The desire for beauty, expressed in art, is perhaps the only thing that distinguishes a person from an animal. Since the most ancient times, man has been trying to create something beautiful, taking out his caves in between hunting and survival. With the development of mankind, art also developed, which took on newer and newer forms. One of the main types of fine arts is sculpture. and what types of it exist - this article will tell about it.

The main object of the sculpture is a person, although it can also depict animals or any other objects. Depending on what material is used, the appropriate processing methods are selected. It can be molding, forging, chasing or casting.

Before considering any concept, it is necessary to give it a specific definition. What is sculpture and what are its characteristics? The difficulty lies in the fact that it is not so easy to answer this question unambiguously. However, we will try to understand it.

Definition: "What is sculpture?" Variety of options

Any concept or phenomenon is interpreted differently. The reason for this is that each art historian looks at the problem from his own angle. Therefore, everyone develops his own meaning of the concept of "sculpture". What is sculpture, you can learn from various explanatory dictionaries.

According to the explanatory dictionary of Efremova, sculpture is the art of creating three-dimensional (relief) images using modeling, cutting or casting.

In the explanatory dictionary of Ushakov, you can find the following definition: "Sculpture is the art of making three-dimensional or convex images - statues, bas-reliefs, etc."

However, it should be noted that all sources agree that sculpture is a special kind of fine art. And there is certainly no doubt about this.

Sculpture. What is a sculpture?

The term itself comes from the Latin word "sculptura", which literally translates as "sculpture", or "carving". By the way, the term "sculpture" is very often used as a synonym for the word "sculpture".

A talented young artist described it very well: “this is the area of ​​feelings associated with form.” The basis of any sculpture should be precisely the form, the ancient language of which is accessible and understandable to any person.

History of sculpture

The roots of this type of art go back to ancient times, in the Paleolithic era, it was then that her first works appeared. Sculptures in the form of images of a woman or various animals found at the site of numerous Paleolithic sites in Western Europe are a vivid confirmation of this. In the Neolithic era, the variety of sculptural monuments expanded even more.

Of course, this type of art was most developed in the era of Ancient Greece. It is sculpture that becomes one of the main forms of expression of ancient Greek philosophy, which was based on the personality of a person - harmoniously developed both spiritually and physically. A myriad of statues of gods, mythical heroes and warriors were made by the masters of Ancient Hellas, for whom sculpture turned out to be the life's work. What is sculpture in the understanding of the ancient Greek master? First of all, this is flexibility, plasticity and organicity of forms, based on the most accurate anatomical details. Phidias, Myron, Lysippus, Praxiteles and others can be distinguished among such great masters.

Sculpture received a new round of development in the 15th-16th centuries, during the Renaissance, which was based on ancient traditions. Italy became the center of Renaissance sculpture, among the great sculptors of that time were Michelangelo, Donatello, Verrocchio and other creators.

Soviet ideologists also paid great attention to sculpture. It has become an effective tool for propagating the ideas of Soviet socialism. The main feature of Soviet sculpture can be considered its monumentality. Majestic stelae, massive monuments and thousands of monuments to communist leaders were left to us by Soviet sculpture.

In modern sculpture, it is not the image (object) that comes to the fore, but the choice of color, texture and material. It is color that becomes almost the main instrument of artistic expression in modern sculpture.

The main types of sculptures

The main types of sculpture are:

• round sculpture (actually, statues and busts);
• relief sculpture (bas-reliefs and high reliefs);
• easel sculpture;

Some specific types of this art are also distinguished: miniature ice, park and others. According to the genre, sculpture can be portrait, domestic, historical, symbolic.

Sculpture making process

Making sculptures is not an easy task, requiring certain skills and painstaking work. As soon as the sculptor has an idea for a work, he begins its implementation by making a reduced-size model. Only when the layout is completely ready, you can proceed to the sculpture itself.

To sculpt a statue, you need a foundation and a steel frame. Then the artist begins to cover this frame with clay until he gets a sculpture that is close to his layout in appearance. In doing so, he uses special sculpting tools - stacks, as well as his own hands. It is important to ensure that the material is constantly moistened when sculpting so that it does not start to crack.

When the modeling is completed, the sculptor makes an exact cast of his creation from a material that is stronger than clay. After that, based on the cast, the sculpture can be made from any other material - stone, steel or bronze. It is worth noting that not a single great sculptural work is complete without preliminary molding and making a cast. Although in the history of sculpture there were masters who worked immediately with the source material. One of these was the great creator Michelangelo.

