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Two captains: the main characters of the novel by Veniamin Kaverin

Veniamin Kaverin owns, perhaps, one of the key adventure novels, which were read to the children of the Soviet era. The novel was written in the 1940s, but the popularity and relevance of the novel continues today. We are talking about a cult thing - the novel "Two Captains", the main characters of which are complex and lively images.

“Fight and seek, find and never give up”

These words, as if cut out of Alfred Tennyson's poem "Ullis" (Odysseus), are the motto of Kaverin's novel. The work begins surprisingly: not with one's own memory, but with someone else's memory. In the city of Ensk, located on the periphery of Russia, they found the body of a deceased postman. He had a bag with him, and in the bag were letters. The protagonist lives on the first pages of the novel with these letters, and especially the young man remembers the lines associated with polar expeditions, with journeys to the north ... And the novel “Two Captains”, the main characters of which fight, search, find and do not give up, is imbued with the spirit of adventure. Therefore, the work, like the marine novels of Fenimore Cooper and Rafael Sabatini, occupies one of the main places on the shelf of young readers.

Since you are with us, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with Veniamin Kaverin.

It is curious that the lines that the writer made the motto of the novel are simultaneously taken as an epitaph. The words are engraved on a cross commemorating Robert Falcon Scott's polar expedition that never returned home.

Thus, the work of Veniamin Kaverin is dedicated to the theme of searches. If the French writer Marcel Proust's characters are looking for lost time, here the characters are busy looking for a lost polar expedition... and love.

Heroes of the novel "Two Captains"

The classification of the characters in the work is traditional: there are figures of the foreground and figures of the second plan, the main characters and, accordingly, the secondary characters. First, let's talk about who plays the main role in this literary scene.

main characters

Alexander Grigoriev

The name Alexander in the novel most often appears in an affectionate form - Sanya. Of course, Sanya is a positive character. The young man, like other heroes of the first plan, has a difficult fate and many trials. The first test of the young man is physiological in nature - it is dumbness. One day, Sanya's father is accused of murder and taken into custody. Little Sanya is the only one who knows the name of the real criminal, but the boy cannot tell the name, because he cannot speak. In the future, Sanya will be cured of a strange sound illness, but by that time his father will already die in custody.

Sanya's mother will marry again, and her stepfather, as befits the plot in works of this kind, will turn out to be a bad person - tough, callous, vile and selfish. Later, Sanya also experiences the death of her mother. He still has Aunt Dasha - the one who read letters to the boy from the bag of the deceased postman. But the aunt decides that Sanya and her sister should live in an orphanage. Then Sanya and the boy's close friend (Peter) flee - first to Moscow, and then to Turkestan. Adventures begin in the capital... Moscow presents friends not with gifts, but with yet another cruelty of "adult" life.

Fleeing to Moscow, Sanya plans to stay with his friend's uncle for the first time, but Petya's relative, as it turned out, was called to the front. Young guys will face thankless work and play hide and seek with checks in the capital. During one of these checks, Sanya fails to escape, and the boy is sent to a school for homeless children...

The novel spans many years, and in all the situations described in the novel, Sanya appears as a noble, purposeful, strong person in spirit and body. When, visiting a friend, through the fault of Sanya, the lactometer accidentally breaks down - a device for checking the composition of milk - Katya, the young man's girlfriend, wants to protect her friend, but Sanya does not let the girl take the blame. In this case, the hero shows nobility. Alexander is close to the struggle for justice, the young man is also courageous and proud. However, pride is not characteristic of the character. Sanya sincerely believes in her ideals and follows her principles. He is loyal and capable of desperate love. Meanwhile, rationality is not alien to the young man: in many situations, Sanya shows real analytical thinking.

After a quarrel with Katya - already during his youth - Sanya is studying at summer school and is preparing to fulfill his childhood dream - to find out what happened to the polar expedition, which he read about as a child, in strange letters half spoiled by sea water.

Ekaterina Tatarinova

Katya is Sanya's friend, whom we have already talked about above. Her parents' house becomes a whole "brave new world" for Sani, like Ali Baba's cave. The apartment seems to the hero a strange world, full of mysteries and dangers.

Katya is the daughter of Captain Tatarinov. However, Sanya will hear the story of this captain from a friend not now, but after 4 years. Then the heroes will meet again, get to know each other. Sanya will tell Katya that she is going to become a pilot, and Katya will tell him the story of her family.

In 1912, in June, Captain Tatarinov left on an expedition (from St. Petersburg the captain went to Vladivostok) on the ship "Saint Mary", but before that he came briefly to Ensk, already familiar to us, to say goodbye to his relatives. After that, the captain and the expedition disappeared. The captain's wife repeatedly turned to the emperor with a request for help in finding her husband, but it was believed that the captain could die: if so, and Tatarinov died, then only because of his own negligence and negligence in relation to state property.

Once, Sanya again got the opportunity to reread the letters that he had heard from his aunt in childhood. Suddenly the young man realized: these letters are about Captain Tatarinov and the expedition.

Nikolai Antonovich Tatarinov

In his apartment (and he was the head of the school where Sanya was sent to in Moscow) the Tatarinov family lived, including Katya, Sanya's friend. Nikolai was Katya's cousin uncle. The man did not feel affection and sympathy for the girl's father, that is, for his cousin, because, firstly, he was in love with his brother's wife, Marya Vasilievna, and secondly, he considered him ungrateful.

Sanya considered Nikolai Antonovich as the main "danger" of the Tatarinovs' apartment. One day, Nikolai acts meanly: Marya Vasilievna did not feel reciprocity towards him, but the woman, meanwhile, liked the geography teacher - a certain Korablev. Sometimes he came to visit, and one day he made a marriage proposal. Marya refused. But, despite this, in the mind of Nikolai Antonovich, an insidious plan still arose - to make sure that Korablev would no longer come, and for this - to interfere with his work, so that he would be limited in teaching geography. Sanya told the teacher about everything, and therefore Nikolai kicked the young man out of the house. Katya, not believing Sanya and his story about the meanness of her uncle, takes offense at her friend for a long time.

However, this was not the meanest act of Nikolai Antonovich. The most terrible thing was that the expedition was lost precisely through his fault - for the most part. Nikolai was responsible for the equipment of the polar explorers who went on an expedition, and through his fault this equipment was completely unusable. Sanya cannot prove it, because the facts were carried away by salt water, blurring the words in the letters. But the young man remembers what was written there.

Subsequently, Katya becomes Sanya's lover. Realizing the truth, the girl will leave the Tatarinovs' house: at that time, Katya will already be a respected person, a geologist, and the head of the expedition. Nikolai Antonovich will get his own: the scoundrel will be exposed, and he will be forced to leave, disgraced and humiliated.

And although Nikolai Antonovich is rather a minor character, we introduced him into this description in order to give the characterization integrity. Now, however, let's move on to the next figures of the novel.

Heroes of the second plan

Marya Vasilievna Tatarinova

We have already begun the story about Marya Vasilievna. The woman is very unhappy: firstly, Marya loses her husband, secondly, the heroine loses the company of Korablev, who she likes, and thirdly, she is forced to marry a man she does not love.

