“Expedition to the South Pole” - People dragged heavy sleds through cracks in ice glaciers. Our Goals and Objectives. Novolazarevskaya station. Cape Town - Novolazarevskaya station. A little history About the Expedition Routes and timing Partnership proposals Contacts. Journey to the South Pole. To the north of the station extends an ice shelf ending in the Leningradsky ice dome.
"James Cook" - 4. 7. Author - John Hamilton Mortimer, 1771. 2. 01/29/2012. The son of a farm laborer, he rose from cabin boy to junior officer in the navy. Artist Nathaniel Dance. MAP OF J. COOK'S AROUND THE WORLD EXPEDITIONS.
"The Greatest Journeys" - Reasons for VGO. Think and answer. Vasco da Gama. Monument to Columbus in Havana. Bartolomeu Dias. Magellanic clouds. Great geographical discoveries. Portuguese and Spanish navigator. Conquistodor. Christopher Columbus. Technical discoveries. Lesson plan. Strait of Magellan. Fourth voyage (9 May 1502 - November 1504).
“Semyon Dezhnev” - Routes of the village of Dezhnev. Not an easy job. Semyon Ivanovich went back to Yakutsk, and in 1670. In 1648, Dezhnev became part of the fishing expedition of Fedot Popov. Teacher: SUMINA O.V. It took Dezhnev and his comrades two and a half months to reach the mouth of the Anadyr. In 1665 In 1662 Semyon Dezhnev acted as a collector of tribute (yasak) from the indigenous inhabitants of Siberia.
“Around the World Trip” - the first woman to circumnavigate the world. The first woman to circumnavigate the world. The first Russian circumnavigation. Kneaded round the world. 1st Russian circumnavigation. Space trip around the world. Trip around the world. The most famous trips around the world. 1st trip around the world. Content. Traveling around the world in space.
“Great Travelers” - in paintings by artists N. Solomin and S. Yakovlev. Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen (1779-1862) - famous navigator and prominent scientist. Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846) - a remarkable navigator and scientist-researcher. Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy (1813-1876) - an outstanding researcher of the Far East.
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Abulkhanova Ilyuzya Ildarovna
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Great geographical discoveries
People have always traveled. Many, many thousands of years ago, ancient hunters set out to find hunting grounds. Ancient pastoralists, together with their herds, went on multi-day hikes in search of fresh pastures. People explored new lands, crossed deserts and climbed mountains, and sailed across seas and even oceans in light boats. Geographical discoveries of antiquity
The very first maps looked like drawings. Thus, an ancient traveler five thousand years ago depicted on a silver vase two rivers flowing from the mountains into a lake, mountains covered with forest, and along the banks of the rivers - various animals that lived there.
Time passed and people learned to write. Then the travelers began to write down where they had been and what they had seen. The first traveler whose name we know was the Egyptian Hannu. On a ship he sailed south across the Red Sea to the country of Punt, and returned to Egypt with a cargo of incense and precious stones. The story of Hannu's voyage was carved on a rock. King and Queen of the Country of Punt
The Phoenicians who lived on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea were remarkable travelers. In the ancient world they were the most skilled sailors. The Phoenicians were the first to circumnavigate Africa in ships. They traveled for three years. In the fall they landed on the shore, sowed wheat, harvested the crops and set off again. The story of this was recorded by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus.
In the north of Europe, in Scandinavia, lived the harsh Vikings. They built good ships and sailed them far out to sea in search of new lands and prey. Viking ships skirted Europe, they discovered Iceland, and in the 10th century they reached North America and founded the first settlements. Then this path was forgotten, and five centuries later Columbus had to rediscover America. Drakkar - Viking ship. The bow of the ship was decorated with a carved image of a dragon.
Bartolomeu Dias India has always seemed to Europeans to be a fabulous country full of wonders and treasures. It was famous for its spices and incense. The Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias circumnavigated the southernmost tip of Africa in 1487 and named it the Cape of Storms.
The sea route to India around Africa was paved by Vasco da Gama. His expedition was carefully prepared: four fast ships, the best navigational instruments and experienced sailors. Having rounded the Cape of Good Hope, the expedition headed north along the coast of Africa. Nine months after the start of the voyage, on a May day in 1498, the ships arrived in the Indian city of Calicut. The local ruler, who lived in a luxurious palace, did not like the modest gifts of the Portuguese, but he listened with curiosity to the stories of bearded strangers about distant countries. Navigation instruments helped sailors navigate the sea, including the astrolabe, an instrument for measuring the height of stars above the horizon.