Sculpture as decoration of parks

One of the types of sculpture is park sculpture, the traditions of which have a long history. It is difficult to imagine a beautiful park or city garden without sculptural decorations. The tradition of decorating gardens with sculptures was established by the ancient Greeks. It is difficult to imagine the gardens of Ancient Rome without sculptural statues of gods or courageous warriors.

In the 17th century, Venice became the center for the production of sculptures for parks and gardens. Entire batches of sculptures were bought for their personal parks by noble people from Austria, Poland and Russia. Park sculpture at that time became an important element of the decoration of St. Petersburg, which was being actively built. The most outstanding Venetian master can be called Pietro Baratta, whose creations can still be seen in the Summer Garden of St. Petersburg or in the Tsarskoe Selo nature reserve.

The so-called topiary sculpture is gaining particular popularity in modern parks - this is the creation of real masterpieces from living plants - trees or bushes.

The most famous sculptures in the world

The famous sculptures of the world have gained popularity due to their features. We bring to your attention the five most famous world sculptures.

1. The most famous of the ancient sculptures is the statue of the goddess Aphrodite, also known as Venus de Milo. The cult statue of marble was made in the second century BC and has survived to this day. Today, this two-meter sculpture can be seen in a special gallery of the Louvre.

2. The tallest sculpture is the Vairochana Buddha statue in China (Henan Province). The total height of the monument is 158 meters; its erection was completed in 2002. The sculpture is made of cast copper, and the total cost of this project was about $55 million.

3. The most mysterious sculpture is the Moai sculptures on Easter Island. Scientists suggest that the statues are the work of the craftsmen of ancient Polynesia and vaguely date them to the first millennium of our era.

4. The most patriotic sculpture is the world-famous Statue of Liberty - a kind of symbol of the American people. It is also the second tallest on the planet.

5. The most golden sculpture is the statue of Buddha, located in Thailand, in Wat Traimit temple. The three-meter sculpture is unique in that it is completely made of solid gold.

Museums of the world are open to anyone who wants to get acquainted with the art of sculpture. Figures of people and animals were made in different centuries from different materials. Among the most famous sculptures are statues of gods and antique sculptures. What inspired the masters and what are the most famous sculptures?

Famous ancient sculptures

Antique sculptures are the most famous. We see their image everywhere, including in everyday life.

"Venus de Milo"

Perhaps there is no more recognizable sculpture than the sculpture of the Venus de Milo. Many institutions decorate their halls with copies of it. Neither the date of creation nor the author himself are known.

Scientists have determined the time of creation only approximately. According to them, Venus was sculpted in the year 130 BC. e. Today it is on display at the Louvre.

"David"

The author of the bronze "David" is the sculptor Danatello. His work is a full-length sculpture, standing without any support. As conceived by the author, a smiling naked David looks at the head of Goliath, which he had just cut off.

The date of creation of this sculpture is one thousand four hundred and forty. "David" is demonstrated by the Florentine National Museum.

"Discus thrower"

Another of the most famous ancient sculptures is the Discobolus. Initially, the author cast a bronze sculpture. Date of creation - approximately four hundred and fifty years BC. e. Later, several copies appeared, but already made of marble.

The most famous statues of the gods

Statues of gods can be found in almost every country. Somewhere they are of a standard size and are displayed in museums, somewhere they are simply huge and are a landmark of the city.

Statue of Christ the Savior

The huge statue of Christ the Savior stands in Rio de Janeiro and is one of the main national attractions. Nearly two million people come to see it every year.

This statue is a sacred symbol of Brazil. The figure of Christ rises seven hundred meters above sea level. Its height is thirty-eight meters. The sculpture was erected in 1931 with donations from the population and the church.

Maitreya Buddha Statue

The largest statue in the world is the Maitreya Buddha statue in China. This record-breaking statue is carved right into the rock. Its height is seventy-one meters.

It is known that work on it was started in the seven hundred and thirteenth year and lasted ninety years. Numerous tourists who come to China strive to see the statue of God, which for about a thousand years was considered the highest in the world.

Shiva statue

The modern statue of the god Shiva appeared already in the twenty-first century in Nepal. Its construction took seven years. Shiva with a height of forty-three and a half meters is the tallest statue of the god Shiva in the world. The interest of tourists in it is understandable.

Other recognizable statues

The art of sculpture is several thousand years old. Over the years, sculptors have created a variety of works. Some of the sculptures are real sights.