As you might guess, Marya Vasilievna becomes the wife of Nikolai Antonovich. All because the woman felt guilty and that she was allegedly indebted to Nikolai for the care rendered to her, mother and daughter. But one day Marya Vasilievna learns from Sanya about what a "terrible person" Nikolai Antonovich was. The young man did not know that the latter had already become the husband of a poor woman.

Marya Vasilievna felt guilty before her husband (captain), felt like a traitor. In the end, the heroine cannot stand it and commits suicide: the woman was poisoned, and the doctors could not help her in time and save her.

Here the reader is again faced with the drama in the relationship between Sanya and Katya: at her mother's funeral, Katya does not want to talk to Sanya, because Nikolai managed to convince the girl that it was Sanya who was to blame for the death of Marya Vasilievna, and the letters were about a completely different person.

In the end, Nikolai Antonovich will be exposed anyway. Sanya will do this, but only after the end of the war.

Romashov / Chamomile

We encounter this hero when, while reading a book, we come to the story of Korablev. After all, Grigoriev told the young man about what he heard from Nikolai Tatarinov, and then considered Korablev a traitor who reported everything to Tatarinov.

But the traitor in this situation was not Korablev at all, but Romashov - nicknamed Chamomile.

Chamomile is an exclusively and completely negative hero. Vile, cowardly, capable only of low and vile deeds. From childhood, Chamomile is interested in his own benefit, and for her sake the hero can even go to blackmail friends and relatives.

The worst thing is that one day Sanya finds out: Romashka entered the Tatarinovs' house, got into trust and, it seems, a little more and marries Katya. The girl did not immediately understand that Chamomile was only familiar with betrayal, and that he himself was a two-faced and morally dirty person. It is Chamomile who will be Nikolai's accomplice in denigrating the name of Sanya Grigoriev, when Sanya wants to present materials about the fate of the captain of the missing expedition ...

However, falling in love with Katya will play a cruel joke with Romashka: he will offer Sana services in exposing Nikolai's guilt. The fee is Sanya's refusal to want to be with Katya. However, Grigoriev turned out to be more noble: Sanya talks about Romashka's proposal to Nikolai Antonovich. However, he could no longer play against a former accomplice.

When Sanya and Katya's trip to the north to search for the missing expedition fails, and Sanya goes to the front - to the war with Spain, Katya will meet her old "friend" again. Chamomile will convince the girl that he was saving Sanya, who was injured, but Grigoriev died tragically. However, now the girl does not believe. Romashka, indeed, lied: Romashov did not save Alexander at all, but betrayed him, taking away his things. As a result, justice will prevail, and Chamomile will be condemned.

Ivan Pavlovich Korablev

We go back again to study in more detail the already familiar personality of the geography teacher. Often Ivan takes precisely the position of the victim, because Korablev is unfairly tortured at school - out of love for Marya Vasilievna, Sanya accuses him of betraying his trust ...

In fact, Korablev embodies such traits as kindness, sincerity, naivety and simplicity, honesty, openness and justice. The teacher loves his job, work, worries about the children he teaches.

Ivan Pavlovich will play an important role in the relationship between Sanya and Katya: Korablev will help lovers many times.

Valentin (Valya) Zhukov

As we know, the theme of friendship occupies a particularly important place in the novel "Two Captains", the main characters of the work constantly find themselves in situations where friendship and betrayal collide with each other in an unequal struggle. According to the laws of the genre, at first it will seem to the reader that evil is winning, but then good will surely prevail.

So, Valya Zhukov is Comrade Sani. At first, Sanya was also friends with Petya (Peter Skovorodnikov). Together, the boys fled to the capital, but then their paths diverged. Petya managed to escape during the check, and subsequently Grigoriev found out that Petya was still in Moscow and was engaged in art. Also, Alexandra (Sasha) Grigorieva, Sanya's sister, who eventually became Petya's wife, studied at the Academy of Arts.

Valya Zhukov and Romashka are comrades who appeared with Sanya while studying at a school for homeless children. Valya is the antipode of Chamomile. Valya is smart, honest, fair, responsible and reliable, a wonderful and loyal friend. Zhukov becomes the husband of Katya's best friend, Kira, and the young man is also waiting for a career as a major scientist.

Sasha Grigorieva

Sister Sani is an artist and the wife of his friend Petya. Events are developing, and later Sana will be able to publish an article about the polar expedition and about Captain Tatarinov ... By that time Sasha will live in Moscow, raise his son. But then the girl will exude the disease. It is not possible to recover: Sasha will die.

Nina Kapitonovna

For Grigoriev, the old woman was a treasure in Ali Baba's cave, because she always treated him with goodies. Nina Kapitonovna introduces Sanya into the circle of the Tatarinov family: once, Sanya helped a woman carry heavy bags ... Nina is Marya Vasilievna's mother.

Ivan Ivanovich

This is a doctor who was able to cure Sanya of dumbness. But this was not the only meeting of our characters. Further, fate pushes them together at a time when Sanya managed to achieve that he was given an assignment to the North. Here, in the Arctic Territory, Ivan Ivanovich gives Sanya notes from the navigator of the St. Mary ship. The navigator, as it turned out, died in 1914, but from those letters Sanya learned about the fate that befell the missing captain.

Deciphering letters, love

A young man, carried away by the ideas of finding polar explorers, studies at the Leningrad summer school, reading and sorting out difficult notes of letters. The diligent young man learns that the captain, Katya's father, let his comrades go so that they would look for a new land and master it. The captain himself, Katya's father, did not leave the ship. Mary's Land is the location that Sanya's investigation points to, and there may be traces of a lost expedition.

Grigoriev will achieve great success in this endeavor. Later, the desire to find traces of the expedition again brings the young man to Katya. However, the expedition will not take place this time….

The reader will encounter the characters again when 5 years have passed for them: Sanya returns, having managed to escape after the war with Spain, but Katya is no longer in Moscow...

We see how much fate throws the heroes. Now Sanya is forced to go on a personal "expedition" - in search of his missing love. Grigoriev is looking for a wife in Moscow, then he goes to Yaroslavl, and then to Novosibirsk ... During his travels, Sana manages - by pure chance (due to the need to make an emergency landing) - to find the remains of the ship "Saint Mary", the body of the deceased captain and his notes . In Polyarny, a town not far from this place, Sanya also meets Katya.

"Two Captains" is a novel written by the writer Veniamin Kaverin. Its name is associated with two heroes, captains - our narrator Sanya Grigoriev and captain Tatarinov, the story of whose disappearance Grigoriev is trying to uncover. These people, who have never seen each other live, are connected by a thin thread that stretches through the years - their life paths constantly intersect.

The story is told in the first person, like Sasha's diary - there are the events of his by no means cloudless childhood, and bright memories from his youth, first, sincere love and the first serious difficulties. In general, the whole work tells about a person's life - it would seem that such a simple thing, but at the same time unusually interesting and incomprehensible.

In "Two Captains" the author raises many topics that are relevant even for our twenty-first century: determination and perseverance on the way to a dream, the ability not to give up and face difficulties face to face; a description of sincere, pure love and vice versa - selfish, vile; the problem of choice that everyone faces: which way should I go? What to choose: honesty and pride, or dastardly tricks?

