation of young men in any, even not very revolutionary, time.So the novel may seem interesting to many boys of the 1990s.(There was also a turbulent time in modern Russian history) And yes, in this the story also has a sexual zest - the love of a young man and an adult woman, fifteen years older than him.

In 1874, a book was published that Flaubert had been writing for almost twenty years, "The Temptation of St. Anthony" ("La Tentation de Saint-Antoine"). Flaubert does not so much describe the feat of the saint as broadly and generously, in a Brueghelian way, paints all existing and conceivable heresies, religions, philosophies and sins. It is interesting to write about sins, and it is not boring to read.

Reading all of these novels is still interesting. Flaubert is not a boring writer. Not Émile Zola, who fired up the firebox of his creative imagination for the full-length book series Rougon-Macquart (21 "production" novels are no joke!). In terms of subject matter, it is closer to Maupassant, whose books in the days of my adolescence were not given to schoolchildren in the library. The only difference is that Flaubert wrote one novel on a topic about which Maupassant wrote a dozen short stories. So if someone has not read Flaubert, we can advise you to fill this gap. At least the time spent on this will not be a pity. And the translations into Russian are good, making you feel the skill of the great stylist.

It is difficult to talk about the kind of life that G. Flaubert lived in his last years. No adventures, no love affairs. True, they say that he had love with Guy de Maupassant's mother. Death began to creep up on friends and relatives, in 1869 his friend, the poet Buye, died. During the Franco-Prussian War, the Croisset estate was occupied by the Germans. Criticism of his novels was treated with some suspicion. Both the plots and the language of his novels caused rejection. So the publication of Flaubert's novels did not bring commercial success. And the maintenance of the estate required more and more money, but incomes did not increase.

Flaubert died at his estate of Croisset on May 8, 1880. By that time, no one denied his influence on the development of the French novel. And since French literature at the end of the 19th century was exemplary for all writers of the enlightened community, it can be said without exaggeration: the work of Gustave Flaubert had an impact on all world literature. Including Russian. One way or another, Leo Tolstoy wrote with an eye on the French. And "Anna Karenina" is, in a sense, a Russian version of the story of Madame Bovary, a bad woman who chased the so-called "love".

The influence of French literature on Soviet literature is even stronger and not at all beneficial. The fact is that the Union of Soviet Writers was created by people for whom Flaubert, Maupassant, Zola were stars of the first magnitude. And, having begun to lead the Union, they wittingly or unwittingly pushed the seething literature of the Soviet 1920s into the already established and therefore boring frame of realism, knocked together by the great French novelists. At the same time, they understood realism in a completely different way than the great French. Therefore, this frame was significantly narrowed down, wrapped in a kumach and called socialist realism. And since the leadership of the Union was united, and feeding came from one hand, practically none of the writers who declared themselves Soviet could resist the pressure. The more talented sculpted, as best they could, epics about modern life, encrusting them to the best of their talent and non-conformism with pearls and diamonds. The untalented also achieved some success in composing according to the recipes of the great ones. They were published in mass circulation, but it was difficult to read this brew. Masochists can read Babaevsky, and suicides - M. Bubenov. Some of the sovpis already in the 1970s brought to life what was gossip about A. Dumas père a hundred years before. Huge "opupei" like "Eternal Call" scribbled "literary slaves." And how multinational Soviet literature was created is a separate lament.

However, Gustave Flaubert is not at all to blame for these “excesses on the ground”.

Gustave Flaubert was born on December 12, 1821 in the family of a famous surgeon, spent all his childhood and youth at the hospital where his father's apartment was located. Flaubert himself from childhood thought that he was destined for a different field, although he began to write already in his teens. Interest in life, but more than death, which largely determined the semantic core of future works, was born here, within the walls of the Rouen hospital, when, as a boy, secretly from his parents, Gustave made his way into the autopsy room and watched the bodies disfigured by death.

After receiving his initial education at the Royal College of Rouen, in 1840 Flaubert went to Paris to study law. This decision was not dictated by the heart: jurisprudence did not in the least interest the young man. In the most romantic capital of the world, he lives more than secluded, he has practically no comrades.

