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Completed by: Student 7 "g" class Loov Konstantin Odintsova Ksenia Head: Guseva Elena Igorevna Topic: Characters of Scottish folklore in cartoons

Purpose: to compare the images of magical characters in cartoons with their generalized folklore images in Scotland. Tasks: 1 . Give a general description of Scotland and folklore. 2. Conduct a review of cartoons based on folklore stories. 3. Select and analyze the images of magical creatures present in cartoons. The object of the study was the images of the magical characters of Scottish folklore.

Scotland occupies the northern part of the island of Great Britain and the adjacent islands: the Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland. The capital is Edinburgh. The main territory of Scotland is surrounded from the west and north by the Atlantic Ocean, from the east by the North Sea, and from the south by the territory of England and the Irish Sea. The climate in Scotland is not as mild as in England. Cold winds and fog prevail in spring.

Fairy - the most common characters in Scottish folklore. The word "fairy" is of relatively late origin; Folklore is the artistic creativity of the broad masses of the people, mainly oral and poetic creativity. The term was first introduced in 1846 by the English scientist William Thoms. before him in the English language there were nouns "Fay" and "fayerie", charms of fairies, and only late word"fairy" has come to be applied to humans and other creatures with these spells.

Meeting an Unseelie Court elf never augurs well. The Seelie Court elves, on the other hand, are quite friendly. Elves most of all love to gather in round dances on bright moonlit nights in meadows and crossroads; there, holding hands, they dance until the first roosters. Brownies are brownies. These are good creatures. In appearance, they are small dwarfs with coal-black eyes, dressed in a green, blue or brown suit with a small felt hat on their heads. They have pointed ears and long, nimble fingers. They settle in houses or in burrows near the house where kind and polite people live.

Loch Ness monster - according to legend, a gigantic waterfowl creature with a snake neck that lives in the depths of the Scottish lake Loch Ness. The first written mention of the Loch Ness Monster, which lives in the waters of the lake of the same name, is subsidized by the 6th century AD Troll-Nordic monsters. Almost always, a very large nose is an attribute of the troll's appearance in the images. They live in the dark, are active only underground and at night, in the rays of the sun they turn into stone. Hostile towards humans. Fortunately, they are so stupid that even a simple villager can save his life by fooling a troll.

a troll named Orm in the 2012 cartoon "The Snow Queen" In the 2016 cartoon "Trolls"

animated series "Gravity Falls" and "Phineas and Ferb" Japanese anime "Count and Fairy"

The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings are one big story, with multiple adaptations since 1977. The trolls are used for comic effect. They have normal names, but are frankly stupid. When exposed to sunlight, they turn into stone. Each elf has its own unique character, and this character has not only bright sides. Elves of the highest race, immortal and beautiful, are superior in development to people. Original and green-skinned forest elves, which are very different from their fellow high elves. Also interesting was the image of hobbits - cheerful halfling villagers who resemble Scottish brownies.

Created in 1969, the Scooby-Doo cartoon introduces teenagers and a talking Great Dane named Scooby-Doo, who solve mysteries involving supernatural creatures. These are mighty trolls, who turn out to be very cultured and friendly creatures, elves, who can be evil and insidious, and the Loch Ness monster, which was dedicated to a full-length animated film in 2004.

FAIRIES AND ELVES (fairies and elves)

GOBLINS AND HOBGOBLINS (goblins and hobgoblins)

BROWNIE (brownie)

OMENS OF DEATH (heralds of death)

IGNIS FATUUS (Wandering Lights)

WILD HUNT (wild hunt)

BLACK DOGS (black dogs)

WATER HORSES (water horses)

MERMAIDS and MERMEN (mermaids and mermen)

GHOSTS (ghosts)

IRISH MYTHOLOGY (Irish mythology)

List of folklore creatures and characters

(list is incomplete)

ABBEY LUBBER(abbey bumpkin) - a mischievous spirit that is found in rich abbeys and monasteries; ecclesiastical variety of fat.

AFANC, Addanc (Afanc) - a river monster from North Wales.

AIKEN DRUM, the Brownie of Bladnoch (Aiken Drum, brownie from Bladnoch) is the name of a brownie from Bladnoch in Galloway, found in the popular Scottish nursery rhyme "Aiken Drum" and William Nicholson's ballad "The Brownie of Bladnoch" (1878). Aiken Drum helped with farm work, but when the owners gave him clothes in gratitude, he was offended and left (as any other brownie would have done).

APPLE TREE MAN(apple man) - the spirit of the oldest apple tree in the garden.

ASRAI, water fairies (asrai, asri, water fairies) - water fairies from the Welsh border.

ATHACH(atah) - monsters and giants in the folklore of the Scottish Highlands.

AUGHISKY(agishki, agishki) - Irish water horse.

AWD GOGGIE(Aude Goggi) is a bogey nanny who guards unripe fruit in orchards, in East Yorkshire folklore.

BALLYBOGS(Bellibogs) - Irish evil spirits that live in peat bogs.

BAOBHAN-SITH [verb."fairy woman"] ; White Woman of the Scottish Highlands (baavan shi [lit. "magic woman"]; white woman from the Scottish Highlands) - a succubus or vampire from the Scottish Highlands. May take the form of a raven or crow, but usually appears as a beautiful young girl in a long green dress (hiding deer hooves).

BARGUEST, bargtjest, bo-guest, bargest (barghest) - in the folklore of Northern England, an evil spirit or hobgoblin; a harbinger of death or misfortune, most often appears in the form of a black dog.

BEAN FHIONN, bean fionn, ban-shoan (ben fionn) - Irish white lady, hostile water fairy.

BEANSHEE, bean sidhe, bean si, banshee [ verb."fairy woman"] (banshee, banshee [lit. "magic woman"]) - in Irish folklore, the spirit-harbinger of death, the mourner. Mourns for those who are soon to die. Many Irish clans had their ancestral banshees, and according to popular beliefs, the banshee mourns only members of the original Irish Celtic families (whose last names begin with ABOUT"- or Poppy-).

BEAN SI, bean shìth, bean sith, bean-shìdh, [ verb."fairy woman"] ; bean nighe, ben-neeyeh, [verb."washer woman"]; Little Washer at the Ford (banshees, banshees [lit. "magic woman"]; ben-niye, ben-ni [lit. "laundress"] ; Little laundress by the stream) - Scottish banshee, the spirit of the harbinger of death. In appearance, a banshee is usually an old or ugly woman. In some beliefs, she is a “mourner” (kineg), who mourns those who are about to die, in others she is a “laundress” (ben-niye), who washes shrouds for them.

BEAN TIGHE(ban ti) - Irish domestic fairy; a little old woman who helps with the housework, takes care of children and pets.

BEATHACH MOR LOCH ODHA["The Big Beast of Loch Awe"] (Betah Mor ["Big Animal of Loch Eve"] listen)) is a monster of Loch Awe in Scotland.

BEITHIR, behir (beitir) - a huge serpentine monster from the Scottish Highlands.

BENDITH Y MAMAU, bendith er mamigh ["The Mothers" Blessing"] ["Mother's Blessing"]) - elves from Glamorganshire in Wales; often kidnapped children and replaced them with "changelings".

BEN-VARREY, bedn varra (ben-varri, ben varra) - Manx mermaid.

BIASD BHEULACH, Biast Bheulach, Beeast Veealuch, Biasd Bealach Odail ["The Beast of Odal Pass"] (Bisd Belach ["Beast of Odal Gorge"] listen)) is a monster from the Isle of Skye in Scotland.

BLACK ANGUS(Black Angus) - a black dog, a harbinger of death from Northern England.

BLACK ANNIS, Black Agnes (Black Ennis, Black Agnes) - a witch from Leicestershire; a character descended from the Irish Danu or the Scottish Kalliach Ver.

BLACK DOG OF BOULEY, Tchico, Tchian d "Bouôlé (Black Dog from Bouli) - a black dog, a ghost from the island of Jersey.

BLACK SHUCK, Old Shuck, Shuck, Old Shock, Shock, Shucky dog ​​(Black Shaq) is a black dog from East Anglia.

BLUE CAP, bluecap (blue cap) - a benevolent hobgoblin or a ghost from the mines of the Borderlands.

BLUE MEN OF THE MINCH, Na Fir Ghorm (blue people c Minch) - hostile sea spirits, mermaids and mermaids, from the Minch Strait in Scotland; raised waves and sank ships.

BODACH(bodah) - in Scottish folklore, an otherworldly creature; in various guises: a harbinger of death, a mischievous hobgoblin and bogey.

BODACHAN-SABHAILL ["Little Old Man of the Barn"](bodahan saville ["The old man from the threshing floor"]) - brownies from the Scottish Highlands; helped in the work on the threshing floor: threshed grain, tied straw into sheaves.

BOGAN, bauchan, bocan, buckawn (bogan, bohan) - spirit or hobgoblin from Scotland; usually mischievous, sometimes helpful.

BOGGART, bogart (boggart) - a mischievous brownie from the Scottish Highlands.

BOGIE, bogey, bogy, bug, bogy-beast, bogey-beast, bug, bug-a-boo, boggle-boo, boo-bagger, bugger, bugbear, boogyman, boogeyman, etc. (gods, boogie, boogie, boogie-beast, boogie-beast, bug, bug-e-boo, bogle-boo, boo-bagger, bugbear, boogeyman, etc.) - common names for malicious, mischievous and frightening creatures; children's horror stories.