Plot rather uncomplicated: the first chapters tell about the childhood of the protagonist Sani, his best friend, his father who was arrested by mistake, and letters fished out of the river and then turned his life upside down.

The protagonist Alexander Grigoriev is an honest, courageous and intelligent person who always keeps his word. He is a born fighter for justice, and therefore does not tolerate lies in any of its manifestations, seeks to unravel the mysterious disappearance of Captain Tatarinov and prove the guilt of his, perhaps, the main enemy - cousin uncle Katya.

Katya Tatarinova is Sanya's first and only love. They met in childhood. Courageous, able to sincerely love and give all of herself to her beloved - she becomes a real and faithful companion of life for Grigoriev, despite all the obstacles that she met on the way: betrayal, imaginary friends and the death of loved ones.

Katya's mother is an unfortunate woman who found out the whole truth too late and, being in a depressed state, poisoned herself because she allegedly betrayed her husband. For the main part of her life, Nikolai Antonovich, her husband's cousin, convinced her that without him they simply would not have lived, that it was to him that they owe everything they have. In fact, he was in love with Marya Vasilievna and specially supplied Tatarinov's expedition with poor-quality equipment.

Watching the main characters, we can sometimes recognize ourselves in them, sometimes our acquaintances; in relation to the author to them, you can understand what is good and what is bad. It would seem that Kaverin raises such everyday problems - but nevertheless, we are still faced with the above negative qualities inherent in many people. And following the development of events, everyone draws conclusions for himself. Who do you want to be like: Alexander Grigoriev or Nikolai Antonovich? The author shows that in the end everything secret becomes clear, the guilty one gets what he deserves, and the decent and purposeful always achieves his goal.

I want to complete my analysis. main idea and motto Main character:

"Fight and seek, find and never give up."

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  The protagonist of the story is policeman Ochumelov. It is his author who ironically compares with a chameleon. The investigation carried out by this guard is full of conflicting approaches to assessing the situation.

St. Petersburg is an ancient and very beautiful city of our country Russia. It is the second largest after Moscow, it is the most important center of tourism, economy, medicine, science, culture of our state

Everyone has their own understanding of honesty. As for me, this is a person who does not deceive himself first of all, and then those around him.

Often people scold their neighbors. They keep you awake on weekends, make noise during the holidays, listen to music loudly. But few people praise their neighbors. What does an ideal neighbor look like?

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The research work carried out by the pupils of the Tambov Cadet Corps has one feature - we are trying to find a practical basis for conducting science-intensive analysis: reach the level of expeditions, get support and advice from experts of the All-Russian level, become participants in real educational events. Because of this, research work often leads to the implementation of projects.

The leading educational event of the last academic year was the project to create the Northern Lights Club of Young Polar Explorers in the cadet corps. The partners of our project are the Association of Polar Explorers of Russia (President - Artur Nikolaevich Chilingarov, special representative of the President of Russia for international cooperation in the Arctic and Antarctic, honorary cadet of our corps), the charitable foundation of the All-Russian Club "Adventure" (Dmitry and Matvey Shparo), territorial departments of the Federal Security Service of Russia , the Dynamo society, physical culture, sports and tourism of the Tambov region, the regional administration, educational institutions in Moscow and Pushkino, Moscow region, and many others.

But the practical component of the project implementation should have a strong foundation for the research work of cadets in various areas: geographical, environmental, ethnographic and others.

Thus, the relevance of my work lies in the fact that it is part of the systemic project of the cadet corps dedicated to the North.

In this case, the presented research work is part of a team work on the analysis of one of the key literary works devoted to the problems of discovering and studying the territories of the Far North.

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Tambov Regional State Budgetary Educational Institution Cadet Boarding School "Multiprofile Cadet Corps"

Research work on the topic:

"Development of the epistolary genre in the letters of Captain Tatarinov

in the work of V. Kaverin "Two Captains"

Completed by: Yurin Vladimir Yurievich,
10th grade cadet

Head: Gutarina Svetlana Viktorovna,

Teacher of Russian language and literature

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………3 - 7

Chapter 1. Theory of the epistolary genre.

1.1 From the history of the epistolary genre…………………………………… 7 - 12

1.2 The question of the genre definition of letters………………………………… 12 - 13

1.3 Etiquette speech formulas in letters…………………………… 13 - 14

Chapter 2. The composition of the letter.

2.1Beginning of a letter…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14-17

2.2 Information part…………………………………………… 17

2.3 Ending the letter…………………………………………………… 17 – 19

Chapter 3. Letters from Captain Tatarinov in the plot organization of the novel

V. Kaverina "Two captains".

3.1 Review of the content component of the novel by V. Kaverin “Two Captains”……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19 - 20

3.2 Analysis of the “first” passage from the letter…………………………… 20 – 23

3.3 Analysis of the "second" passage from the letter…………………………… 23 - 27

3.4 Analysis of the “third” passage from the letter…………………………… 27 - 28

Conclusion…………………………………………………………… 28 - 30

Literature………………………………………………………… 30 - 31

Application…………………………………………………………… 32 - 37

INTRODUCTION

Please write me letters!
In our loud age, they have no price ...
N. Kuzovleva.

Today, most people have forgotten how to write letters. In this regard, epistolary art fell sharply, replaced by the ease of telephone communication, the rhythms and pace of modernity, to the detriment of future historians, biographers, literary critics and linguists. You are only amazed when you look around at the past monuments of the frantic hard work of people seeking fellowship. We admire, re-reading the published volumes of letters of A. S. Pushkin, L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov. And earlier - the times of ancient Rome. Their form, content, and the design itself are attractive - clear, well-considered, neat, in which respect for the addressee is felt.
Letters recreate destiny. No sources, documents, conjectures, constructions of the mind or insights of the soul will return what a person (or a hero of a literary work) told about himself in his letters. In them, he revealed himself to his contemporaries and descendants, taking everything else with him, which no one will ever guess, resurrect or recognize.
What do you look for and find in letters? Personal intonations, lively voice. Letter- this is one of the most ancient types of written text, with the help of which people at all times exchanged information, thoughts and feelings. How many concepts this truly rich, magical word includes! What could be more intriguing, mysterious than a letter that has not yet been opened, which you hold in your hand, regardless of who it is from: from relatives, friends or acquaintances. It can make you happy, and upset, and turn your whole life around. It is not for nothing that word artists often choose letters as a form of novelistic narration, for example, Goethe's "The Sorrows of Young Werther", Rousseau's "Julia or New Eloise". The epistolary genre was used in the Russian classics (I. S. Turgenev, L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov, F. M. Dostoevsky) and in the literature of a later period (V. Kaverin "Two Captains", D. Granin " Bison"). Peculiar letters are notes, diaries in the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time". The genre of "letter" was also popular in the work of wartime poets. These are letters of promise, letters of confession, letters of oath: “In the dugout” by A. Surkov, “Wait for me” by K. Simonov, “Dark Night” by V. Agatov.