Christopher Columbus was born in 1451 in the Italian city of Genoa. From the age of 14, he sailed as a young lad, studied navigation, geography, and mathematics. In the summer of 1492, the caravels “Santa Maria”, “Pinta”, “Nina” left the Spanish port of Palos. Two months later they landed on a small island and declared it the possession of the Spanish king. Until his death, Columbus was sure that he had found the way to India. Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci - the new continent is named after him.
Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovered that there was a sea beyond the American continent. Ferdinand Magellan decided to get to him. In September 1519, at the head of a flotilla of five small ships, Magellan left the port of Seville and headed for Brazil. Sailing south along the coast of South America, Magellan found a narrow and winding strait through which his ships entered the ocean. This Strait was later called the Strait of Magellan. Discovery of the Pacific Ocean
In the 17th century, the Dutch entered the Pacific Ocean. A large island - New Guinea - and part of the northern coast of Australia were discovered. In 1642, Captain Abel Tasman discovered a large island south of Australia, later named Tasmania and New Zealand in his honor.
In 1648, Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev opened the strait between Asia and America, passing from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific. In 1740, Captain-Commander Vitus Bering repeated Dezhnev’s path, reaching North America and discovering a number of islands in the Aleutian chain.
The English navigator James Cook, decades later, confirmed the accuracy of the maps compiled by Bering. Cook made three trips around the world. Proved that New Zealand is two islands, not one. Studied the Great Barrier Reef. He brought hundreds of new islands to the map of the Pacific Ocean. He discovered the Hawaiian Islands in the south and died tragically here.
The presence of a continent in the area of the South Pole was suspected back in ancient times. Abel Tasman and James Cook were also looking for him. Found by Russian sailors - Fadey Fadeevich Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. In 1819, an expedition under their command on two boats - “Vostok” and “Mirny” - set off from Kronstadt. The goal of the expedition was achieved. The sailors saw a mountainous coast. Thus, a new continent was discovered, covered with eternal ice. Man first set foot on Antarctica only in 1895. Nowadays there are scientific research stations in 24 countries. Discovery of Antarctica
Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen in 1893 on the ship Fram. 500 kilometers before the pole, the ship got stuck in the ice, the traveler returned on foot. American Robert Edwin Peary reached the Pole on a reindeer sled on September 7, 1908. The American flag was hoisted. Discovery of the North Pole
The Norwegian Roald Amundsen set off to the South Pole in 1911 using Eskimo sled dogs and a light sleigh dressed in fur and reached it on December 14th. The English officer Robert Falcon Scott, riding small pony horses in wool and canvas clothes, also went to the South Pole and arrived a month later. On the way back the British died. Discovery of the South Pole
Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich Lazarev Mikhail Petrovich Bellingshausen Fadey Fadeevich
The inherent desire of man for a deeper knowledge of the world around him led to the expansion of the area of civilization. People sought to get acquainted with the life of different peoples, to discover new unknown continents and countries. Hundreds of years passed before modern maps, ships, and instruments to ensure safe navigation appeared.
Travel has always attracted people, but before it was not only interesting, but also extremely difficult. The territories were unexplored, and when setting off, everyone became an explorer. Which travelers are the most famous and what exactly did each of them discover?
James Cook
The famous Englishman was one of the best cartographers of the eighteenth century. He was born in the north of England and by the age of thirteen began to work with his father. But the boy turned out to be incapable of trading, so he decided to take up sailing. In those days, all the famous travelers of the world went to distant lands by ship. James became interested in maritime affairs and rose through the ranks so quickly that he was offered to become a captain. He refused and went to the Royal Navy. Already in 1757, the talented Cook began to steer the ship himself. His first achievement was drawing up the river fairway. He discovered his talent as a navigator and cartographer. In the 1760s he explored Newfoundland, which attracted the attention of the Royal Society and the Admiralty. He was entrusted with a journey across the Pacific Ocean, where he reached the shores of New Zealand. In 1770, he accomplished something that other famous travelers had not achieved before - he discovered a new continent. Cook returned to England in 1771 as the famous pioneer of Australia. His last journey was an expedition in search of a passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Today, even schoolchildren know the sad fate of Cook, who was killed by cannibal natives.
Christopher Columbus
Famous travelers and their discoveries have always had a significant influence on the course of history, but few turned out to be as famous as this man. Columbus became a national hero of Spain, decisively expanding the map of the country. Christopher was born in 1451. The boy quickly achieved success because he was diligent and studied well. Already at the age of 14 he went to sea. In 1479, he met his love and began life in Portugal, but after the tragic death of his wife, he and his son went to Spain. Having received the support of the Spanish king, he set out on an expedition whose goal was to find a route to Asia. Three ships sailed from the coast of Spain to the west. In October 1492 they reached the Bahamas. This is how America was discovered. Christopher mistakenly decided to call the local residents Indians, believing that he had reached India. His report changed history: the two new continents and many islands discovered by Columbus became the main focus of colonial voyages over the next few centuries.