BOGLE, boggle (bogle) - an evil hobgoblin from Northern England and the Scottish Borderlands; distinguished by justice, prosecuting only those guilty of any misconduct or crimes.

BONELS(boneless) - a formless spirit, gods.

BOOBRIE(bubri) is a mythical giant bird from Argyll in Scotland.

BOOMAN(boomen) - brownies in Shetland and Orkney.

BRAG(brag) - a mischievous hobgoblin from Northern England; often changed shape, usually appeared in the form of a horse or donkey. The best known are the Picktree Brag and the Humbleknowe Brag in Durham.

BROLLACHAN(brollahan) - an evil creature from the Scottish Highlands, which does not have a permanent appearance; Literally - "something formless." In some stories, brollahan is the child of the foy.

BROWNEY(brownie) - Cornish guardian of bees.

BROWNIE, brounie (brownie) - a home spirit helper, akin to the Slavic brownie; the name was almost universally found in England and Lowland Scotland, now it is widespread in all English-speaking countries. In some places, the role of brownies was performed by hobgoblins: pixies, packs, hobs, foreheads, etc.

BROWN MAN OF THE MUIRS(The Brown Man of the Wastes) is the guardian spirit of wild animals from the Scottish Borders.

BUCCA, Bucca-Boo (bucca, bucca-boo) - a Cornish spirit that was feared and respected, therefore they were "coaxed" with food and drink. Distinguished benevolent "white" bukku ( Bucca Gwidden), similar to the pack, and hostile "black" ( Bucca Dhu), similar to bogie.

BUCKIE(bukki) - malicious Scottish elves.

BUGGANE(baggain, buggan) - an evil and dangerous hobgoblin from the Isle of Man, capable of taking on any form from animal to human; according to other sources - the same as kabil-ushti.

BULLBEGGAR, bull-beggar (bullhound) - a frightening spirit or bogey.

BUTTERY SPIRITS(cellar spirits, fat) - spirits that live in the basements of houses and inns and eat all the supplies acquired dishonestly.

BWBACHOD, [singular - bwbach, boobach, bwca] (bubahod; boobach, beech) - Welsh brownies.

BWGANOD, [singular - bwgan] (buganod; boogan) - Welsh bogey.

CABYLL-USHTEY(cabil-ushti) - Manx water horse.

CAILLEACH BHEUR, Blue-Faced Hag, Blue Hag of the Highlands (Kalliah Ver, Blue-faced Witch, Blue Witch from the Highlands) - a witch from the Scottish Highlands; supernatural creature, ancient Celtic or even pre-Celtic goddess: the personification of winter, the patroness of wild animals, the mother goddess. References to Calliah Ver are found in many place names and local beliefs in Scotland and Ireland.

CAIT SITH, Cat Sit, Cat Sidhe ["fairy cat"] (cat shi ["fairy cat"]) - a large black cat with a white spot on the chest from the Scottish Highlands; considered a fairy or witch in the form of an animal.

CAOINEAG, caoidheag, caointeach ["weeper"] (kineg, kideg, kincheh ["weeper"]) - the names of the banshee in the Scottish Highlands. Usually kineg was met near water bodies, and according to some beliefs, it is invisible like a Welsh kihiret, according to others, it resembles a ben-niye ("washerwoman"). Many Scottish mountain clans had their family kinegs: Macdonalds, Mackays, Macmillans, Farquharsons, Mathesons and others.

CAULD LAD OF HYLTON(Merzlyachek from Hilton) - ghost or brownie of Hilton Castle (Hylton Castle; Sunderland, England).

CAPELTHWAITE(Kapelthwaite, Capplethwaite) - the name of one bogey or hobgoblin from Westmorland in the North of England; most often took the form of a large black dog.

CEARB["the killing one"] (kerb ["killer"]) - in the folklore of the Scottish Highlands, a spirit or demon responsible for the death of people and livestock.

CEASG, maighdean na tuinne ["maid of the wave"] , maighdean mhara ["maid of the sea"] (kiesg, kisk, "wave maiden", "sea maiden") - a mermaid from the Scottish Highlands.

CEFFYL DWFR, ceffyl-y-dwfr, ceffyl dwr (keffil dor) - Welsh water horse.

CHANGELING, Sibhreach [Scott.], Plentyn-newid [Vol.] (changeling) - in British folklore, a creature that elves left instead of a kidnapped child.

CHENEY'S HOUNDS(Cheney and his pack) - Cornish "wild hunt".

CHURCH GRIM, Kirk Grim [Scott.] (church makeup) - in Yorkshire and Scottish folklore, a guardian spirit living at the church; usually in the form of a black dog.

CIREIN CROIN, Ceirean ["Gray Crest"] ("Gray comb") - a giant sea serpent or fish in the folklore of the Scottish Highlands; according to one local saying, he was so big that he ate seven whales at a time.

CLURICHAUN, cluricaune, clobhair-ceann (kluricon) - a kind of Irish single elf; almost the same as a leprechaun, although in some stories it is more similar in behavior to a graveyard spirit.

COBB, Cob (Cobb or Cob) - a giant who, in the local tradition, was credited with building an old road that stretched through Northumberland to Berwick and was called Cobb's Road or the Devil's Road (Cobb's Causey; Cob's Causey; or Devil's Causeway); on in fact it is a Roman road.

COBLYNAU, koblernigh (coblinau, coblin) - Welsh mining goblin.

COLT PIXY, colt-pixie, coll-pixie, colle-pixie (pixie foal) - a hobgoblin or mischievous elf from Hampshire who led horses into the swamp.

CRODH MARA["cattle of the sea"] (cro mara) - Scottish elven cattle, "sea cows".

COWLUG SPRITES("cow ears") - spirits or elves "with ears similar to cows" from the villages of Bowden (Bowden) and Gateside (Gateside) in Roxburghshire. According to local tradition, they appeared once a year on the so-called "Evening of Cow Ears" (Cowlug e "en). The belief has long been forgotten, and now it is impossible to establish even the day with which it was associated.

CUACHAG["cuckoo", or "curly-haired girl"] (Quahag) is a dangerous river spirit from the Glen Cuaich valley in Invernessshire, Scotland.

CUGHTAGH(kutah) - a Manx sea spirit that lives in coastal caves, according to another version - a kind of baggain.

CU SITH["fairy dog"] (ku shi ["fairy dog"]) - a green dog from the Scottish Highlands; the harbinger of death.

CUTTY SOAMS(cutty soams) - Cornish malevolent mine spirit or bogle.

CWN ANNWN(Kun Annun) - Welsh "wild hunt"; dogs are the harbingers of death.

CYHYRAETH(kihiraet, kihiret) - a Welsh spirit-harbinger of death, similar to an Irish banshee; most often described as a disembodied or invisible being that emits oppressive death moans.

DANDO AND HIS DOGS, Devil "s Dandy Dogs (Dando and his pack, Dando dogs) - Cornish "wild hunt".

DANES(dans) - the name of the elves in Somerset; possibly connected with the Danes, the Vikings, who once plundered England, but most likely with the Irish elves, the Dine Shi.

DANU, Dana, Anu (Dana, Dana, Anu) - Irish goddess, mother of all Irish gods - tribe of the goddess Danu (Tuatha de Danann). Her name is associated with water and, possibly, belonged to an ancient common Celtic and even Proto-Indo-European goddess (for example, there is a goddess Danu in Hindu mythology). Traditions about Danu have not been preserved, but her name remained in toponyms: from Eastern Europe (the rivers Don, Dnieper, Dniester, Danube) to Wales, Scotland and Ireland.

DAOINE SIDHE["the Faery Folk"] (Dina Shi ["Fairy People"]) - Irish noble elves; descendants of the Irish gods, the Tuatha de Danann.

DAOINE SITH(Dine Shi) - elves in the Scottish Highlands. In addition to the usual Irish tradition, the Scottish Dine Shi were identified with the Picts.

DERRICKS(derricks) - elves from Devonshire and Hampshire in England.

DIREACH(direkh) - Scottish monster (atah), its second name is fahan. The best known is the Direach Ghlinn Eitidh; or Direach of Glen Etive.

DOBIE, dobby, dobbs, dobbin (doby) - a silly, gullible brownie from Northern England.

DON(Don) - Welsh goddess, local equivalent to Danu.

DOOINNEY-MARREY, dinny-mara, dunya mara ["man of the sea"] (duinny-mara, dinny-mara ["sea man"]) - Manx merman.

DOOINNEY-OIE, dunya-oi ["nightman"] (duini-oye ["night man"] listen)) is a Manx benevolent spirit that warns peasants and sailors of storms and storms.

DOONIE(Duni) - Scottish (more good-natured) version of English Danny; usually appeared in the form of a pony, an old man or an old woman and helped lost travelers.

DRACAE(drak) - an English water spirit dragging women and children to the bottom of rivers and lakes; the character comes from Breton folklore.

DRUMMER OF TEDWORTH(Drummer from Tedworth) - a ghost from the town of Tidworth (Tidworth; Wiltshire, England).

DUERGAR(duergar) is a vicious lone elf from Northumberland in England. Duergars are dwarfs related to the Scandinavian tsvergs.

DUNNIE(Danny) - a Northumberland mischievous spirit, famous for being a werewolf.