The research work carried out by the pupils of the Tambov Cadet Corps has one feature - we are trying to find a practical basis for conducting science-intensive analysis: reach the level of expeditions, get support and advice from experts of the All-Russian level, become participants in real educational events. Because of this, research work often leads to the implementation of projects.

The leading educational event of the last academic year was the project to create the Northern Lights Club of Young Polar Explorers in the cadet corps. The partners of our project are the Association of Polar Explorers of Russia (President - Artur Nikolaevich Chilingarov, special representative of the President of Russia for international cooperation in the Arctic and Antarctic, honorary cadet of our corps), the charitable foundation of the All-Russian Club "Adventure" (Dmitry and Matvey Shparo), territorial departments of the Federal Security Service of Russia , the Dynamo society, physical culture, sports and tourism of the Tambov region, the regional administration, educational institutions in Moscow and Pushkino, Moscow region, and many others.

Among the main tasks of the Club:

preservation and development of the traditions of Russian polar explorers;

popularization of the best achievements in the study and development of the Northern Territories;

attracting public attention to the problems of the Russian North;

vocational guidance training of cadets for future service in the military and civilian fields in the regions of the North;

expansion of the research work of cadets related to the socio-cultural and scientific study of the North;

practical development of the northern territories through participation in expeditions, sightseeing trips, hiking trips, organization of specialized camp shifts.

Practical tasks are actively solved: 2 cadets were trained in the Republic of Karelia to participate in the ski crossing from the Barneo drifting station to the North Pole, 15 cadets are being selected for the expedition to Franz Josef Land.

But the practical component of the project implementation should have a strong foundation for the research work of cadets in various areas: geographical, environmental, ethnographic and others.

Thus, the relevance of my work lies in the fact that it is part of the systemic project of the cadet corps dedicated to the North.

In this case, the presented research work is part of a team work on the analysis of one of the key literary works devoted to the problems of discovering and studying the territories of the Far North.

Topic of my work:“Development of the epistolary genre in the letters of Captain Tatarinov in the work of V. Kaverin “Two Captains”.

Rereading the letters of Captain Tatarinov, you catch yourself thinking that some of them can be copied almost exactly today. This is all the more important because many of us, holding a pen, feel at a loss, not being able to find language means of etiquette and appropriately apply them in a recommendation or in an expression of condolence. Such linguistic means are epistolary units - situationally determined, communicatively directed, thematically conjugated, interconnected and interdependent stable formulas of communication. The true culture and etiquette of communication can be traced precisely in the letters of the past. Therefore, for us, people of the electronic age, a good example also does not hurt.
Object of studyserved as letters from Captain I. L. Tatarinov to Maria Vasilievna, his wife.

Subject of studyare epistolary units.

The purpose of this work- to identify the features of epistolary units in the letters of Captain Tatarinov to the above mentioned addressee.

The purpose of the study determined the following tasks: - get acquainted with the selected literature on the topic; - to study and analyze the epistolary legacy of Captain Tatarinov to his wife;

Systematize the analyzed material by letters; - to identify and reveal the features of epistolary units in Captain Tatarinov's letters to the addressee.

Novelty of this work lies in the fact that letters in general are a little-studied phenomenon. Their research is at the intersection of several disciplines, they are the object of history, literary criticism, linguistics and other sciences. Linguists have studied only some of the features of certain types of letters, therefore, a complete picture of this type of literary activity in science, one might say, is missing. It should be noted that the letters were almost not subjected to linguistic research, either in terms of language or speech.

In the process of working on this topic, the following methods were used:

Biographical (used to determine the connection between the intensity of correspondence, the use of special etiquette-epistolary units (addresses, farewells, etc.) with elements of the hero's biography; - comparative (used when comparing the requirements for personal correspondence at different times);

Analytical (used in the direct study of epistolary units).
The theoretical significance lies in the fact that the work provides a systematic analysis of the epistolary units of etiquette; the features of their functioning are highlighted depending on the addressee and the nature of the letter.
The practical significance is determined by the fact that the theoretical and practical material of the work can be used by teachers, students of educational institutions when studying, for example, a novel

F. M. Dostoevsky "Poor people", letters from Onegin and Tatyana in the novel

A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".
Structurally, the work consists of an introduction, in which the rationale for the chosen topic is given, the relevance and novelty, the object and subject of research are determined, the main stages of the work are outlined, the theoretical and practical significance is determined, three chapters: the first chapter discusses the history of the issue under study, the theory of epistolary creativity , in the second chapter there is an acquaintance with the composition of the letter, in the third chapter the analysis of epistolary units is carried out, their features are revealed on the basis of the letters of Captain Tatarinov, the conclusion, the list of references (26 sources)and an appendix, which contains the texts of Captain Tatarinov's letters to his wife, which make it possible to visualize the features of the epistolary units in V. Kaverin's novel "Two Captains", photographs of the geographical objects of the North mentioned in the letters, a list of the islands of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago and a letter to Captain Tatarinov.

. Chapter 1. Theory of the epistolary genre

1.1 From the history of the genre.
"Letter" as a literary genre has spread since antiquity in Greek and especially in Roman literature. The letters of Cicero, Seneca, Pliny the Younger are examples of early epistolary literature. In the East, in Greece, Rome, Ancient Russia, medieval Europe, the art of writing letters has reached a high level of development. The Romans considered this art to be graceful and free, it was part of education.
In ancient epistolary theories, letters were called “half of the dialogue” (that is, a dialogue without an interlocutor), but at the same time they emphasized the difference between writing as a written form of speech and spoken speech: “... writing needs more careful processing than dialogue: after all, dialogue imitates speech , said without preparation, impromptu, the letter is written and sent as a gift.

Ancient rhetoricians and "scribes" gave the rules of correspondence and examples of the art of writing letters and insisted that the task of writing is to call a spade a spade, to remain documents, everyday phenomena with all the skillful design. The general plot of the letter may be missing. There is nothing obligatory in the composition of the letter, it all depends on the intentions of the writer, he has the power to cut off the narration in mid-sentence and return to the topic raised at the beginning. At the end, it may not put a signature.

For comparison with the requirements that were imposed by the ancient rhetoricians and "writers" to personal correspondence, we present the requirements that were imposed in the 19th century. From the book “Life in the Light, at Home and at Court”, published in 1890, it is clear that in many ways the society was right, strictly following the rules of decency, and in many ways our predecessors were right, observing etiquette. The authors of this work believe that “... you should write about the person to whom the letter is intended, and touch on subjects that may be of interest to him, then you can already tell about yourself, describe your situation and pastime, in conclusion, turn again to the personality of the correspondent, ask about various circumstances related to him, and then express a desire to see you soon.

The first samples of the epistolary novel appeared in Europe as early as the 17th century. The first such work was the Portuguese Letters by Gabriel Joseph Guilleragas, written in 1669. The work is a collection of love letters from the Portuguese nun Marianna Alcoforado. Another novel in 17th century letters is Aphra Behn's Love Correspondence between a Nobleman and His Sister, which was written

in 1684.