Vasco da Gama
The most famous traveler of Portugal was born in the city of Sines on September 29, 1460. From a young age he worked in the navy and became famous as a confident and fearless captain. In 1495, King Manuel came to power in Portugal, who dreamed of developing trade with India. For this, a sea route was needed, in search of which Vasco da Gama had to go. There were more famous sailors and travelers in the country, but for some reason the king chose him. In 1497, four ships sailed south, rounded and sailed to Mozambique. They had to stop there for a month - half the team by that time was suffering from scurvy. After the break, Vasco da Gama reached Calcutta. In India, he established trade relations for three months, and a year later returned to Portugal, where he became a national hero. The discovery of a sea route that made it possible to get to Calcutta along the east coast of Africa was his main achievement.
Nikolai Miklouho-Maclay
Famous Russian travelers also made many important discoveries. For example, the same Nikolai Mikhlukho-Maclay, born in 1864 in the Novgorod province. He was unable to graduate from St. Petersburg University, as he was expelled for participating in student demonstrations. To continue his education, Nikolai went to Germany, where he met Haeckel, a natural scientist who invited Miklouho-Maclay to his scientific expedition. This is how the world of wanderings opened up for him. His whole life was devoted to travel and scientific work. Nikolai lived in Sicily, Australia, studied New Guinea, implementing a project of the Russian Geographical Society, and visited Indonesia, the Philippines, the Malacca Peninsula and Oceania. In 1886, the natural scientist returned to Russia and proposed to the emperor to found a Russian colony overseas. But the project with New Guinea did not receive royal support, and Miklouho-Maclay became seriously ill and soon died without completing his work on the travel book.
Ferdinand Magellan
Many famous navigators and travelers lived during the era of the Great Magellan is no exception. In 1480 he was born in Portugal, in the city of Sabrosa. Having gone to serve at court (at that time he was only 12 years old), he learned about the confrontation between his native country and Spain, about travel to the East Indies and trade routes. This is how he first became interested in the sea. In 1505, Fernand got on a ship. For seven years after that, he roamed the seas and took part in expeditions to India and Africa. In 1513, Magellan traveled to Morocco, where he was wounded in battle. But this did not curb his thirst for travel - he planned an expedition for spices. The king rejected his request, and Magellan went to Spain, where he received all the necessary support. Thus began his journey around the world. Fernand thought that from the west the route to India might be shorter. He crossed the Atlantic Ocean, reached South America and opened a strait that would later be named after him. became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean. He used it to reach the Philippines and almost reached his goal - the Moluccas, but died in a battle with local tribes, wounded by a poisonous arrow. However, his journey revealed a new ocean to Europe and the understanding that the planet was much larger than scientists had previously thought.
Roald Amundsen
The Norwegian was born at the very end of an era in which many famous travelers became famous. Amundsen became the last of the explorers trying to find undiscovered lands. Since childhood, he was distinguished by perseverance and self-confidence, which allowed him to conquer the South Geographic Pole. The beginning of the journey is connected with 1893, when the boy dropped out of university and got a job as a sailor. In 1896 he became a navigator, and the following year he set off on his first expedition to Antarctica. The ship was lost in the ice, the crew suffered from scurvy, but Amundsen did not give up. He took command, cured the people, remembering his medical training, and led the ship back to Europe. Having become a captain, in 1903 he set out to search for the Northwest Passage off Canada. Famous travelers before him had never done anything like this - in two years the team covered the path from the east of the American continent to its west. Amundsen became famous throughout the world. The next expedition was a two-month trip to the Southern Plus, and the last enterprise was the search for Nobile, during which he went missing.
David Livingston
Many famous travelers are associated with sailing. He became a land explorer, namely the African continent. The famous Scot was born in March 1813. At age 20, he decided to become a missionary, met Robert Moffett and wanted to go to African villages. In 1841, he came to Kuruman, where he taught local residents how to farm, served as a doctor, and taught literacy. There he learned the Bechuana language, which helped him in his travels around Africa. Livingston studied in detail the life and customs of the local residents, wrote several books about them and went on an expedition in search of the sources of the Nile, in which he fell ill and died of a fever.