DUNTERS, powrie (Danters, Pouri) - restless spirits that inhabit the castles and pil-towers of the Borderland.

EACH UISGE(eh-ushge) - a Scottish water horse that lives in the sea water of coastal bays.

ELLYLLDAN(ellildan) - Welsh will-o'-the-wisp.

ELLYLLON(ellillon) - Welsh elves.

FACHAN, fachen, fachin (fahan) - a one-armed, one-legged and one-eyed monster from the Scottish Highlands.

FARISEES, pharisees, feriers, ferishers, frairies (Farisi, Freyri) - the name of the elves in Herefordshire, Suffolk and Sussex.

FARVANN, Farbhann (Farvann) - the name of the Scottish magic dog, according to legend, lowered by the elves on Macleod from Raasai, who stole the magic cup from them.

FENODEREE, Fenodyree, Phynnodderee (Fenoderi, Finodiri) - Manx brownie.

FERRISHIN, ferrishyn (ferrishin) - Manx elven tribe.

FETCH, doubleman, co-walker, companion, reflex-man, echo, twin-brother (fetch, double, satellite, reflection, echo, twin) - a ghostly double; the harbinger of death.

FIDEAL(Faydil) - Scottish malevolent water spirit in female form.

FIR BOLG, firbolgs (fir bolg, firbolgs) - the third of the mythical tribes of Ireland; descendants of the Nemedians who went to Greece. After being defeated by the Tuath, the Fir Bolg remained to live in the province of Connaught.

FIR DHEARGA, Fir Darig, Far Darrig, Fear Dearg ["The Red Man"] (Fir Darig ["Red Man"]) - the name of one or more Irish single elves, found in various stories and beliefs.

FOAWR(fuar) - Manx giants.

FOMORIANS, fomoire (Fomorians, Fomorians) - Irish and Scottish giants. In Irish mythology, the Fomorians are the main opponents of the first mythical tribes of the island.

FRIDEAN(frieds, fridans) - in the folklore of the Highlands of Scotland, spirits living under the rocks; local residents brought them donations: milk and bread.

FUATH, vough (fua, woh) - in the Scottish Highlands, the general name for malicious and dangerous demons, spirits and other otherworldly creatures, usually associated with water; fua include uriskis, glashtigi, kineg, beitir, eh-ushge, kelpi, agishki, shellicots, Nakkilayvi and others. One variety of foie was described as a hairy, noseless female creature with a tail and webbed fingers. In the Highlands, it was believed that children with hair or a tail were born in families whose ancestors were married to such fois (for example, one of the families of the Munro clan claimed so).

IMPS, Impets (imps) - little devils or cursed elves.

GABRIEL RATCHETS, Gabble Raches, Gabriel's Hounds (Gavrilov's rattles, Gavrilov's pack) - the name of the "wild hunt" in Northern England; portends death.

GALLEY-BEGGAR(Gally-Beggar) - a headless ghost that frightened people at night on the road between the villages of Over Stowey (Over Stowey) and Nether Stowey (Nether Stowey) in Somerset.

GALLY-TROT(Gally Trot) - in the folklore of Northern England and Suffolk, a large white dog that pursues anyone who runs away from him.

GANCONER, gancanach, gean-cannah ["Love-Talker"] (ganconer, gene-cannah ["love-talker"]) - Irish elf who seduces young girls; incub.

GHILLIE DHU, Gille Dubh ["dark haired lad"] (Gille Dubh ["dark-haired fellow"] listen)) is a wild elf from Garloch in Scotland. Disappeared in the 18th century after being hunted by Laird Mackenzie of Garloch.

GLAISTIG(glashtig, glaistig) - Scottish water spirit, most often described as half woman, half goat; sometimes hostile, sometimes friendly, and in various beliefs resembles the baavan shi, Kalliach Ver, banshee, gruagaha, sometimes identified with the "green lady". In the Scottish Highlands, the Glastig brought offerings of milk.

GLASHAN(glashan) - Manx brownie, similar at the same time to fenodery and glastina.

GLASTYN, glashtin (glashtin, glastin) - Manx water horse; often took on human form.

GOBLIN(goblin) - in English, as well as Scandinavian and German folklore, a malevolent and mischievous creature, usually of small stature and ugly appearance. Goblins are sometimes referred to as a general class of hostile spirits and creatures belonging to the Unseelie Court, and also (erroneously) identified as goblins and hobgoblins. The closest concept in Scottish folklore is foie.

THE GOOD FOLK, the Good Neighbors, Good People, the Men of Peace, The People of Peace, the Gentry, the Lordly Ones, the Blessed Folk, the Forgetful People, Faery Folk, Fair Folk, Fair Family, Still People, Still Folk, the People , the Old People, the Neighbors, the Crowd, the Mob, That Lot; the Guid Folk [Scottish], the Guid Neighbors [Scottish], etc. (Good Folk, Good Neighbors, Blessed Folk, Forgotten Folk, etc.) are euphemisms for elves, defining them as "other" or magical people.

GOOSEBERRY WIFE(Mistress of the gooseberry) - bogey-nanny from the Isle of Wight (Isle of Wight; England) in the form of a large hairy caterpillar; guarded the gooseberry bushes.

GRANT(grant) - in early medieval English beliefs, a spirit that appeared in the form of a foal standing on its hind legs; portends misfortune or death.

GREENIES(greenfinches, greenies) - Lancashire elves.

GREEN LADY, gray lady, white lady (green lady, gray lady, white lady) - ghosts or fairies: ladies dressed in green, gray or white robes are found in various castles in England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland.

GREEN MAN, Jack-in-the-Green, Jack o "the Woods (Green Man, Green Jack, Forest Jack) - a creature from English folklore, the personification of nature. Apparently, the legacy of Celtic culture and, although the explanation of the character's personality is lost, his images are often found in medieval architecture and painting (a male face made of leaves), rare references remained in literature (the English knightly poem "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight").

GRIG(grig) - a word of unclear origin, originally: one of the names of a gnome (dwarf), as well as something small: eel, cricket, grasshopper, or in general someone small, cheerful and cheerful; in the late tradition, a jolly little elf dressed in green with a red cap. An English proverb is associated with the grig-elves: " As merry as a grig"(Merry as a grig); and the Somerset tradition of leaving a few apples on the trees at harvest, "grigle apples" ( Griggling apples) intended for the elves.

GRINDYLOW(Grindilow) - a Yorkshire evil water spirit that drags children to the bottom of rivers and ponds; gods.

GRUAGACH, grogach, grogan (gruag, grog, grogan) - a brownie-like spirit in the folklore of Ulster and the Scottish Highlands; helped in the work on the farm: grazed cattle, threshed grain. Gruagah were both male and female, beautiful and ugly; they brought donations - libations of milk.

GUNNA(Hunna) - Scottish brownie who looked after the cattle.

GURT DOG["great dog"] (Big dog) - a black dog from Somerset; unlike others of his breed, he was considered a benevolent creature, protecting children.

GWRACH Y RHIBYN["Hag of the Mist"] (Gurakh-i-ribin ["Witch of the Mist"]) - Welsh banshee; a terrible ugly old woman who, with her screams and groans, portends imminent death.

GWRAGEDD ANNWN, "Lake Maiden" (Guaraged Annun) - Welsh lake maiden; the Guaraged Annun were beautiful and benevolent, and occasionally married mortals.

GWYLLGI, Dog of Darkness (Gwillgi, Dog from darkness) - Welsh black dog.

GWYLLION(gwillion) - Welsh evil and ugly mountain fairies.

GYL BURNT-TAYL(Gil Burnttail) is a will-o'-the-wisp from Warwickshire, England.

GYRE-CARLINE, Gy-Carlin (Gir-Karlin) - the name of the queen of the elves in Fife in Scotland; according to legend, it looks like Habitrot.

GYTRASH, guytrash (gitrash) - a spirit from West Yorkshire in England, appearing at night on deserted roads in the form of a huge dog, horse or mule, and chasing lonely travelers.

HABITROT, Habetrot (Habitrot) - fairy spinner from the Scottish Borderlands, Lowlands of Scotland and Northern England.

HAIRY JACK(Shaggy Jack) is a black dog from Lincolnshire in England.

HEDLEY KOW(Hedley Coe) - a mischievous hobgoblin or bogey who lived in the village of Headley in Northumberland; taking on various guises, he liked to make fun of the locals.

HELL HOUND, Hell-beast, Churchyard-beast, "The Hateful Thing" (hell hound, hell beast, graveyard animal, "evil something") - a creature that pursued the inhabitants of several villages on the border of Suffolk and Norfolk.

HENKIES(hanks, "lames") - the nickname of the Orkney and Shetland trows, who noticeably limp in the dance.

HINKY-PUNK(Hinky-Punk) - A will-o'-the-wisp from Somerset and Devonshire in England.

HOB, hobany, hobredy, lob, (hob, hobany, hobredy, forehead) - brownie-like house spirits from Northern England; good-natured, but sometimes mischievous; same as hobgoblins. see also LUBBERKIN.

HOBGOBLINS(hobgoblins) - a common name for sometimes mischievous, but generally good-natured and human-friendly domestic creatures, usually ranked as Seelie Court. Hobgoblins include: Puck, Boggart, some black dogs, Galli-Beggar, Danny, Hadley Cow, Pictree Brag, and other lovers of mischief, scare and play a joke.