Moai

There are eight hundred and fifty monolithic stone statues on Easter Island. Surprisingly, they are all turned towards the center of the island. Some of them are over six meters long and weigh twenty tons.

One of the expeditions found a giant unfinished statue there. Its weight is approximately two hundred and seventy tons, and its height is twenty meters.

"Manneken Pis"

It is not known exactly when the Manneken Pis statue appeared in Brussels and who was its creator. This miniature statue-fountain is made of bronze: a naked boy pissing into the pool. It is believed that the statue was created in the fifteenth century.

The Bronze Boy has been repeatedly kidnapped. Copies appeared in its place. From time to time, the statue is dressed in different costumes, depending on the memorable date or holiday.

Great Sphinx

The oldest sculpture preserved in Giza is the Great Sphinx lying on the banks of the Nile. This is a monolithic work. The Sphinx is carved from a rock of calcareous origin. Between its paws, stretched forward, there was once a sanctuary. The face of the lion statue has a portrait resemblance to one of the Egyptian pharaohs. The sights are the Egyptian pyramids themselves. The site has a site about Egyptian and other wonderful pyramids.

The most famous sculpture in the world

The most replicated, most recognizable image of the sculpture in the world is The Thinker. This famous sculpture is on display in Paris. Its author is Rodin.

Rodin in 1880, got a big order. The work was to be called The Gates of Hell. It was assumed that the author would create several sculptures that would be installed at the entrance to the museum. This project remained unfinished, however, Rodin decided to make a number of sculptures large. Thanks to this, the world saw the "Thinker". The ingenious master managed to accurately convey the deep thought process of a man sitting on a stone.
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Any chronological account of the origin and evolution of sculpture would need to fill several volumes, if not a whole library, and so its summary means that most of the historical facts will inevitably be omitted. Nevertheless, even such a far from complete digression into the history of sculpture will be replete with wonderful stories about extraordinary masters who directed their talent to create marble, terracotta, bronze sculptures and reliefs. The works of sculptors do not lose their relevance in our time.

History of sculpture

Prehistoric and Neolithic Sculpture

The history of sculpture dates back to the Stone Age. The earliest works known to us (for example, "Venus from Berehat-Ram" and "Venus from Tan-Tan") date from about 230.000-200.000 BC.

Venus from Berehat-Ram. Sketch.

Various animals and human figures became the object of prehistoric sculpture. Mammoth bone, clay, various types of stone served as material for the works.

The Neolithic art of sculpture is primarily characterized by works in ceramics. The most impressive art form of this period was sculpture in the Egyptian pyramids and tombs of the pharaohs: their decoration (with religious overtones) was various bas-reliefs and statues.

Venus from Tan-Tan. Sketch.

The beginning of the Bronze Age, characterized by the development of cities and the architecture of public buildings, which was accompanied and facilitated by the creation and improvement of complex tools, caused an increase in demand for all types of fine arts, including sculpture. New works reflected the power of the gods and earthly rulers.

Sculpture of classical antiquity (1100–100 BC)

The so-called "Dark Age" (1100-900 BC) in the history of Greek culture is characterized by the predominance of ceramics. Greek sculpture in its usual form appears since 650 BC. e. After that, Greek art develops according to the traditional chronology.

It is also worth mentioning the Celtic metal sculpture (400-100 BC). Its development and spread of influence was hampered by the disorganization of the disparate Celtic tribes, who could not stand the competition with more organized and centralized states.

Byzantine sculpture (330–1450)

Until the 4th century AD. early Christian sculpture consisted mainly of reliefs for graves and sarcophagi. The art of the Eastern Roman Empire was almost entirely religious and, apart from small pieces of ivory and jewelry, did not contain three-dimensional sculptures.

Sculpture during the Dark Ages (c. 500–800)

As the name of the period suggests, this was not the best time for European sculptors. The church had no significant power, the cities were impoverished, and the level of culture was low.

In the future, a connection is formed between public architecture and sculpture. New buildings, as a rule, needed sculptural decoration both inside and outside. The supporting columns included decorative elements of various shapes, facades and doorways were decorated with reliefs.

Early Romanesque sculpture (c. 800–1050)

The revival of medieval sculpture began with Charlemagne I, King of the Franks, who became Holy Roman Emperor in 800. Positive cultural change was continued by the emperors Otto I, Otto II and Otto III, in a style known as Ottonian art.