In the XVIII century, the genre of the novel in letters becomes very popular, especially among writers - sentimentalists. The popularity of this genre was facilitated by the success of the novels Pamela, or Virtue Reborn, Clarissa, or the Story of a Young Lady, which contain the most important issues of private life and show, in particular, the disasters that can result from the wrong behavior of both parents and children. in relation to marriage, The History of Sir Charles Grandison, by Samuel Richardson.

In France of the 18th century, novels in letters were written by Charles Louis de Montesquieu "Persian Letters", Philippe Bridard de la Garde "Letters of Teresa", Jean-Jacques Rousseau "Julia, or New Eloise", Choderlos de Laclos "Dangerous Liaisons". In Germany, at the same time, Johann Wolfgang Goethe turned to the genre of the novel in letters. His "The Suffering of Young Werther" is one of the classics of the epistolary genre.

In the literature of romanticism, the development of the genre continued. Julia Kridener's novel "Valerie", Etienne de Senancourt's "Oberman", Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin's "Hyperion" were created in the form of letters. The epistolary genre was also used in Jane Austen's Lady Susan. In neo-romantic literature, the techniques of the genre were developed by Bram Stoker in the novel Dracula.

In Russian literature, it is impossible not to mention the first novel by F. M. Dostoevsky "Poor People", written between 1844 and 1846, when the author was twenty-five years old. The novel depicts correspondence between Makar Devushkin and Varvara Dobroselova.

“Letters were invented to communicate their thoughts to those who are absent,” says the “New and complete letter book, or general secretary, containing letters: informing, giving advice, accusatory ...” 1829. And further: “They serve instead of oral conversation and, as it were, before the eyes represent people who are distant from each other. The art of writing letters is the way in which almost all communications in society are contained.

The authors of the letter compare a person's letter with his own portrait, which is easy to spoil even with one wrong line. They believe that "the written style should not be too high, but not too clownish, it should look like an ordinary conversation."

In the 19th century letters were as important as they are now. This is also evidenced by the earlier, published in 1881, collection "Good tone" by Hermann Goppe. It makes sense to adopt some of the rules that existed then. Since a significant part of good manners is not a tribute to fashion, not momentary trends, but rules polished by time, following which saves us from inconvenience, bringing joy from communication.

For example, the "Collection of advice and instructions", released in 1889, was at one time literally a handbook. The main provisions are acceptable even now, they are being revived (rules for addressing, writing letters). The book tells us that “in the art of composing letters, a very important role is played by the ability to distinguish the one to whom we write, to give the right tone to our letter, that is, such a tone that would quite correctly agree with those feelings and attitudes to to whom we write. And further: “Any letter, no matter who it is written, reflects the moral character of the writer, the measure of his education. That is why it is necessary in correspondence to be refined and witty and firmly remembering that holy truth that people aptly conclude about moral dignity from letters.

The letter is adapted to the transfer of as much and varied information as possible in the smallest possible volume of the message. Such “frugality” of the message has been fixed historically: after all, private correspondence reflects the entire daily life of people outside of their official relations, and this is a huge complex of emotions, thoughts, and actions.

The importance of private letters is greater, since an intimate conversation allows you to speak openly about many things, to raise questions that cannot be raised publicly - political, philosophical, historical. That is, epistolary literature provided an opportunity for an exchange of views on issues that were considered non-debatable.

Figures of culture and art raised the language of letters to the level of the language of works of art. They even published some of their letters as fiction and journalistic works. For example, N.V. Gogol's articles in "Selected passages from correspondence with friends" are excerpts from the author's personal letters. Personal letters of A. S. Pushkin, P. A. Vyazemsky, V. A. Zhukovsky and many other writers were read at one time in circles and salons as literary works. And the authors themselves wrote letters with no less diligence than their works of art. Drafts of some letters of well-known figures of culture and art have been preserved, which testify to the careful work on their content and style.

Therefore, speaking of a careful attitude to the creation of their own letters, one can see the same scrupulousness in writing letters by the heroes of the works. Basically, these are friendly letters. It is in them, the characteristic feature of which is “looseness”, meaningful freedom, trusting and friendly relations between the participants in communication, that the “secret” of using the language is revealed, the system of speech preferences is revealed.

At different times, the epistolary genre attracted writers with its great potential. A. I. Herzen wrote: “For digressions and for brackets, I love the form of letters most of all ... - you can write without hesitation what comes to mind.” And also: “I always looked at the letters with some kind of trepidation, with some kind of painful pleasure, nervous, thick and, perhaps, close to fear. ... Like dry sheets that have wintered under the snow, the letters resemble another summer, its heat , its warm nights, and the fact that it has gone forever and ever, you can guess from them about the branchy oak from which the wind plucked them, but it does not make noise over your head and does not press with all its strength, as it presses in the book. Correspondence becomes "some kind of moving, open confession ... everything is fixed, everything is marked in letters ... without rouge and embellishment."

In this case, a letter is defined as a private informal written communication of persons (addresser and addressee), characterized by sufficient content freedom, the presence of standard epistolary elements (appeal, signature, as well as date, place of writing), which, as a rule, implies a response and is not intended auto -rum letters for publication. For a friendly letter of great importance is the constant feeling of the personality of the addressee by the author of the letter, the “home-likeness” of the material, his autobiography.

In the last decade, thanks to the Internet, novels based on electronic correspondence have appeared. The first significant novel written in Spanish and describing correspondence solely by e-mail is The Heart of Voltaire by Puerto Rican writer Luis López Nieves. The novel was written in 2005. Unlike a traditional epistolary novel, the use of e-mail in the novel makes the plot more dynamic, as the Internet allows messages to be delivered anywhere in the world in a matter of seconds.
1.2 Question of genre definition of letters

In modern science, there are practically no works in which the theory of this genre would be deeply developed.

Some scholars consider the most striking feature of letters to be their focus on a particular reader. And since the addressee may not be one person, but a group of persons, the content of the letter may address issues not only of a personal nature, but also public and state problems.

All letters can be classified from several points of view. One type of classification is in terms of the permanent addressee, that is, how many letters were addressed to a particular person and what is the general tone of these letters. It is possible to classify letters both in terms of content and its purpose. Conventionally, the following groups are distinguished in this classification: private letters, business letters, journalistic letters and philosophical ones. Most often we have to talk about business and personal letters. The main features of a business (official) letter are persuasiveness, strict consistency, conciseness, and informativeness. Business correspondence is in many ways close to the official business style in the presence of a special stock of official, clerical vocabulary and phraseology. A personal letter is distinguished by emotionality, ease, the transfer of one's own impressions, a rather large coverage of events and information from the life of the author of the letter and the addressee. Through the language of the hero, we can determine not only his mood, character, but also his attitude towards the addressee. And this is very important! After all, compiling the text of the letter with special care, we hope to get an answer to it.

Different literary genres to varying degrees reflect the linguistic specificity of the individual. The epistolary genre can be called universal, since it is especially favorable for the study of a linguistic personality in all the richness of its manifestation.

1.3 Etiquette speech formulas in letters

Writing is a special (epistolary) genre of speech. It is compiled and sent to the addressee in order to inform him of something, to notify him of something, to maintain communication with him. The genre of writing dictates a greater stereotyping of expressions than oral communication, hence the special set of etiquette expressions characteristic of the epistolary genre.