HOBTHRUSH, hobthrust (hobtrash) - a spirit, often mischievous, from Northern England and some other parts of the country; similar in habits to a hob, but was not found near human dwellings, but in caves, rocks, ancient burial mounds; according to one version, hobtrash means " hob-i-t"-hurst- "hob from the grove".

HOB-AND-HIS-LANTHORN, Hob-lantern, Hobby-lantern, Hobany "s Lanthorn, Hoberdy" s Lanthorn, Hobbledy "s-lantern (Hob and his lamp, Hob-lamp, etc.) - the names of wandering lights associated with the word "hob" which are found in various English counties.

HOGMEN, hillmen (hogmen, inhabitants of the hills) - one of the varieties of evil Manx elves; the most terrible and dangerous representatives of their kind on the island.

HOWLAA(haulaa) - a Manx spirit that howls before a storm; according to other sources: "Howlaa, howlaa" is a howl emitted by duini-oye.

HOOPER(hooter) of SENNEN COVE (Hooper or Hooter from Sennen Bay) - Cornish spirit-harbinger of a storm; appeared in the form of a foggy haze that covered the bay and prevented the fishermen from going out to sea.

HYTER SPRITES(haiter sprites) - fairies from Lincolnshire and East Anglia; often took the form of small birds.

IGNIS FATUUS foolish fire; walking fire; elf-fire; corse candles, canwll corfe [Vol.]; death-candle, dead-candle, fetch candles, fetch lights (Wandering lights, elven lights, deceptive lights, candles of the dead) - wandering lights.

JACK-IN-IRONS(Jack in chains) - a spirit or giant who frightened travelers on lonely roads in Yorkshire.

JACK-O"-LANTERN, Jack-a-lantern, Jack-with-a-lantern (jack-lamp, jack lamp) - the name of a wandering light in East Anglia.

JENNY GREENTEETH, Jinny Greenteeth, Ginny Greenteeth (Jenny Green Teeth) - an evil water spirit from northern England; bogey; in Yorkshire she was called Grindylow, in Durham and north Yorkshire Peg Pauler, in Lancashire Peg O'Neill.

JENNY-BURNT-TAIL(Jenny Burnttail) is a will-o'-the-wisp from Oxfordshire and Northamptonshire in England.

JIMMY SQUAREFOOT(Jimmy Squareleg) is a half-pig and half-man man from the folklore of the Isle of Man.

JOAN THE WAD, Joan-in-the-Wad, Jack-a-Wad (Joan / Jack with a bundle of straw) - a wandering light from Somerset and Cornwall in England.

KELPIE, kelpy, water-kelpie (kelpie) - a Scottish water horse that lives in rivers, streams and fresh lakes.

KILLMOULIS(killmulis) - mill spirit, brownie, from the Borderlands; loved to play pranks.

KIDNAPPERS, cipenapers [Vol.] ("kidnappers of children") - one of the names of the elves.

KIT-IN-THE-CANDLESTICK, Kit with the candlestick, Kitty-candlestick (Kitty with a candlestick) - will-o'-the-wisp from Wiltshire and Hampshire in England.

KITTY-WI"-THE-WISP(Kitty with a bundle of straw) - Northumberland will-o'-the-wisp.

KLIPPE(klipp) - elves from Forfarshire (County of Angus) in Scotland.

KNOCKERS(nockers, stukantsy) - Cornish mine spirits.

LAMBTON WORM(Lambton Serpent) - a giant serpent or dragon, according to legend, in the 14th century, ravaged the neighborhood of Lambton in Durham and was killed by the local lord John Lambton. The curse of the Lambton family (Earls of Durham) is associated with this legend.

LANTERN-MAN(Lampovik, man-lamp) - a wandering light from East Anglia.

LAZY LAURENCE(Lazy Lawrence) is a garden spirit from Somerset and Hampshire in England.

LEANAN SIDHE, leannán si, leannan sith ["Barrow-Lover"] , ["Faery lover"] (lenan shi ["elven sweetheart"]) - Irish fairy, inspirer of artists, musicians and poets; succubus. The role of the lenan shi is somewhat more complicated than that of her "relatives" the Manx liannan shi and the Scottish baavan shi: her lovers live a bright but short life.

LEPRECHAUN, leipreachan (leprechaun) - Irish elf shoemaker.

LHIANNAN SHEE(liannan shi ["elven sweetheart"]) - Manx succubus or vampire; lives near wells and streams, where it lures its victims.

LINTON WORM, Worm of Linton (Linton Serpent) - a giant serpent or dragon, according to legend, lived in the Tweed River valley in Roxburghshire and was killed by a Scottish knight, the ancestor of the Somerville family in the 12th century.

THE LITTLE FOLKS, the Little People, the Wee Folk, the Wee Ones, etc. (Little Folk, Babies, etc.) are euphemisms for elves, indicating their small stature.

LLAMHIGYN Y DWR["The Water Leaper"] (llamhigin-i-dor ["water jumper"]) - a Welsh water demon in the form of a giant frog with wings and a tail instead of legs; tore nets, dragged fishermen and cattle to the bottom.

LOIREAG(Loyreg) - A spinning water fairy from the Scottish Highlands, similar to Habitrot.

LOOE, white hare of Looe (Lue, white hare from Looe) - a white hare, which is considered the ghost of a girl who once committed suicide from the town of Looe in Cornwall.

LUBBERKIN, Lob Lie-By-The-Fire, lubber-fiend (Lubberkin, Lob-Lazybok, goof) - the names or names of hobs and foreheads. The words have the same root as " lubber"(goon, hence the abbey goof), related to them and Irish" leprechaun"(leprechaun).

LUIDEAG["The Rag"] (Luideg ["Shaggy"]) is a demoness or atah of Loch nan Dubh Break lake (Lochan nan Dubh Bhreacna) on the Isle of Skye in Scotland.

LUNANTISHEE, Lunantisidhe (Lunantishi) - Irish tribe of elves, guardians of thorn bushes.

LURIDAN(Luridan) is the name of a brownie from Orkney.

MALEKIN(Malekin) - a fairy or spirit of a little girl who, according to an English chronicle of the 13th century, haunted Dagworth Castle in Suffolk.

MARA, Mare (Mara) - an old Germanic and Anglo-Saxon demon, whose name is preserved in English words " nightmare"(nightmare; in French -" cauchemar") And " mare's nest"(illusion). A similar character also existed in Slavic mythology.

MAROOL(marul) - sea ​​monster from the Shetland Islands.

MEG MULLACH, Maug Moulach, Maggy Moulach, Maggie Moloch, Hairy Meg (Meg Mulah, Shaggy Meg) - a female brownie who lived in the residence and surrounding estates of the Grants from Tullochgorm (House of Tullochgorm) in Strathspey; she did housework and mourned the death of family members like a banshee, but later became a mischievous spirit.

MESTER STOORWORM, Meester Stoorworm, Mester Stoor Worm, Master Stoorworm (Mester Sturvorm) - a giant sea serpent (similar to the Scandinavian Jormungand) in the folklore of Orkney and Shetland.

MERROW, murrough, murdhuacha (merrow) - Scottish and Irish mermaids and mermaids.

MILESIANS(sons of Mil, Milesians) - the last of the mythical tribes of Ireland; ancestors of the modern Irish.

MODDEYDHOO, Moddey Dhoe, Moddey Doo, "Mauthe Doog", Black Dog of Peel Castle (Moddy Doo, Black Dog of Peel Castle) - a large black dog that pursued Peel Castle on the Isle of Man.

MORGAN(Morgan) - Welsh lake spirit, dragging children to the bottom of reservoirs.

MUCKLE BLACK TYKE[Scott.], Choin Dubh [Gaelic.] ("Big black dog") - Scottish black dog.

MUILEARTACH, Muileartaeh, Muilearach, Muir Larteach, "Hag of the Sea" (Muilertah, "Sea Witch") - a sea witch from the Scottish Highlands, blue-faced and one-eyed; possibly one of the names Kalliach Ver.

MURYANS(murians) - Cornish elves in the form of ants; in the local dialect" muryan" - "ant" (ant).

NA FIR CHLIS[Gaelic], Nimble Men, Merry Dancers (Na Fir Khlis, Merry dancers) - Scottish wandering lights; as well as the traditional name for the northern lights.

NELLY THE KNOCKER(Nellie with a hammer) - a harmless ghost from the village of Haltwhistle in Northumberland, in the form of an old woman who every evening knocked with a hammer on a boulder that stood near one of the farms (under the stone, as it turned out later, a treasure was hidden).

NEMEDIANS(Nemed tribe, Nemedians) - the second of the mythical tribes of Ireland. They were expelled from the island by the Fomorians, the remnants of the tribe were divided into two groups: one went north and the tribe of the goddess Danu descended from them, the second - to Greece and their descendants - Fir Bolg.

NOGGLE, Nuggle, Nygel (noggle, naggle, neagle) - a water horse from the Shetland Islands.

NUCKELAVEE, Nuckalavee (Nakkileyvi) - a monster from the Orkney and Shetland Islands; a sea demon that causes droughts, crop failures, and epidemics. By appearance Nakkilayvi is the most terrible of the Scottish monsters: an absolutely skinless half-man-half-horse (according to some descriptions as a centaur, according to others - with both a human and a horse torso).