Amerigo Vespucci
The world's most famous travelers most often came from Spain or Portugal. Amerigo Vespucci was born in Italy and became one of the famous Florentines. He received a good education and trained as a financier. From 1490 he worked in Seville, in the Medici trade mission. His life was connected with sea travel, for example, he sponsored Columbus's second expedition. Christopher inspired him with the idea of trying himself as a traveler, and already in 1499 Vespucci went to Suriname. The purpose of the voyage was to explore the coastline. There he opened a settlement called Venezuela - little Venice. In 1500 he returned home, bringing 200 slaves. In 1501 and 1503 Amerigo repeated his travels, acting not only as a navigator, but also as a cartographer. He discovered the bay of Rio de Janeiro, the name of which he gave himself. From 1505 he served the king of Castile and did not participate in campaigns, only equipped other people’s expeditions.
Francis Drake
Many famous travelers and their discoveries benefited humanity. But among them there are also those who left behind a bad memory, since their names were associated with rather cruel events. The English Protestant, who sailed on a ship from the age of twelve, was no exception. He captured locals in the Caribbean, sold them into slavery to the Spaniards, attacked ships and fought with Catholics. Perhaps no one could match Drake in the number of captured foreign ships. His campaigns were sponsored by the Queen of England. In 1577, he went to South America to defeat the Spanish settlements. During the journey, he found Tierra del Fuego and a strait, which was later named after him. Having sailed around Argentina, Drake plundered the port of Valparaiso and two Spanish ships. Having reached California, he met the natives who presented the British with gifts of tobacco and bird feathers. Drake crossed the Indian Ocean and returned to Plymouth, becoming the first British person to circumnavigate the world. He was admitted to the House of Commons and awarded the title of Sir. In 1595 he died on his last trip to the Caribbean.
Afanasy Nikitin
Few famous Russian travelers have achieved the same heights as this native of Tver. Afanasy Nikitin became the first European to visit India. He traveled to the Portuguese colonialists and wrote “Walking across the Three Seas” - a most valuable literary and historical monument. The success of the expedition was ensured by the career of a merchant: Afanasy knew several languages and knew how to negotiate with people. On his journey, he visited Baku, lived in Persia for about two years and reached India by ship. After visiting several cities in an exotic country, he went to Parvat, where he stayed for a year and a half. After the province of Raichur, he headed to Russia, laying a route through the Arabian and Somali peninsulas. However, Afanasy Nikitin never made it home, because he fell ill and died near Smolensk, but his notes were preserved and provided the merchant with world fame.
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Great sailors. The work was carried out by Svetlana Nikolaevna Sharapova, head of the group of the State Budget Educational Institution LN R ENTsUM, Rovenki
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Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus (Latin: Christophorus Columbus, Italian: Cristoforo Colombo, Spanish: Cristobal Colon; autumn 1451 Genoa (according to one version) - May 20, 1506, Valladolid, Spain) - Spanish navigator and discoverer of new lands. He is best known for his discovery of America (1492). Columbus was the first reliably known traveler to cross the Atlantic Ocean in the subtropical and tropical zones of the northern hemisphere and the first European to sail in the Caribbean Sea. He marked the beginning of the discovery of the mainland of South America and the isthmuses of Central America. He discovered all of the Greater Antilles - the central part of the Bahamas archipelago, the Lesser Antilles (from Dominica to the Virgin Islands inclusive), as well as a number of small islands in the Caribbean Sea and the island of Trinidad off the coast of South America. Since Europeans in the person of the Icelandic Vikings (Leif Eriksson and others) visited North America back in the 11th century (see Vinland), Columbus, strictly speaking, cannot be called the discoverer of America. However, since Columbus's expeditions were essential to the subsequent colonization of America, such terminology is widely used. In total, Columbus made 4 voyages to America: * The first voyage (August 3, 1492 - March 15, 1493). * Second voyage (September 25, 1493 - June 11, 1496). * Third voyage (May 30, 1498 - November 25, 1500). * Fourth voyage (9 May 1502 - November 1504).
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Ferdinand Magellan Ferdinand Magellan (c. 1480 - 1521) is an outstanding Portuguese navigator who made the first trip around the world. He discovered the entire coast of South America south of La Plata, the strait named after him, the Patagonian Cordillera, and was the first to circumnavigate America from the south, crossing the Pacific Ocean, discovering the islands of Guam and Roth. He proved the existence of a single World Ocean and provided practical proof of the sphericity of the Earth. The two galaxies closest to Earth, the Magellanic Clouds, bear his name.