Writing etiquette is part of speech etiquette in general, but it is a special part of it, since contact between those who communicate does not occur directly, but in time and space in writing. Both the temporal-spatial feature and the written form suggest a special genre of writing and dictate the choice of certain language means that differ from the means of oral speech etiquette. The distance of the “interlocutors” in space excludes facial expressions, gesture, intonation, what can be called understanding from a half-word, the possibility of asking again, situational reinforcement, therefore, it implies a comparative completeness of constructions, deployment, sequence of presentation, that is, those features that are characteristic of monologue speech. However, a letter cannot be called a monologue in the full sense, since the presence of a specific addressee, and most importantly, his expected answer, also causes dialogue forms of communication (greeting, farewell, appeal, etc.). The distance of the “interlocutors” in space may necessitate the description of a gesture, for example: I hug, kiss, shake my hand. The remoteness of the “interlocutors” in time makes it necessary to remind the addressee of the questions posed in his letter, of returning to the topics already mentioned (You ask how I live ...), that is, again, the letter stands out as a special genre of dialogic-monologic text.

Chapter 2

Compositionally, the letter consists of three parts: 1) the beginning (address, greeting, etc.), 2) the informational part and 3) the ending.

2.1 Beginning of the letter

Each type of writing involves its own characteristic types of beginnings, which are determined by the degree of standardization of the letter. Naturally, standardization is the highest in a business letter, and the lowest in a friendly letter.

This type of beginning, such as indicating the place where the letter is sent from, and the dates of writing at the beginning of the letter may be absent in informal letters.

The beginning of the Russian letter also includes appeals, greetings. The sequence of parts at the beginning of informal letters is as follows:

Place and date of writing the letter;

Greetings;

Appeal.

The place of writing the letter is a geographical name: from the widest - the name of the state (Russia, France), to the narrowest - the name of the city (Moscow, St. Petersburg), village (village Vyazniki), settlement (village Oktyabrsky) . In addition, these can be conditional names of the place where the letter is written from: the Anapa sanatorium, the board of the ship Georgia. As can be seen from the examples, a combination of a generic name with a conditional name is more often used, which is typical for informal letters.

The date of writing the letter most often includes the day, month and year. All three of these elements are formatted in different ways: the number can be enclosed in quotation marks, the word "years" is abbreviated. In other types of letters, the month may be indicated by a Roman or Arabic numeral, for example: 8/X-1978, 8.X.78, 8-X-78, 8.10.78. The letter may not indicate the year, but sometimes time of day and day of the week can be marked. For example: 8.X, morning; 7/VIII, Sunday; 11 am, Saturday.

Address in a letter

The choice of etiquette forms of address is determined by the norms of Russian speech etiquette.

The choice of name and patronymic, full or diminutive form of the name, as well as the name and kinship name with petting suffixes (for example: Valechka, mommy) are determined by the relationship between the addressee and the sender, the degree of their closeness, the nature of the relationship at the moment, the content of the letter.

The form of addressing the word "dear" is widespread. Moreover, the word dear is neutral in this case. As a neutral word, it is opposed, on the one hand, to such "affectionate", "intimate" words as dear, dear, etc., and on the other hand, to such "official" words as respected, highly respected. It should also be noted that the appeal "dear" is accompanied by the pronoun "my (mine)", also has an intimate character (for example: My dear mom!). The order of the words "my", "dear", "beloved" can be different. For example: My dear! Lovely my! Or my dear! My lovely! Among close people, the use of a large number of individual, occasional affectionate addresses is common.

Greeting in a letter

A typical opening element is a salutation, which may begin private formal and informal letters. Letters may begin: 1) with an appeal; 2) with greetings and appeals; 3) with an appeal and greeting; 4) with greetings.

The most common stylistically neutral greetings are “Hello (those)!”, “Good afternoon!”, Which can be both before and after the appeal, for example: Hello, dear Ekaterina Ivanovna! Dear Semyon Vasilyevich, hello! Good afternoon, my dear Olenka! My dear son, good afternoon!

The word "greet" forms various greetings. For example: Allow me to welcome you, dear Alexei Nikolaevich! Such greetings are found in informal letters from people of the older and middle generation, for example: Dear Victor, I cordially greet you.

In a greeting, the formula “I send (helmet) hello” often appears. This formula is typical for informal letters. For example: I send warm greetings, dear Klava!

Greetings often contain an indication of the place from which the letter is sent, for example: Greetings from the Crimea! I send you greetings from the ship! Greetings, drawn up with the words "greetings", "hello", are often accompanied by wishes and congratulations, if the subject of the letter provides for this. For example: Kostya! Greetings from Crimea and best wishes! I cordially greet the participants of the International Scientific Conference.

2.2 Information part

To go directly to the informational part, there are stereotypical phrases. They harmoniously enter messages (for example: I’ll tell you about business in a few words or I’m in a hurry to tell the news ... etc.). There are also stereotypical phrases that contain informational information (for example: This is where I end. Or Well, that's all the news, etc.).

The elements of the informational part of the letter also include braces - formulas that allow you to enter a new, significant segment of the letter. The transition from paragraph to paragraph, from one thought to another, as a rule, is realized with the help of a tie-attachment, a tie-opposition, a tie-generalization.

Attachment-clip introduces an additional message, for example: In addition to what has been said, we inform ...; Yes, I would like to add...

A counter-brace introduces a message containing a limitation or opposition to what has been said, for example: So we basically agree with your condition. However, I must make a number of clarifications.

A generalization skrepa, as a rule, introduces a final message to what was said earlier, for example: Based on the above, one can come to the following conclusion ...

2.3 Letter ending

The ending of the letter, like the beginning, has a normalized sequence of parts.

At the end of the informal letter are the following parts: 1) final phrases; 2) repeated apologies, thanks, congratulations; 3) assumptions that the correspondence will be regular; 4) a request to write and answer questions (often these questions are listed); 5) greetings and a request to send greetings; 6) farewell; 7) PS - (post scriptum - literally: after what was written) - where what was accidentally omitted in the text of the letter is added.

The sequence of parts at the end of the letter is as follows:

Final phrases;

requests to write;

Assumptions that the correspondence will be normal;

Repeated apologies, congratulations, wishes;

Thanks;

Greetings and requests to convey greetings;

Farewell and expressions accompanying farewell;

Assurances of respect, friendship, love;

Signature;

Postscripts.

At the same time, not all elements of the scheme must be present in the letter.

Signature at the end of the letter

The signature at the end of the letter corresponds to the forms of address accepted between the correspondents. If the correspondents call each other by their first name and patronymic, then the sender writes his first name and patronymic at the end of the letter, and if they call each other by their first name or kinship name, then they sign the name or kinship name, and the diminutive form often corresponds to the one that familiar to reporters.

Non-standard addressee signatures in a friendly letter also express the attitude of the author of the letter to the addressee, serve to establish and maintain communication, and “increase” the pragmatic effect of communication. For example: Your Coconut (K.S. Stanislavsky - N.K. Schlesinger; December 12, 1886).