OAKMEN(oak trees, oak men) - elves or spirits living in oak trees were sometimes identified with the trees themselves; patrons of the forest and all its inhabitants.

OGRES(ogres) - - cannibal giants in the folklore of Western Europe.

OILLEPHEIST, Oillipheist (Ollipeist) - a large snake-like monster expelled from Ireland by St. Patrick. Along the path where the snake crawled, the Shannon River (River Shannon) is now flowing - the longest in Ireland.

OLD LADY OF THE ELDER TREE(Elder Tree Mother) is a tree spirit from Lincolnshire in England.

OUPH(ouf) - the name of the elves ( elves, or fairies), common in the Elizabethan era in England; obsolete version of the word " elf".

PADFOOT(padfoot, topslap, stomp) - bogey or hobgoblin from Northern England in the form of a huge dog; stomped his paws loudly.

PARTHOLONIANS(Partolon tribe, Partholonians) - the first of the mythical tribes of Ireland; died of an unknown disease.

PEALLAIDH["The Shaggy One"] (Pellaid ["Shaggy"]) - the name of the urisk, according to legend, lived in the place where Moness Burn (Moness Burn) flows into the River Tay (River Tay) in Perthshire, and where the city of Aberfeldy stands today ( Aberfeldy; Gaelic. Obar Pheallaidh - "Confluence of Peallaidh" - "Pellaid confluence").

PECHS, Pechts, Picts (infantry, Picts) - Scottish barrow elves.

PEG-O-LANTERN, Peg-a-lantern; Peggy-lantern (Peg or Peggy with a lamp) are the local names for will-o'-the-wisps in Lincolnshire and Derbyshire.

PEG O'NELL(Peg O'Nell) is a water demon of the River Ribble in Lancashire, England.

PEG POWER(Peg Pauler) - the water demon of the River Tees (River Tees) on the border of Durham and Yorkshire in England.

PEIST, peiste, piast, payshtha more (peist) - Irish water monster, giant snake; found in many legends traditionally associated with Saint Patrick; see Ollipeist.

PEERIFOOL(Piriful) - Orkney and Shetland Tom Tit Tot (Rumpelstiltskin).

PINKET(Pinket) is the name of a will-o'-the-wisp in Worcestershire, England [from the Dutch "pinken", which means "to blink"].

PELLINGS(pellings) - a half-elven tribe that lived near Mount Snowdon in Wales; descendants of the elf Penelope (Penelope) from marriage with a mortal.

PISGIE, piskie (pisgi) - Cornish elves (pixies).

PIXIE(pixies) - Devonshire and Somerset elves.

PLANT ANNWN, Plant Annwyn (plant annon) - a Welsh tribe of elves who lived in lakes and raised magical cattle; could marry people.

PLANT RHYS DWFN["tribe of Rhys the Deep"] (plant rice dufn ["Rees of the Abyss Tribe"] listen)) are a Welsh tribe of elves from Cardiganshire.

PORTUNES(portuny) - English early medieval elves; The name comes from Roman mythology.

PUCA, Pooka, Phouka (puka) - an Irish semi-domestic spirit capable of shapeshifting; sometimes mischievous, sometimes friendly, but always treated with respect.

PUCK(pack) - in English folklore, a hobgoblin related to the Irish and Welsh farts; a benevolent creature, although prone to petty pranks and dirty tricks.

PWCA(puka) - Welsh puka.

RAWHEAD, Tommy Rawhead, Rawhed-and-Bloody-Bones, Old Bloody Bones (Broken Head, Tommy Broken Head, Old Man Bloody Bones) - boogie, children's horror story; a terrible creature that lives in swamps, near water bodies, as well as at home: in attics, basements, old cabinets and other dark and gloomy places.

REDCAP, red cap (red cap, redcap) - an evil spirit in the form of an old man in a red cap, with heavy iron boots and weapons, found in the castles and pil-towers of the Borderlands, places of former battles between England and Scotland. Redcaps were believed to dye their hats with human blood.

REDSHANKS(redshanks, "red legs") - elves-keepers of the treasures of Dolbury Camp (Dolbury or Dolebury Camp) - the ancient settlement of the Iron Age in Somerset; some considered them to be the spirits of the ancient Danes.

ROANE, seal, seal-people, mer-people (roan, seal people, sea people) - Irish and Scottish "seal people": in the sea they live like seals, on land - like people, removing animal skins.

ROBIN GOODFELLOW(Robin the Good Small) is a brownie or pack whose name is often found in the works of authors of the Elizabethan era, including Shakespeare in the play A Midsummer Night's Dream.

SCARFE, Old Scarpe, Skeff (Skarf, Skeff) - a black dog from East Anglia.

SCREAMING SKULLS(Screeching Skulls) - skull-shaped ghosts found in different places England.

SELKIE(Selkies, silks) - "seal people" from the Shetland and Orkney Islands.

SEONAIDH[Gaelic]; Shony, Shoney, Shonny (Shawnee) - a sea demon from the Isle of Lewis in Scotland, who brought offerings: usually a mug of ale poured into the sea. Probably some old sea deity.

SEVEN WHISTLES(Seven Whistlers) - seven spirits in the form of birds from Shropshire and Worcestershire; harbingers of death. In one of the beliefs, they were told about six birds that are looking for the seventh, and as soon as they find it, the end of the world will come.

SHAG-FOAL, Shag, Tatterfoal (Cosma, Shaggy Colt) - bogey or bogle from Lincolnshire in England; changed appearances, appearing in the form of a monkey, but most often as a shaggy colt.

SHEFRO, siofra (chefro, cipher) - little Irish elves who wore foxglove flowers instead of hats ( foxglove bells).

SHELLYCOAT(shellicot, "shell rock") - a Scottish sea monster whose body is covered with shells.

SHOOPILTEE(shupilti) - a water horse from the Shetland Islands.

SILKIES(snares, mulberry) - fairies or ghosts of women dressed in white or gray silk, white and gray ladies of Northern England and the Scottish Borders.

SKRIKER, shriker ["screamer"], brash, trash (skriker, shriker, "howler", brash, trash) - black dog from Lancashire in England; the harbinger of death.

SLEIGH BEGGEY["the Little People"] , Guillyn Beggey ["the Little Boys"] , Mooinjer Veggey ["the Little Kindred"] , Li "l Fellas ["the Little Fellas"] (Slay Beggey ["Little Folk"], Guylin Beggy, Muinier Veggie, Lil Fellas ["Kids", "Children"]) - Manx elves (local names).

SLUAGH, sluagh sidhe ["Host of the Unforgiven Dead"](listen, listen) - the Scottish "Army of the Dead", part of the Unseelie Court: restless souls, forever doomed to wander in our world and be at enmity with each other.

SPRIGGANS(spriggans) - Cornish spirits of giants; elven guards, guarded cromlechs, cairns, old treasures; raised storms and kidnapped children.

SPUNKY, spunkie (spunky) - a wandering light from Somerset in England and Fife in Scotland.

SUBTERRANEANS, subterranean faeries (dungeon dwellers) - Scottish elves, inhabitants of hills and brochs.

SWARTH, swath, wraith (swart, ghost) - a ghostly double in the folklore of Cumberland in England.

TANGIE(tangi, confusion) - Orkney water horse.

TAROO USHTEY["water bull"] (taru-ushti) - Manx water bull.

TEINE SITH["fairy fire"] (ten shi ["fairy lights"]) - wandering lights in the Hebrides, Shetland and Orkney Islands.

THEY, Them, Themselves, Them Who Be, Them Who Prowl, That "s in It, etc. (They, Them, Them, These, Those, etc.) are pronominal euphemisms for elves.

THRUMMY CAP(woolen hat) - Northumberland spirit; "an eccentric little old man" who lives in the basements and cellars of old houses and castles.

THRUMPIN(springboard) - in the folklore of the Scottish Borderlands, a demon-companion, a dark patron who accompanies every person and is able to take his life.

TIDDY MUN, Tiddy Men, Tiddy Ones, Tiddy People ["little men"] (tiddy ["little people"]) - benevolent swamp spirits who monitored the water level in The Fens in Lincolnshire in England.

TOM TIT TOT(Tom Tit Tot) - English Rumpelstiltskin (from the fairy tale of the Brothers Grimm).

TROW, trowe, drow (trow, trow, drow) - elves from the Shetland and Orkney Islands, related to the Scandinavian trolls.

TRWTYN-TRATYN(Trutin-Tratin) - Welsh Tom Tit Tot (Rumpelstiltskin).

TUATHA DE DANANN(tribe of the goddess Danu, Tuatha de Danann) - the fourth of the mythical tribes of Ireland; defeated by the sons of Mil, the Tuats went to the other world - Sid or Shi (Sidhe); they are Irish Celtic gods and the ancestors of all local elves and fairies.

TYLWYTH TEG["Fair Folk"] (Tilwit Tag ["The Good Family"]) - Welsh elves (local name).

UILEBHEIST, Uilepheist (Uilebist) - a sea monster with several heads (dragon) from the Scottish Highlands.

URCHIN(urchin, "hedgehog") - the old name of one of the varieties of elves.

URISK, uruisg (urisk) - Scottish wild brownie, in appearance resembled a satyr: half-man, half-goat. Urisks lived near natural reservoirs, but sometimes acted as brownies, helping people around the house.

WAFF, waft (woff, woft) - the Yorkshire name for the doppelgänger of death.