Romanesque sculpture (c. 1000–1200)

Various political events, including the Crusades, led to the rapid construction of new cathedrals and churches throughout Europe. Romanesque style, known in Britain and Ireland as "Norman" architecture, was extremely popular, which led to the development of plastic arts, the creation of carving workshops, etc.

Gothic sculpture (c. 1150–1300)

New architectural techniques and the development of demand for fine arts in various forms at the end of the 12th century formed the so-called "Gothic style". The characteristic features of the Romanesque style (rounded arches, massive thick walls and small windows) were replaced by pointed arches, high ceilings, thin walls and huge stained glass windows. This completely transformed the interior of many cathedrals.

Bust of Cardinal Richelieu. .

Rococo sculpture (circa 1700–1789)

The French reaction to the drama and seriousness of the Baroque was the informal and cheerful Rococo style. In the future, the whimsical decadent style was replaced by a more rigid neoclassicism, which was associated with the political situation in the country.

Neoclassical sculpture (circa 1790–1830)

Neoclassical art is mainly associated with an appeal to classical examples of ancient art. Leading sculptors of the time expressed ideas of dignity, duty and heroism.

Cupid and Psyche. . Threatening Cupid. Falcone.

It originated in ancient times and remains to this day a very popular decoration of cities, temples, as well as a way of self-expression of the master. Many of the sculptures are attractions themselves. There are many examples of world-famous statues, which are visited by millions of tourists every year.

Today there are different types of sculptures, which will be discussed in this article.

Definition

Before you start talking about sculpture as an art form, you need to understand what it is, to define the term. Sculpture is not just one of the types of fine art, but one of its most important elements, the main feature of which is that the works have a three-dimensional form made of solid or plastic materials.

Painting, graphics and sculpture are art forms that are very close in many ways. That is why many artists and painters were also excellent sculptors.

A bit of history

As mentioned above, sculpture arose in time immemorial. The first figurines and small sculptures began to appear in the prehistoric period of the Stone Age. In those days, sculptures were used as religious idols.

Also, everyone knows the ancient sculptures, which are of enormous size, located on about. Easter. There are still many rumors and legends around them.

With the advent of the first ancient civilizations (Ancient Egypt, Sumer, Phenicia, etc.), sculptures became a more frequent attribute. They were not only a religious object, but also often became the decoration of large temples, palaces of rulers and decoration of cities.

Sculpture as a form of fine art reached an incredible flowering in the ancient period. The ancient Greeks and Romans highly valued this craft. They decorated their cities, houses and temples with sculptures, and their craftsmen were the best in all the then known world.

In the early Middle Ages, there was some lull in this area, but by the end of this historical stage, sculpture began to develop with renewed vigor. A particularly strong boom began in the Renaissance, when painting and sculpture experienced a real take-off.

Starting from the New Age and up to the present day, sculpture remains one of the most striking and sought-after forms of art.

Types of sculpture (classification)

There are several ways and principles by which the division of sculpture into varieties is carried out. If divided by genre, then there are: portrait, symbolic, allegorical, historical and others.

There are also circular sculptures that can be viewed from all sides, and relief sculptures (high relief, bas-relief, counter-relief), where only part of the figure has volume.

Sculpture can be divided into types according to the materials from which it is made, according to historical periods, geographical characteristics, etc. There are a lot of classifications.

Sculpture and architecture

Almost immediately, as civilizations began to arise, and large temple and palace buildings appeared, these two types of art began to merge into a symbiosis. Architecture and sculpture are often integral parts of a single object.

Moreover, their "cooperation" is expressed not only in the fact that the sculptures are often used as decoration of the interior of the building. It is worth looking at buildings in the Gothic or Baroque style, as everything becomes clear. For example, remember the well-known Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, which is completely dotted with various sculptures, not only bas-reliefs, but also circular ones.

And there are many such examples. In modern architecture, sculptures are no longer often used as decorations for buildings, but there are many structures that, although nominally buildings, are actually sculptures. An example is the Statue of Liberty, inside which there is an observation deck (today entry into it is prohibited) and not only.

Sculpture in the form of a human figure

People have always been interested in humanity, so it is not surprising that sculptors most often sought to capture the human figure, part of the body, or give their creation an anthropomorphic form. It was only in the 20th century that more and more tendencies began to appear that deviated from this principle.

The best masters depicting people were considered the ancient Greeks, Romans and masters who worked in the Renaissance. Among the famous creations, one can single out the sculpture "Laocoön and his sons", made by the ancient Greek masters Agesander, Polydorus and Athenodorus. Also known is the creation "The Dying Gaul", the author of which is considered to be Epigon, but there is no exact information about this.