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Willem Barents (Dutch. Willem Barentsz, 1550 - June 20, 1597, in the Novaya Zemlya region) - Dutch navigator and explorer. The leader of three Arctic expeditions, the purpose of which was to search for a northern sea route to the East Indies. Tragically died during the last of them in the Novaya Zemlya area. The Barents Sea, one of the islands and a city on the Spitsbergen archipelago he discovered, as well as the Barents Islands off the western coast of Novaya Zemlya are named after him. A cartographer by profession, Barents, together with Peter Plancius, published an atlas of the Mediterranean, which was the result of his voyage through this region. His expeditions to the Arctic in search of an alternative sea route to the East Indies brought him worldwide fame. Barents believed in the existence of an “ice-free road” across the Arctic Ocean, believing that the sun on a polar day should melt all the ice.
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James Cook was born on October 27, 1728 in Marton-in-Cleveland, Yorkshire, into the family of a day laborer. At the age of 7 he began working with his father, at 13 he began attending school, where he learned to read and write, at 17 he became an apprentice clerk to a merchant in a fishing village and saw the sea for the first time. In 1746 he entered as a cabin boy on a ship transporting coal, then became an assistant to the captain; went to Holland, Norway and the Baltic ports, finding time for self-education. He studied mathematics and navigation with a shipowner in Whitby. He proved himself to be a capable sailor and in 1755 could have become the captain of a merchant ship on the North Sea, but he refused the offer and enlisted in the navy, where he soon received the rank of midshipman and between 1759 and 1767 was sent to Canada. Explored the banks of the St. River. Lawrence, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. Explored inland areas and compiled navigational directions for the northern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Gulf of Honduras. In 1768 he was promoted to lieutenant. The accuracy of his maps and observations attracted the attention of the Royal Geographical Society and the Admiralty, who selected him for a special assignment.
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La Perouse Jean Francois La Perouse (1741-1788?) - French navigator. Born in the city of Albi in the south of France. After graduating from college, he served as a midshipman on ships of the French fleet. In 1759 he took part in the battle with the English squadron at Belle-Isle. In 1778, he commanded the frigate L'Amazon in combat against the British. In 1785, La Perouse led a circumnavigation of the world on the ships Bussol and Astrolabe. The expedition explored the islands of the Pacific Ocean, the northwestern coast of America, and the northeastern shores of Asia. , Sakhalin, Kamchatka. From Petropavlovsk, La Perouse sent to Paris (via Siberia and Europe) with expedition materials and maps of J. B. Lesseps. This was the only member of the expedition who returned to his homeland. In January 1788, the Astrolabe and the Bussol stood up for repairs in the Australian bay of Botany Bay. From here La Perouse sent a letter to the French Minister of War, in which he stated that he intended to sail to New Caledonia, the Santa Cruz Islands, and explore the eastern coast of New Holland "in such a way as to reach Ile by December 1788 -de France." The admiral's intentions were not destined to come true.
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Around the world voyages and discoveries of Russian sailors By the beginning of the 19th century, Russian sailors discovered and described the Bering Strait, Sakhalin, the Commander, Pribilof, Kuril and Shantar Islands, the Aleutian ridge - the Near, Rat, Andreyanovsky and Fox Islands, the islands adjacent to Alaska (Kodiaks-Shumaginsky). The Russians were the first Europeans to pave the way to the northwestern coast of America, to Japan, China and the Hawaiian Islands. The Russians were the first Europeans to establish settlements on the northwestern coast of America, near which, as in other areas of the North Pacific Ocean, they hunted sea animals. In July 1803, the sloops Nadezhda and Neva set out from Kronstadt on the first circumnavigation in the history of the Russian navy. These ships were commanded by captain-lieutenant Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshterni Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky.
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Upon returning to Russia, Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky began to prepare works for publication, in which they summarized all their observations during the three-year voyage. Krusenstern's work was published in almost all European countries. It was translated into French, German, English, Dutch, Italian, Danish and Swedish, and Lisyansky’s work was translated into English by the author himself. In 1815, Kruzenshtern began compiling the “Atlas of the Southern Seas,” which was subsequently recognized by scientists all over the world. Since its publication, not a single ship has gone to sea without a complete set of maps from the Atlas of the South Seas. Together with Kruzenshtern, the Russian sailor and scientist Otto Evstafievich Kotzebue then sailed as a volunteer on the sloop Nadezhda. In 1815-1818, Kotzebue made the first independent voyage around the world. The main feature of this voyage was that “Rurik” went on a voyage around the world exclusively for scientific purposes. O.E. Kotzebue's voyages were very fruitful: 399 new islands were discovered during these voyages. In addition, Kotzebue corrected numerous errors in determining the coordinates of the islands made by foreign navigators, and also removed from the map non-existent islands that had been “discovered” earlier.