WATER WRAITH(water ghost) - in Scottish folklore, a hostile water spirit; a tall, green-clad woman with a wrinkled, angry face.

WELL SPIRITS(spirits of sources) - spirits of sacred pagan sources; in some parts of England, especially in Derbyshire, the tradition has survived to this day to decorate springs and springs with images of flowers, seeds and other natural objects - a donation to the spirits of the springs.

WHUPPITY STOORIE(Vuppiti Sturi) - Scottish Rumpelstiltskin or Tom Tit Tot.

WILL O" THE WISP, will-with-the-wisp, willy wisp, will o" the wykes, billy-wi"-t"-wisp (a will with a bundle of straw) is a common name for a will-o'-the-wisp in Britain.

WULVER(woolver) - a Scottish werewolf, or rather, a man with a wolf's head.

YARTHKINS, yarkins (yartkins) - malevolent spirits from the Fens swamps (The Fens) in Lincolnshire in England.

YETH HOUNDS, Yell Hounds, Wish Hounds, Whist Hounds (wild pack, gloomy pack) - "wild hunt" from Somerset, Devonshire and Cornwall in England.*

*Patricia Monaghan. The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore (2009);

Katharine Mary Briggs. An Encyclopedia of Fairies: Hobgoblins, Brownies, Bogies, and Other Supernatural Creatures (1976);

Katherine M. Briggs. Elvish dictionary. Per. S. M. Pechkin, (1998-2000) (pechkin.rinet.ru/);

Katharine Mary Briggs. The Fairies in English Tradition and Literature (1967);

Katherine M. Briggs. Elves in tradition and literature. Per. S. M. Pechkin, (1998-2007) (pechkin.rinet.ru/);

Theresa Bane. Encyclopedia of Fairies in World Folklore and Mythology (2013).

The monograph examines topical issues theory and interpretation of the text in the cognitive aspect. Particular attention is paid to the formation and evolution of the author's picture of the world, as well as how these changes are reflected in the language. The texts of modern novels are used as research material in the work. English writer J. Fowles.

For linguists and literary critics interested in the problems of text theory from a cognitive standpoint.

Berdnikova D. V. In the book: Actual problems of teaching foreign languages ​​in non-linguistic universities (materials of the Interfaculty Scientific and Methodological Conference). Moscow: NRU HSE Publishing House, 2012, pp. 271-278.

In the article, the linguistic picture of the world is analyzed from the point of view of cultural studies and linguistics, which, in turn, forms the conceptual environment of the individual. The linguistic picture of the world reflects representations - concepts that determine the multiplicity and uniqueness of the languages ​​of the world, different in their structure. The paper presents interpretations of this concept from the point of view of cultural studies, cognitive science, as well as psycholinguistics.

Berdnikova D.V. In: Foreign Language at the National Research University: New Tasks and Value Orientations. Collection of articles based on the materials of the interuniversity scientific and methodological conference, 2011. Nizhny Novgorod: Nizhny Novgorod branch of the Higher School of Economics, 2011. P. 179-184.

Folklore tales are unique carriers of characteristic national traits people. The article analyzes magical folk tales and their role in shaping the mentality of the inhabitants of the British Isles.

Berdnikova DV In the book: Theoretical and applied aspects of the study of speech activity: Collection of scientific articles. Issue. 5. Nizhny Novgorod: Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University. ON THE. Dobrolyubova, 2010. S. 5-9.

Fairy tales serve as the richest material for revealing the conceptual foundations of the nation's picture of the world, which in turn originate from the mythological heritage of the nation. In the proposed article, the author tries to trace how the mythological manifests itself in the language and influences the linguistic picture of the world.

The article reveals the mental mechanisms of modeling the spatio-temporal continuum in the texts of V. Shalamov, the principles of comprehension and characteristics of time.

Edited by: L. Krysin, R. Rozina M.: Institute of the Russian Language. V.V. Vinogradova, 2010.

The collection presents materials of the international conference Ninth Shmelev Readings, held at the Institute of the Russian Language. VV Vinogradov RAS February 24-26, 2010, dedicated to the problems of lexical semantics at the present level of development of this branch of linguistics. In most of the presented materials, the theoretical approach to the issues of lexical semantics is combined with an in-depth analysis of specific linguistic facts that are directly related to current state and the development of the Russian language in its various functional varieties.

The book includes articles about the work of writers and artists of the indigenous peoples of the North. The author conducts an ethnographic analysis of texts based on the method of cultural comparative studies. Original interpretations of the works of northern authors are offered.

Analysis modern society, permeated with media, is conducted from the standpoint of an ethnomethodological approach and is an attempt to answer the cardinal question: what are the observed orderings of events broadcast by mass mediators. The study of rituals proceeds in two main directions: firstly, in the organizational and production system of the media, focused on constant reproduction, which is based on the transmission model and the information / non-information distinction, and, secondly, in the analysis of the perception of these messages by the audience, which is the realization of a ritual or expressive pattern that results in a shared experience. This signifies the ritual nature of modern media.

The results of a cross-cultural study of the relationship between social capital and economic perceptions among Russians (N=150) and Chinese (N=105) are presented. Differences in social capital and economic perceptions of Russians and Chinese are revealed. In both groups, social capital is positively interconnected with "productive" economic ideas and most of the relationships are similar in their logic, but there are also cultural specifics.

The book contains complete and comprehensive information on the history of imperial Russia - from Peter the Great to Nicholas II. These two centuries became the era when the foundations of Russia's might were laid. But it was the same time that caused the fall of the empire in 1917. The text of the book, sustained in the traditional manner of chronological presentation, includes fascinating inserts: “ Characters"," Legends and rumors "and others.

Humanity is going through a change of cultural and historical eras, which is associated with the transformation of network media into the leading means of communication. The consequence of the “digital split” is a change in social divisions: along with the traditional “haves and have-nots”, there is a confrontation between “online (connected) versus offline (not connected)”. Under these conditions, traditional intergenerational differences lose their significance, belonging to one or another information culture, on the basis of which media generations are formed, turns out to be decisive. The paper analyzes the diverse consequences of networking: cognitive, arising from the use of "smart" things with a friendly interface, psychological, generating network individualism and increasing privatization of communication, social, embodying the "paradox of an empty public sphere". The role of computer games as "deputies" of traditional socialization and education is shown, the vicissitudes of knowledge, which is losing its meaning, are considered. In conditions of excess information, the most scarce human resource today is human attention. Therefore, new business principles can be defined as attention management.

This scientific work uses the results obtained during the implementation of project No. 10-01-0009 "Media rituals", implemented within the framework of the HSE Science Foundation Program in 2010-2012.

Aistov A.V., Leonova L. A.Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð ° Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð ð анализа Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸ÐºÐ¸. P1. 2010. No. 1/2010/04.

The paper analyzes the factors of choice of employment status (based on the data of the Russian monitoring of the economic state and health of the population in 1994-2007). The analysis carried out does not reject the assumption about the forced nature of informal employment. The work also examined the influence of informally employed status on life satisfaction. It is shown that the informally employed, on average, are more satisfied with life compared to formally registered workers.

Fairies have long played an integral part in British and Irish folklore. It is known from fairy tales and legends that these fictional winged deities can be mischievous and sometimes sinister, causing harm to people.

Not surprisingly, Edinburgh has an entire botanical garden dedicated to the enchanting forest fairies. A fabulous atmosphere reigns here, and children and adults walk through the forest, finding small fairy-tale elements - fairy houses and other interesting objects.

Since ancient times, it has been believed that deforestation in which fairies live entails the death of a person who disturbs their peace. In Scotland, this belief is taken very seriously. It so happened that one tree growing in the territory of the fairies - prevented the laying of the road, but it was not cut down because of fear of retribution by the fairies.

The peasants were afraid of magical creatures, so they always tried to appease them with something. They were sure that if you establish contact with fairies, patronesses of fire, water and other natural forces, then you can not be afraid that sooner or later a thief will get into their house. They were sure that fairies protect their home.

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cat king

Scottish legend

Many years ago, long before hunting with a gun was common in Scotland, two young men spent an autumn very far north. They lived in a hunting lodge far from other dwellings, and an old woman cooked their food. Her cat and their dogs - that's all the household.
One day the elder of the two young men said that he would not go hunting, and the younger went away alone. He was going to go to where they hunted the day before, hoping to find the missing birds and return home before sunset. However, he did not return. The elder became worried, looked out the window in alarm, but waited in vain until dinner. Finally the young man, soaked and exhausted, returned, but did not explain his too late return. Only after supper, when they sat down by the fire and lit their pipes, did the dogs lie down at their feet, and the maid's black cat, covering his eyes, nestled between them by the hearth, did he begin his story:
You must be wondering why I took so long. Something very interesting happened to me today. I don't really know how to talk about it. Like I told you, I walked on yesterday's road. Just as I was about to turn back home, fog came down from the mountains and I got lost. For a long time I wandered, not knowing where I was, until finally I saw the light. I went out into the world hoping to get help. As I approached, the light disappeared, and I found myself next to a large old oak tree. I climbed a tree to find the light, and - imagine! - he was right under me, in the hollow of that tree. It was as if I was peering down into the church where the funeral was taking place. I heard singing and saw a coffin surrounded by torches that were being carried... No! I know you won't believe me!
The friend insistently asked him to continue and even put down his pipe. The dogs were sleeping, but the cat rose, obviously listening as attentively as the man, and both youths involuntarily fixed their eyes on him.
“Yes,” the young man continued, “that is the true truth. Both the coffin and the torches were carried by cats, and the lid of the coffin was decorated with a crown and a scepter!
He didn't have time to say anything more. The cat jumped up, and with a cry:
- I swear by the skin! Old Peter is dead! Now I'm the cat king! He rushed up the chimney and was never seen again.