Of course, there are many more examples. There are more famous ones, but the fact remains that many sculptors still willingly create sculptures of people today.

Modern stage

Today, extravagant styles and types of painting and sculpture are increasingly appearing, thanks to which new masters seek to attract attention and shock the public. However, thanks to this, the world of sculpture has become more diverse, interesting and modern.

Suffice it to recall the creations of the famous Colombian sculptor and artist Fernando Botero, whose products today flaunt in many major cities and capitals of the world. His "chubby" made a splash in the art world.

In addition to him, of course, there are other modern masters whose sculptures are extravagant, but at the same time something fresh and new in art. This is the main trend in the recent history of mankind.

It's no secret that outstanding works of art are sold at art auctions for big money, but few people know that the most expensive sculpture was valued at 141 million 800 thousand US dollars. It is called "Pointing Man" and was created in 1947 by the famous sculptor Alberto Giacometti.

In addition to the fact that the sculptures can be very expensive, they are sometimes very large. The tallest statue in the world is Shakyamuni Buddha in Myanmar. Its height is about 130 meters, if you count with the pedestal. Without it, it has a height of more than 115 meters.

Modern people are accustomed to seeing antique sculptures in their natural color, but as recent studies have shown, the Greeks and Romans painted them with various colors, and quite brightly. It's just that over time, the paint faded in the sun and was erased under the influence of other natural phenomena.

Many ancient sculptures have come down to our time with various kinds of flaws: chips, lack of some parts, etc. Art critics, museums and sculptors of the 19th-20th centuries at first tried to restore the missing parts on their own, but over time, after numerous restoration failures, people realized that that it is better not to restore the works of antiquity, but to leave them in the form in which they were found.

Impact on culture

Whatever type the sculpture belongs to, it is still a subject of art, therefore it has a direct impact on it. It is one of the strong means of self-expression, decoration of cities, interior, exterior, etc.

Since ancient times, sculptures have had a huge impact on art and culture in general, being part of them. They are still considered an important element in the life of mankind today.

Many famous statues are now a symbol of a religion, a city or even an entire country. Recall at least the famous statue of Christ the Redeemer, which today not only symbolizes Rio de Janeiro, but the whole of Brazil.

Approximately the same can be said about the Statue of Liberty in New York or the statue of the Motherland in Volgograd. And there are many such examples. Almost every major city has its own remarkable sculpture or several.

In addition to the famous and symbolic statues, there are ordinary urban sculptures that do not represent great historical or cultural value, but were created solely to decorate city streets. As a rule, they are made from inexpensive materials like bronze, iron, etc.

Finally

Painting, graphics and sculpture are art forms that arose a very long time ago, but still exist to this day. Moreover, interest in them does not decrease at all, and to some extent even increases.

In modern society there are a large number of people who are interested in art, and the creations of old masters, as a rule, are under the protection of the state and society.

People have always liked to contemplate the beautiful, which gives pleasure not only to the eyes, but also to the brain, giving it topics for reflection, so many sculptures do not just depict something, but demonstrate some kind of plot, idea and thought. Looking at such works of art, people involuntarily begin to think about what the author wanted to convey and convey to people.

Sculpture has not only not disappeared as an art form, but continues to develop actively even now. There are all new types, styles, materials, etc. Sculptors from all over the world are trying their best to stand out and promote their creativity.

In the face of fierce competition, modern sculptors have to be more creative in their work or hobby. This, according to many, is the engine of contemporary art in general, and not just sculpture.

Sculpture- one of the types of fine art, which artistically recreates the world around with the help of three-dimensional form. Unlike painting and graphics, sculpture is voluminous and can be viewed from all sides, it is three-dimensional, like the things that surround us in everyday life.

To bring the sculptural work closer to reality, it was painted. So it was, for example, in ancient Egypt. In European art, along with painted sculpture, the natural color of the material from which the statue was created was also appreciated. In addition, there is a sculpture made from different materials. It is decorative, sometimes it looks like a precious thing. This was the statue of Olympian Zeus - one of the seven wonders of the world, created from ivory and gold.

M. Antokolsky. Nestor the chronicler

Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini. Apollo and Daphne

Bas-relief from the Kyiv St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral

Portal of the cathedral in Strasbourg (France)

Sculpture happens round, if it can be walked around, or placed on a plane - then this relief. There are several types of relief: if the image rises low above the background - in front of us bas-relief, if it protrudes very strongly and becomes an almost round sculpture - high relief, and if the relief is deepened, this is - counter-relief.