After studying for three years at the Sorbonne, Flaubert failed to pass the translation exam. In the same year, he was diagnosed with a disease that resembled epilepsy in symptoms. Doctors strongly recommend Gustave to lead a sedentary lifestyle, and constant seizures, from which he saw salvation only in taking hot baths, plague him. To find salvation from the disease, the future writer goes to Italy.

The year 1845 radically changes his life vector: his father dies, and then his beloved sister, Carolina. Flaubert takes care of the daughter of her sister and her husband, and also decides to return home to his mother in order to overcome the pain of loss with her. Together with her, they settled on a small, picturesque estate in Croisset, near Rouen. From now on, Flaubert's whole life will be connected with this place, which he left for a long time only twice.

The inheritance received allowed Flaubert not to know material worries, having no official service, he daily and painstakingly worked on his works.

In line with the then dominant romanticism in literature, his first stories were written: Memoirs of a Madman (1838) and November (1842). But in the novel "Education of the Senses", which did not see the light of day, work on which lasted from 1843 to 1845, the notes of realism are clearly traced.

By 1846, the beginning of his relationship with Louise Colet, a well-known writer in those days, whom he met in Paris, dates back. This affair, lasting eight years, was the longest affection in Flaubert's life. Due to the fact that the writer was very afraid to pass on his illness by inheritance, he, not wanting to continue his family, did not propose to anyone, although he was always popular with women.

Glory fell on Flaubert when, in 1856, his first novel Madame Bovary, which is the writer's hallmark, was published in the Revue de Paris magazine. Painstakingly, day after day, for five years, thinking over every written word, Flaubert wrote a book about how illusion can destroy reality. The plot is simple: an unremarkable, more than ordinary bourgeois woman, in order to add color to her life, starts two intrigues, not noticing that a loving person has always been there.

The novel, which ended in the suicide of the heroine, made a lot of noise. The author and editors of the magazine were sued for immorality. The sensational trial ended in an acquittal. But in 1864, the Vatican listed Madame Bovary on the Index of Forbidden Books.

The subtlest psychology in revealing the image of the main character became a real discovery in literature and largely determined the path of development of the entire European novel.

In 1858, Flaubert travels to Africa, bringing not only impressions from the voyage, but also his second novel Salammbo, the action of which takes the reader to ancient Carthage, making him a witness to the love of the daughter of a commander and leader of the barbarians. Historical accuracy and careful attitude to every detail of the narrative allowed this book to take its rightful place in a number of historical novels.

The third novel of the writer "Education of feelings" is devoted to the theme of the "lost generation".

Years of life: from 12/12/1821 to 05/08/1880

Famous French novelist, head of the realist school in France.

Flaubert was born in Rouen, in the North Normandy region of France. He was the second son of Flaubert, his father a famous surgeon, and mother of Anne Justine Caroline Flaubert. Began writing at an early age, before the age of eight, according to some sources.

Flaubert studied in his hometown at the Royal College of Rouen (1823-1840) and did not leave it until 1840, when he left to study law in Paris. After studying for three years, he failed to pass the exams, but made friends with the writer and journalist M.Du Kang, who became his travel companion. By the end of 1840, Flaubert was traveling in the Pyrenees and Corsica.

In 1843, Flaubert was diagnosed with a nervous disease similar to epilepsy, and he was prescribed a sedentary lifestyle. The illness led to the fact that Flaubert did not complete the course, but went on a trip. In 1845 he traveled to Italy. Together with his friend, Flaubert traveled through Brittany in 1846.

After the death of his father in 1846, he returned to the Croisset estate near Rouen, took care of his mother and was mainly engaged in literature. Flaubert lived until the end of his days in his father's house on the banks of the Seine.

In September 1849, Flaubert completed the first version of The Temptation of Saint Anthony. In the same year he traveled to Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Greece.

In 1850, after returning, the writer began work on the novel Madame Bovary. The novel, which took five years to write, was published in the Ruve de Paris (Journal of Paris) in 1856. The government opened proceedings against the publisher and against the author on charges of immorality, but both were acquitted. The novel Madame Bovary, which appeared in book form, was received very warmly.

Beginning in 1850, Flaubert lived in Croisset, making occasional visits to Paris and England, where he had mistresses. He visited Carthage in 1858 in search of prototypes and examples for his novel Salambo. The novel was completed in 1862, after a year of work.