Stereotyping postscript at the end of a letterPostscript - the text that is located after the signature. The first postscript can be entered with a P.S. (postscript), and the secondary postscript is P.S.S. (post-postscript), after which the phrases can go: In addition, I inform ..., One more news ... and others.

In private letters, postscripts without the P.S sign are possible.

Chapter 3. Letters from Captain Tatarinov in the plot organization of V. Kaverin's novel "Two Captains".

3.1 Review of the content component of the novel by V. Kaverin "Two Captains".

Before proceeding to the study of the letters of Captain Tatarinov, I would like to say about the plot of the work. It is based on the letters of Captain Ivan Lvovich Tatarinov, whose expedition got lost in the north near Novaya Zemlya. The author did not accidentally choose this type of narration. These letters run through the entire novel, largely determining the future of the protagonist - Sanka Grigoriev. They are a kind of link in the novel: the past haunts the hero in the present and pushes him to future discoveries.

From the pages of the novel, we learn that Ivan Lvovich Tatarinov is the captain of the schooner "Saint Mary", who in the fall of 1912 went on a northern expedition. At first, he thought of going on a schooner along the coast of Siberia from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok. Then he changed his route and took the Northern Sea Route as far as possible to the North Pole. For a long time the expedition was considered lost, the fate of Tatarinov was unknown. And only by chance and perseverance of Alexander Grigoriev it became known that important geographical discoveries were made by Tatarinov. A new land was discovered, which he called "Mary's Land" and which was subsequently discovered by Vilkitsky and named Severnaya Zemlya. Formulas were derived by which it was possible to calculate the speed and direction of ice movement in any area of ​​the Arctic Ocean. Scientific information about the existence of Peterman's Land was refuted. From the captain's letters it became known that the schooner was covered with ice in the Kara Sea. 13 people, led by the navigator Klimov, on his orders, went to the mainland to deliver information about the discoveries to the Hydrographic Department. Tatarinov himself, with the rest of the expedition, stayed for the winter on the new land he discovered, and then moved towards the mainland. The remains of his expedition were discovered by Grigoriev on the northern coast of Taimyr.

3.2. Analysis of the "first" passage from the letter.

Starting to study one of the letters of Captain Tatarinov, I want to conditionally give them a number, since I note that the exact date is not indicated in them. In addition, the novel does not give a clear boundary at the end of the first letter and the beginning of another. The work says: “Here the first leaf ended. I turned it over, but nothing could be read on the other side, except for a few incoherent words, slightly preserved among smudges and stains. Therefore, I will call them the “first”, “second”, and “third” passages from the letter, based on their following in the novel.

“My friend, my dear, dear Mashenka!

It's been about two years now since I sent you a letter via a telegraph expedition to Yugorsky Shar. But how much has changed since then, I can't tell you! To begin with, then we were moving freely along the intended course, and since October 1913 we have been slowly moving north along with the polar ice. Thus, willy-nilly, we had to abandon the original intention - to go to Vladivostok along the coast of Siberia. But there is no evil without good! A completely different thought now occupies me. I hope it does not seem to you - as to some of my companions - "childish" or "reckless" ...

Place of writing and date in the letter

There is no date in the letter. Captain Tatarinov only points to a fairly long time for sending the letter: "... about two years have passed since I sent you a letter ...". V. Kaverin used this technique to show that time has no power over a person's desire to live and create, and in the case of the hero of the novel, to discover something new for others.

The place of departure of the letter is Yugorsky Shar.From the encyclopedia we learn what it isstraitbetween the shores of the islandVaygach and mainland Eurasia, connects the southern parts of the Barents andKarskyseas. The length is about 40 km, the width is from 2.5 to 12 km. The greatest depth is 36 m. Most of the year it is covered with ice. There are several islands in the strait, the main ones being Storozhevoy and Sokoly. shores of the straitprecipitous, cliffsand rocky ones. There is no woody vegetation on the banks, there is sparse grass, slanka,moss and reindeer moss. For the first time among the navigators of Western Europe they passed the Yugorsky Shar in1580the British Arthur Peet and Charles Jackman, calling this strait Nassau. Later, a Russian version appeared - the Vaigach Strait. At present, the strait is called Yugorsky Shar. With17th centuryRussian travelers used the strait on their way toMangazeya. A more accurate survey of the Yugorsky Shar was carried out in and 1898 expeditions L. F. Dobrotvorsky and A. I. Vilkitsky.

The letter uses the combination "through a telegraph expedition to Yugorsky Shar". It also has a historical and geographical justification. The marine hydrometeorological (polar) station Yugorsky Shar was opened in 1913 under the program of the II category, it was located on the shore at the eastern mouth of the Yugorsky Shar strait, 3 km from its outlet into the Kara Sea, between Capes Lakorzali and Yarossel. On August 3, 1989, the station was moved 500 m northeast of its original location. Observations were terminated and the station was closed on May 17, 1993.

Address in a letter

"My friend, my dear, dear Masha!" - with these words, Captain Tatarinov begins his letter to his wife. The neutral forms of the standard etiquette address “dear, dear” take on a different color in this context: they show the spiritual qualities of a person, and the use of the possessive pronoun “my” gives an intimate character. In addition, the phrase-appeal "my friend" is used - a symbol of reliability and devotion. The word order is used direct, and in the address "my friend" there is an inversion, which performs an accent and semantic function, serves to highlight the necessary words. According to the speech constructions, we can conclude: Captain Tatarinov sees in his wife a reliable comrade and devoted friend whom he loves and appreciates.

Greeting in a letter

There is no greeting in the letter. This speaks, on the one hand, of the feelings that overwhelm the hero, and on the other hand, of the transience of time, or rather, of its lack. There is so much to say and express. Or maybe Captain Tatarinov does not even want to think about those huge kilometers that separate him from his family. Therefore, he avoids the standard "hello". It seems to him that he sees Maria Vasilievna, and the words-stamps are out of place here.

Information part

In the informational part, Captain Tatarinov talks about past events, but in his descriptions I see the hero as more of a romantic than a discoverer of the vast northern latitudes. The rhetorical exclamation “But how much has changed since then, I can’t tell you!” fascinates: the hero is overwhelmed by the flows of information that he wants to convey to the addressee. This formula already shows the importance of those events that will be described later. The hero sets out the route with extreme precision, using professional words: expedition, course, north, polar ice. Ivan Lvovich begins the informational part with the standard phrase: "to begin with...". This suggests that the hero has something to tell, but thoughts are in a hurry, you need to take the most important thing. Therefore, Captain Tatarinov, fearing to interrupt the clear composition of the narrative, begins with the dates: "since October 1913, we have been slowly moving north along with the polar ice." The letter uses the phraseological unit “there is no blessing without good”, in which notes of optimism are heard. Even in the current difficult, or rather, hopeless situation, Tatarinov finds pluses. Most of all in this letter I was attracted by the last lines: “A completely different thought now occupies me. I hope it doesn't seem to you - as it does to some of my companions - "childish" or "reckless."Here the character's style is original, full of peculiar turns. Epithets are used: the thought is called "childish, reckless". They describe to us the character of a true polar explorer, a person full of hopes and unfulfilled dreams. Summing up the analysis of this passage from Captain Tatarinov's letter to his wife, it should be noted a mixture of two styles of colloquial (the beginning of the letter, phraseological unit, adverb "willy-nilly") and scientific (exact geographical names, dates). Regarding the epistolary units, one can note a certain compositional completeness: the beginning “to start with that ...” and a fragment of the conclusion of the statement “in this way”.