Sculpture can be small small plastic; of medium size and play an independent role - then, like painting and graphics, it is called easel; monumental associated with an architectural building, the natural environment (monuments, park sculpture, etc.).

Sculpture also differs in technique. It can be carved from hard stone, poured from gypsum, carved from wood, molded from soft material - clay, plasticine, wax, made from metal.

1. Remember what sculptural monuments are in your city, village. Which one do you think is the best and why?
2. Remember the biography of the person in whose memory the monument was erected. By what means does the sculptor express the universal significance of his feat? What emphasizes the individuality of this person?
3. Imagine that you have to design a monument to your favorite poet or writer. What will be your intention?

Student work. Round animal sculpture: cat, dragon, bear, dog

Create a sculpture using the tools and materials described in the tutorial. Analyze your own sculptural work as an example of small plastic art according to the following plan:

• The title of the work, its author.
• The material in which the work is performed (plasticine, clay, etc.).
• Why did you choose this subject for your sculpture?
• What exactly did you try to convey - the peace of your character or, conversely, his movement? Do you think you succeeded?
• From which side do you think this work is best viewed? With the help of what accents did you emphasize precisely such a spatial plan of your work?
• Consider your sculptural work from different angles. Do different angles add anything to the disclosure of the image? Perhaps from a different angle it creates a completely different impression?
• Can you imagine your sculpture enlarged? Where would you place it?

Stages of work on the sculpture

modeling- creation of a sculptural image from a soft plastic material. The material for modeling is clay or plasticine.

Clay- natural material. It is extracted from the earth and diluted to a soft state with water. Clay of green or gray color is more suitable for modeling. Clay products fired in a special furnace at a temperature of 900 ° C are called ceramic.

Plasticine- artificial plastic mass. It is soft, does not dry out like clay, objects molded from it do not deform or crack. It can be multi-colored. But at elevated air temperatures or in the sun, plasticine softens and melts.

Used for molding stack- a wooden or plastic spatula 15–20 cm long, one end of which is sharpened like a pencil, and a board on which work is performed. The excess clay is cut off with a stack, the surface is smoothed, and depressions are made in the form. It is better to work on a sculpture on a plank that rotates around its axis. Otherwise, you will have to run around the table yourself or rotate the work that is not yet ready in different directions, and this can damage it.

Tools and materials

1. Before you get started, decide what kind of character you want to mold - the Little Mermaid or the painted fox, the little hobbit, or Captain Flint, or someone else.
2. First, make pencil sketches, sketches of your character from different angles. After all, the sculptural image is three-dimensional, and even before the start of sculpting, you must imagine how your hero will look from all sides.
3. If the sculpture is larger than 20 cm, then it is necessary to make a frame, fix it on a stand, it must be strong, it must not deform. It can be a wooden block or a metal wire attached to a horizontal plank.
4. At the beginning of work, you need to determine the size of the image, the material that is most suitable for the intended composition - clay or plasticine.
5. A creative approach to the task requires paying special attention to the details that will help to fully reveal the image of the hero: appearance, proportions, and characteristic features.

Stages of work on the sculpture

Finished work

Johann Georg Pinsel(XVIII century) - one of the most famous sculptors who worked in Ukraine. However, little biographical information about Pinzel has been preserved. Apparently, he was from southern Germany or the Czech Republic. It is known for sure that in 1750 the master settled in Buchach (Ternopil region). He died in 1761 or 1762. But numerous works by Pinzel have been preserved, each of which testifies to his great talent. The master took part in the design of St. George's Cathedral in Lviv, the town hall in Buchach, and made statues for churches in small towns. Pinzel's sculptures are made of wood, painted and gilded. The images created by the master - Abraham, Samson, St. Anna and others - are full of strong and vivid feelings, extreme tension and true tragedy.

Pinzel. Saint Florian

Donatello(full name - Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi (c. 1386-1466) - the great Italian sculptor-reformer. He lived and worked in Florence, as well as in Parma. He visited Rome, where he became interested in sculpture. It was Donatello who again began to create round statues, which could be viewed from all sides.His best works - "David", a monument to the condottiere (commander) Gattamelata in Parma - glorify a person, his beauty, his courage.But the last statues of the master ("Mary Magdalene", "Judith") are very tragic .

Donatello. Madonna and Child