Based on childhood events, Flaubert's next work, An Education in the Senses, took seven years of hard work. The Education of the Senses, the last completed novel, was published in 1869.

Fulfilling his civic duty, during the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871, Flaubert served in the army with the rank of lieutenant and was awarded the Order of the Legion of Honor. 1870 was a difficult year. Parisian soldiers occupied Flaubert's house during the War in 1870, and in 1872 his mother died. After the death of his mother, the writer had financial difficulties.

Flaubert wrote a very unsuccessful drama, The Candidate, and also published a revised version of The Temptation of Saint Anthony, part of which was published in 1857. He devoted most of his time to a new project, "Two Woodlice", which later became known as "Buvard et Pécuchet", and broke away from it only to write "Three Tales" in 1877. This book included three stories: "A Simple Soul", "The Legend of St. Julian the Hospitable" and "Herodias". After the publication of these stories, he devoted the rest of his life to the unfinished work "Buvard et Pécuchet", which was published posthumously in 1881.

Flaubert suffered from sexually transmitted diseases most of his life. His health deteriorated and he died at Croisset of a stroke in 1880 at the age of 58. Flaubert was buried in the family plot, in the cemetery in Rouen.

Flaubert read The Temptation of Saint Anthony aloud to his friends for four days, not allowing them to stop themselves and express any opinion. At the end of the reading, they told him to throw the manuscript into the fire, suggesting that he focus on everyday life rather than fantasy objects.

Flaubert liked to write letters that are collected in various publications.

Flaubert was a tireless worker and often, in letters to friends, complained about his busy schedule. He was close to his niece, Caroline Commonville, and was friends and corresponded with George Sand. Occasionally he visited Parisian acquaintances, including Émile Zola, Ivan Turgenev, Edmond and Julia Goncot.

The writer has never been married. From 1846 to 1854 he had a relationship with the poetess Louise Colette, which can be said to be his only serious relationship. Gradually losing interest in each other, Gustave and Louise broke up.

(1821-12-12 )

The youth of the writer is associated with the provincial cities of France, which he repeatedly described in his work. In the year Flaubert entered the Faculty of Law in Paris, but dropped out of school.

Flaubert's personal life was not easy. Not wanting to put his offspring at risk (he was diagnosed with epilepsy in childhood), he did not marry and did not continue his family, although he had several mistresses. After all, despite his average height, Flaubert made an impression on women who liked his green eyes and slightly curly hair. He was known as an athlete, fond of swimming, canoeing and horseback riding.

In the last years of Flaubert's life, misfortunes followed: the death of his friend Bouillet in 1869, the occupation of the estate by the advancing enemy army during the Franco-Prussian War, and finally serious financial difficulties. He did not experience commercial success when publishing his books, which for a long time caused rejection by critics. Gustave Flaubert died on May 8 of the year as a result of a stroke.

Bibliography

Compositions:

• Sobr. cit.: in 8 volumes - M., 1933-1938;
• Sobr. cit.: in 5 volumes - M., 1956;
• Literature, art, writing. Letters. Articles: in 2 volumes - M., .

Critical Literature:

• Trenchekova V.D.- "Cinematic potential in Flaubert's Madame Bovary"
• Dezhurov A.S. Objective novel by G. Flaubert "Madame Bovary" // Foreign literature of the XIX century. Workshop for students, graduate students, philologists and high school students of humanitarian schools. M., . - S. 304-319.
• Ivashchenko A.F. Gustave Flaubert. From the history of realism in France. - M.,;
• Morua A. literary portraits. - M., . - S. 175-190;
• Puzikov. Ideological and artistic views of Flaubert // Puzikov. Five portraits. - M., . - S. 68-124;
• Reizov B. G. Flaubert's work. - M.,;
• Khrapovitskaya G. N. Gustave Flaubert // History of foreign literature of the XIX century. - Part 2. - M.,. - S. 215-223.

Links

• Russian site of Gustave Flaubert Biography, bibliography, texts of works, letters, gallery, forum.
• Library of French Literature - novels in Russian and French; Maurois, Nabokov on Madame Bovary
• Collected works in French - apparently the most complete collection of Flaubert on the Internet
• "The Temptation of St. Anthony", Letters - version of 1856, translated by M. Petrovsky, Correspondence 1830-1880

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