Black Roderick

Scottish legend

Black Roderick was the head of the glorious MacNeil family of the Isle of Barra and the winner of many jousting tournaments. He could even be considered the first sword of Scotland, if not for another glorious warrior - Rob Roy MacGregor.
When news first reached Black Roderick that there were people in Scotland who considered Rob Roy to be the best of the best warriors, he exclaimed:
- I will challenge this McGregor! Then let's see which one of us is better with a sword. Just tell me where can I find it?
One of Black Roderick's squires told him that Rob Roy lived near Loch Lomond. And on the same day Black Roderick left the Hebrides and went south with his knights.
Arriving in Loch Lomond, he asked the first person he met where he could find Rob Roy, and received the answer: at the fair in Killarney.
- In Killarney! shouted Black Roderick, spurring his horse.
Before reaching Killarney, they met a group of horsemen. Black Roderick reined in his horse and addressed them:
- Greetings, glorious knights! Tell me, are you coming from the Kyllarney Fair by any chance?
- You guessed! one of the knights answered. - This year the fair was a success. Am I right, friends? - he turned to his companions, and they unanimously agreed with him noisily. - I advise you to go there!
“Did you see a knight named Rob Roy MacGregor there?” asked Black Roderick.
- He was there, - the same knight answered with a smile.
- Was? So it's not there now? said Black Roderick angrily and disappointedly.
The knight's friends laughed.
“He is not there now,” said the knight, still smiling. Now he is here in front of you. - I'm Rob Roy McGregor. What can I serve?
- I'm the ruler of Barra! said Black Roderick. “I was told that you consider yourself a more skilled swordsman than I am. And I came here to prove in a fair fight that this is not so!
- But I did not quarrel with you, why should we fight? Rob Roy said.
- Quarreled or not, I still challenge you to fight! said Black Roderick, dismounting from his horse.
“I don't like to fight without a good reason,” said Rob Roy, but also getting off his horse. “But I accept your challenge, and you will still curse the day you threw it at me.
There was only one case when Rob Roy refused to accept a challenge to a duel. It happened when he was challenged to a fight by Donald Bain. Rob Roy refused to fight him because Donald Bain was not of noble birth.
And so they cleared a place for a duel, and the two knights came together on swords. Rob Roy had very long and strong arms, so it was easy for him to keep his opponent at a distance from him. No one has yet managed to even touch him with a sword. In less than a few minutes, Black Roderick realized that he was far from Rob Roy in the art of sword fighting.
And he also realized that it would be better for him to stay at home in the Hebrides.
Rob Roy took hold of the broadsword with both hands and with all his strength struck Black Roderick on the hand in which he held the sword.
- I give up! said the ruler of Barra with difficulty. - I give up...
Rob Roy sheathed his sword and signaled to Black Roderick's men to help their master to mount.
- I hope this discourages you from getting into a fight with someone who does not wish you harm, - Rob Roy said to his defeated opponent.
And rode away with his knights.

McCrimons silver pipe

Scottish legend

Ein Og Maccrimons sat on a hill near his home in Borrereg, in the west of the Isle of Skye. He sat and sat and sighed so heavily that the grass fell at his feet. A day has already been set for a piper's contest at Dunvegan Castle, where the best of the best will be chosen to be declared Macleod's heir piper of the Macleod family.
Ein also played the bagpipes, but not very well, and could not even dream of participating in the competition. That's why he sighed. The fairy heard his sigh and took pity on Ein Og Maccrimons.
She flew up to him and asked why he was so sad. And when he told why, she said:
- I heard how you play, and I think it's not bad at all. Besides, you are beautiful and I like you. I want to help you.
Ein knew perfectly well that the fairies could easily turn the clear water of a spring into the best wine, or weave a fluffy Scottish plaid out of a cobweb, or make a simple reed pipe sing a gentle lullaby.
In a word, Ein realized that the decisive moment in his life had come.
He thanked the fairy with feeling; it was just a matter of waiting to see what would happen next. The fairy handed him a silver pipe with round finger holes.
"Here, take this," she said to Ein. “Insert it into your bagpipe, and as soon as you touch it with your fingers, it will obediently play the sweetest music. And she will obey your sons, as you, and the sons of your sons, and their sons, and so on to all the successors of the MacCrimons family. Just remember: you must treat this silver pipe with care and love, because it is not simple, but magical. If it happens that any of the McCrimons offend or offend her in any way, your family will forever lose their musical gift.
Ein Og took the magic pipe and hurried to Dunvegan.
All the famous pipers of the highlands of Scotland have already gathered there. One by one they played on their bagpipes the same melodies that their fathers and grandfathers had played. And each new piper seemed to play with even greater skill than the previous one.
When Ein Og's turn came, he inserted the magic pipe into his bagpipe and began to play.
Everyone listened with bated breath. Never before had they heard such a piper.
And the bagpipes were magical, and the music flowed magically.
There was no doubt - that's who is worthy to be the hereditary piper of Macleod from the Macleod family.
So everything was decided, and everything turned out that way.
The judges all, as one, declared that they had never happened to listen to such a magical musician.
From that day on, the Maccrimons of Skye have been famous pipers and composers, generation after generation. They founded a bagpipe school in their native Borrereg, which attracted students from all over Scotland and Ireland.
The course of study at this school was not small: seven years to become just a piper. Only one who had seven generations of pipers in his family could be considered a good piper.
Centuries passed, and the Maccrimons remained bagpipers for the Macleods until the day came, which turned out to be fatal in their glorious history.
The head of the MacLeod clan was returning home from the neighboring island of Rasay. The piper's place was at the bow of his galley, and was occupied by one of the Maccrimons.
The day turned out to be windy, and there was a strong rocking on the sea. The light craft tossed up and down, up and down on the churning waves.
"Play for us, McCrimons, to raise our spirits," McLeod asked.
McCrimons touched the silver pipe with his fingers. However, a strong pitching prevented him from playing, his fingers slipped every now and then when the galley was thrown back and forth.
The storm was raging. The rolling wave washed over McCrimons from head to toe, the spray clouded his eyes, and he involuntarily struck a few false notes.
Not a single piper of the Maccrimons family has yet struck false notes on a magic bagpipe!
And so this unfortunate man threw his bagpipes in his hearts, completely forgetting about the order of the good fairy, who presented the silver pipe to Ein Og, although his father told him this story more than once.
- Oh, that pathetic bastard! he exclaimed in an evil moment. - Is it possible to squeeze at least one correct note out of it!
Before he could say that, he already regretted his words. He knew to himself that they were unfair.
Yes, it was late.
The silver pipe slipped from his hands and fell overboard into the raging green sea.
The magic spell has broken.
Neither McCrimons himself, nor his son, nor his son's son could play the bagpipes so well anymore. And the fame of the famous McCrimons school soon faded away, and the school itself fell into decay.

John Reid and the mermaid

Scottish legend

John Reid was a merchant and shipowner. Having loaded his large sloop with goods, he sailed by sea in any weather from the coast of northern Scotland to Holland and back.
His affairs prospered, he quickly got rich and would feel quite happy if ...
If not for unhappy love.
He fell in love with the beautiful Ellen Stewart, but was afraid to admit it to her. It seemed to him that she would never love him anyway.
And then one day, returning from a voyage at the end of April, he passionately wanted to look at Ellen Stewart at least from a distance. And he knew that on the first of May she would go with her girlfriends to collect May dew - such was the custom in their places.
On this day, he got up early and, not knowing where to put himself, went to wander along the seashore.
One by one, the night stars went out, the sun rose, throwing a fiery path onto the water. But John Reed did not notice anything around and did not see how beautiful the sunrise was. He thought of the beautiful Ellen, and only she stood before his eyes.
Climbing a high rock, he suddenly heard someone singing. John Reed glanced out to sea, thinking perhaps it was the lone fisherman amusing himself with an early song.
No, the sea was deserted, only the wet head of the seal stuck out of the water and froze, as if the seal had also heard the song.
Only when John Reed finally rounded the rock did he see who was singing it. Young girl. She was sitting on a rock with her feet in the water. Her white shoulders and back were hidden by thick long hair. But then she rose from the stone, and then John Reed had to cover his eyes with his hand - her scaly tail glistened in the sun.
"Yes, it's a mermaid!" said John Reid.
And he wanted to go unnoticed without disturbing her, when he suddenly remembered that mermaids have a magical gift to fulfill the wishes of mortals. Maybe she will agree to give him the love of Ellen Stewart?
Quietly and imperceptibly, John Reed crept up to the mermaid, but then she turned around and, seeing the man, screamed loudly. Oh, another moment, and she would have slipped into the water, and then forgive all his dreams and hopes.
But John Reed managed to hug her tightly, and although the mermaid escaped from his hands with a force no less than that of a seal, he did not let her out of his arms. His hands hurt from exertion, and in the end the mermaid would have escaped him, but only the thought of the beautiful Ellen added strength to him, and he did not give up.
The mermaid was tired of fighting and asked:
What do you want from me, man?
And in her weak voice, both the tenderness of a songbird and the coldness of the deep sea sounded at the same time.
- Fulfillment of three wishes! John Reed replied quickly, remembering that this was the correct answer to this question.
- Name them, - said the mermaid.

Mermaid and unfaithful Andrew

Scottish folk tale

And here's a story about young Andrew, who fell in love with a mermaid. Andrew lived in the very north of the Scottish coast. One morning, walking along the road along the sea, he heard someone singing. It was still very early, and Andrew did not expect to meet anyone on the shore.
At first he thought it was the sound of the surf. He stopped, listened, and heard the singing again. But, looking around, he saw only white walruses frolicking in the sea. However, after walking a little further, he noticed that someone was sitting on a rock at the farthest end of the bay.
And coming very close, he, to his surprise, found that it was a mermaid.
She combed her long hair with a mother-of-pearl comb and sang. Her voice spilled well, just like a nightingale! Her hair was more golden than the flowers of yellow ranunculus. Her skin was whiter than the foam of the sea, and her eyes were greener than the depths of the sea.
Andrew saw her face in the mirror she held in her hand. He slowly crept up behind her and hugged her tightly. She screamed, dropped her mother-of-pearl comb and mirror, and turned to Andrew.
From that moment they fell in love with each other.
The mermaid promised Andrew the next day to sail to this place again and, waving her tail, disappeared into the depths of the sea.
The next morning, emerging from the sea, she handed Andrew, as he thought it was, a handful of multi-colored glass.
“Here, take it,” she told him. - This is a gift from me to you, so that you know how much I love you.
Andrew looked at what she gave him - it turned out to be real amethysts and rubies that played like that and burned in the rays of the morning sun.
- Where did you get them from? Andrew asked.

Thomas the Rhymer

Scottish ballad

Faithful Tom over the fast river
Lie down from the road to rest.
Looks: beauty on horseback
To the water along the slope keeps the path.

Green silk is her outfit,
And on top of the cloak is redder than fire,
And the bells are ringing
On the strands of the horse's mane.

Her wondrous beauty
Like the sun, Tom was blinded.
- Praise to the Holy Mary! -
Bowing down, he exclaimed.

I don't need your praise
My name is not Mary.
I am the queen of that country
Where free elves live.

Witches of Delnabo

Scottish legend

In my grandfather's time, the Delnabo farm was divided proportionately among three people. At first, all three lived about the same. But after a while, people began to notice, and especially one of the three inhabitants of the farm, that although he was more enterprising and knowledgeable than the other portioners, he alone was getting poorer every day, and both of his neighbors were prospering day by day. The poor fellow was surprised and very annoyed that luck turned away from him, paying attention only to his neighbors. And his wife had a habit of complaining about her lack of luck not only to her girlfriends, but also to the wives of her neighbors.
Once, two neighbors' wives asked her what she would do to improve her situation, if, of course, it was in her power. The woman, without hesitation, replied that she was ready for anything. (Here the other two wives thought that they now had a minnow who would take any bait, and immediately decided to make her their confidante.)
- Well, - said one of them, - if you agree to keep our communication secret and unquestioningly obey our requirements, poverty and want will never haunt you again.
These words made a great impression on the wife of the poor man, and she began to suspect the true nature of her interlocutors. Having tried as carefully as possible to hide her surprise, she agreed to all the conditions. Then she was ordered that evening, going to bed, to take with her a broom, the magical properties of which are well known, and leave it at her husband's side. The broom will take on her shape so accurately that the husband will not be able to tell the difference in the morning. At the same time, she was advised to cast aside all fears that the deceit would be revealed, because their own husbands for many years were content instead of their wives with their substitutes - brooms. Having specified all the details, the wives of the neighbors told her to join them at midnight, and together they will go to where she will find future happiness.
Promising to follow all the instructions exactly, the poor man's wife left her neighbors and went home. She was overwhelmed with all sorts of sensations, chief among which was the horror that such depravity always arouses in pious hearts. Hurrying home to her husband, she thought that breaking a promise to wicked neighbors was not a crime at all, and being a prudent and faithful wife, she revealed to her husband all the details of the conversation. The husband approved of his wife's devotion and agreed with her (which testifies to his considerable ingenuity) that he would put on her clothes and in this form go with the neighbors' wives to the place of the Sabbath to see what they would do and what witchcraft rites to perform.

Missing tissue

Scottish legend

Not long ago, when I walked into the home of one of my oldest parishioners, who was a skilled weaver, he started talking about the old days. Among other amusing things, he told me about the loss of an excellent linen, which happened a few years earlier on a fine summer evening. The canvas was left on the river bank for bleaching. Fishermen at that time "set fire to the water", in other words, they caught salmon with spears using torches. The man who was left to guard the canvas went to look at the salmon he had caught, and when he returned, it had disappeared. Of course, this event became a sensation. For a long time, the story was on everyone's lips, everyone considered it their duty to express suspicions, since there were a lot of canvases there.
And it belonged to a very important person - the village midwife, who was not at all disposed to sit quietly and grieve over the loss. And she called for help from the wise man of Leitholme. The very next day, she told my friend, the weaver, that she had found the thief, the sorcerer turned the key and opened the veil of secrecy. My weaver friend always wanted to see black magic in action, and at his request the midwife brought the sorcerer to his house.

The blacksmith's wife of Yarrowfoot

Scottish legend

A few years ago a blacksmith from Yarrowfoot took on two apprentices—two brothers. They were already quite mature, calm and healthy guys. However, several months passed, and the youngest of the brothers began to lose weight and turn pale, lost his appetite, in general, his health deteriorated noticeably. His brother, alarmed, often asked what hurt him, but he remained silent. But one day the guy suddenly burst into tears and admitted that he was no longer able to endure the mistreatment of his mistress, who is actually a witch, although no one suspects it, will soon bring him to the grave.
“Every night,” he sobbed, “she comes to my bed, puts a bridle on me and turns me into a horse. Then she sits on my back and makes me gallop for miles across the wastelands and swamps to where she and other creatures like her arrange their wild covens. There she keeps me all night, and only early in the morning I take her home. She takes off the bridle, and I am myself again, but I feel exhausted and completely overwhelmed. This is how I spend all my nights, while you, my brother, are fast asleep.
The elder brother immediately declared that he must see everything with his own eyes. In the evening, he put his younger brother in his place, and he himself began to wait for the arrival of the witch. She came with a bridle in her hand, threw it on her older brother, and he turned into a handsome heavy gunter. The lady jumped on his back and galloped to the gathering place, which this time turned out to be in the basement of the house of the laird of the neighboring clan. While she and other infernal creatures were paying their due to the claret and sherry, the gunter, left in the stable, began to rub his head against the wall and continued to do so until he managed to first loosen, and then completely throw off the bridle, after which he regained human form. He clutched the bridle in his hand and hid. After waiting for his mistress to approach, he threw the bridle over her, and she turned into a pretty gray mare. The young man jumped on her back and drove her through the wastelands and marshes, through hedges and ditches. The frantic ride continued until the rider noticed that the mare had lost a horseshoe from one of her front legs. He took her to a blacksmith, who replaced the lost horseshoe and put a new one on the second front foot and again drove through the fields and hills until he felt that the horse was falling from fatigue. Then he took her home and removed the bridle. The woman barely had time to crawl into bed when her husband woke up and stood up. A new work day has begun.

Two stories about mermaids

Scottish legends

Mermaid of Nocdolion

The old house of Nokdolion stood on the banks of the waters of Girven. Next to him was a large black stone. At night, a mermaid came out of the water, sat on a stone and sang for hours, combing her long yellow hair. The mistress of Nocdolion considered that these serenades interfere with her child, and decided that they should be put to an end, and for this she instructed the servants to break the stone. Arriving the next night, the mermaid did not find her favorite stone and sang:

You can think of your cradle, I think of my stone
And Nocdolion will never again have an heir.

Soon after, the cradle was found upside down and the baby dead. It remains only to add that very little time has passed, and the genus ceased to exist.

Young Laird of Lornty

One evening the young laird Lornty of Forfarshire was returning from a hunt, accompanied only by a single servant and two hounds. As he passed a secluded lake, which lay three miles south of Lornty, and was then surrounded by dense forest, he suddenly heard a loud woman's cry. Apparently a woman was drowning in the lake. Laird was not a timid ten. He spurred his horse, rode out to the shore of the lake and saw beautiful girl, desperately pounding her hands on the water. He thought she was about to drown.
“Help, help, Lorntie!” she screamed. “Help, Lorne…” The last sound was drowned out by water gurgling in her throat.
Laird, unable to resist the human impulse, threw himself into the lake and was just about to grab his long yellow hair that floated on the surface like golden threads when he felt someone grab him from behind and drag him to the shore. The servant, more far-sighted than the master, realized in time that all this was the tricks of the spirit of the lake.
“Stop, Lorntie! he exclaimed. - Wait a minute! A lady calling for help - after all, this is nothing but - Lord, have mercy on us - a mermaid!
Laird believed the servant, jumped on his horse and galloped away from the lake, to which the mermaid, rising from the water, called after him:

Lornty, Lornty,
If not for your servant,
The blood of your heart
Would boil in my saucepan!