Letter ending

The end of the letter is missing.

3.3 Analysis of the "second" passage from the letter.

The second passage began with a description of the schooner "Saint Mary":“In the midst of one such field stands our “St. Maria“, covered with snow up to the gunwale. From time to time, garlands of frost break off the rigging and fall down with a quiet rustle.. And then follows:“As you can see, Mashenka, out of grief I became a poet. However, we also have a real poet - our cook Kolpakov. A restless soul! All day long he sings his poem. Here are four lines for you to remember:
Under the flag of Mother Russia
The captain and I will go on our way
And round the shores of Siberia
With your beautiful ship.

I write and reread my endless letter and write again and see that I am just chatting with you, and there is so much more important to say. I am sending Klimov a package addressed to the head of the Hydrographic Department. These are my observations, official letters and a report that outlines the history of our drift. But just in case, I am writing to you about our discovery: there are no lands on the maps to the north of the Taimyr Peninsula. Meanwhile, being at latitude 79°35" between meridians 86 and 87 east of Greenwich, we noticed a sharp silvery strip, slightly convex, extending from the very horizon. On the third of April the strip turned into a dull moon-colored shield, and the next day we saw clouds very strange in shape, like mist that shrouded distant mountains. I am convinced that this is land. Unfortunately, I could not leave the ship in a difficult position to explore it. But everything is ahead. As long as I called it by your name, so that on any geographical map you will now find a heartfelt greeting from your Mongotimo Hawkclaw, as you once called me. How long ago, my God! However, I do not complain. We will see each other, and everything will be fine. But one thought, one thought torments me!”

Place of writing and date in the letter

Address in a letter

In the letter we see the appeal "Mashenka". In addition, it should be noted the use of the diminutive suffix -ENK- in this word, which indicates a positive, kind attitude of the writer to his addressee. Yes, Ivan Lvovich loves his Masha, otherwise how can the following phrase be explained: “I write and reread my endless letter and write again and see that I’m just chatting with you, but there is still so much important to say.” These words are consonant with Pushkin's intimate lyrics.

Greeting in a letter

Information part

In the informational part, the hero remarks: "out of grief, I became a poet." The description lines do not leave indifferent: “From time to time, garlands of frost break off the rigging and fall down with a quiet rustle.” This proposal shows that we are not only the discoverer of the northern unknown distances, but simply a person who sees beauty and admires it. Great is the fortitude of Captain Tatarinov. He instilled it in the soul of his team. This is evidenced by the poetic lines that he cites as a demonstration of the poetic talent of the cook Kolpakov. In them we see purposefulness towards the intended goal, the desire to overcome all obstacles and, of course, love for “Mother Russia”. The analyzed fragments of the letter show us a vivid example of figurative speech, although again you can see inclusions of professional vocabulary: gunwale, rigging. The combination of commonly used words and professionalism suggests that Captain Tatarinov, even in a letter to a loved one, does not forget about his duty to the Fatherland.

The following snippet is a business report. The hero himself writes: “I am sending a package with Klimov addressed to the head of the Hydrographic Department. These are my observations, official letters and a report in which the history of our drift is laid out. Captain Tatarinov describes his great discoveries simply, but reading the lines of his letter, one can see the excitement of the hero. With bated breath, he writes to his Mashenka that the “new” earth is named after her: “So far I have named it after your name, so on any geographical map you will now find a heartfelt greeting ...”. Again we see the touching feelings of Ivan Lvovich for his wife, which, no matter how strange it may sound, are connected with the science of the geographical discoveries of the Far North.

Severnaya Zemlya… In gazetteers we read: “Severnaya Zemlya is located in the central part of the Arctic Ocean. From the west, the shores of the archipelago are washed by the waters of the Kara Sea, from the east - by the Laptev Sea. Severnaya Zemlya is separated from the continental part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory by the Vilkitsky Strait, 130 km long and 56 km wide at its narrowest point between Cape Chelyuskin and the southern tip of the Transe Islands off the coast of Bolshevik Island. The most distant point from the mainland is Cape Zemlyanoy on Schmidt Island, distant from the Taimyr Peninsula.

for 470 kilometers. The northernmost point of the islands is Cape Arctic onKomsomolets Island(81 ° 16 "22.92" north latitude), the distance from it to the North Pole is 990.7 km, so the cape is often used as a starting point for Arctic expeditions, the southernmost is Cape Neupokoev on Bolshevik Island (77 ° 55 "11.21" north latitude), the westernmost is a nameless cape in the extreme west of Schmidt Island (90 ° 4 "42.95" east longitude), the easternmost - in the area of ​​Cape Baza on the island of Maly Taimyr (107 ° 45 "55.67" east longitude). The distance from north to south is 380 kilometers, from west to east - 404 kilometers.

The archipelago was discovered in 1913 by a hydrographic expedition of 1910-1915 by Boris Vilkitsky.

There is a collision of geographical truth and literary truth, the way V. Kaverin sees it. I will not prove the reliability of names and surnames, as well as who nevertheless discovered Severnaya Zemlya. This is for other studies. But the accuracy of Ivan Lvovich's "objective" style is amazing. Moreover, he conducts a thorough study of his discovery. He writes: “... being at latitude 79 ° 35 "between meridians 86 and 87 east of Greenwich, we noticed a sharp silvery strip, slightly convex, extending from the very horizon. On the third of April, the strip turned into a matte moon-colored shield, and the next day we saw clouds of a very strange shape, similar to fog that shrouded distant mountains. I am convinced that this is the earth. "This record is accompanied not only by degree measures that help to accurately determine the object, but also by dates. For the discoverer, this is very important. Afraid, that Klimov will not be able to deliver information about the discovery, he dedicates his wife to his secret, although he writes about it, starting with the phrase "... just in case, I am writing to you about our discovery."

Letter ending

At the end of the fragment, we see the final phrases: “How long ago, my God! However, I'm not complaining. We'll see you and everything will be fine." The rhetorical exclamation immediately performs two functions: on the one hand, Ivan Lvovich is horrified by the long separation, and on the other, he tries to convey to his wife the desire to see her, while calling on God as a witness. This is followed by lines full of optimism and tranquility. Knowing his difficult situation, he does not want to tear Maria Vasilyevna's heart. Therefore, the words sound so promising: "We will see each other, and everything will be fine."

3.4 Analysis of the "third" passage from the letter.

Place of writing and date in the letter

In this fragment, the date and place of writing are not indicated. This gives reason to believe that the presented passage is part of the letter.

Greeting in a letter

There is no greeting in the letter.

Address in a letter and information part

Starting the analysis of the third fragment, I would like to note some confusion in terms of composition. The appeal is used in a slightly different form: "I beg you for one thing." There is no name, no beautiful words, but everything is very clear: using verbs in the imperative mood, Captain Tatarinov orders his wife to fulfill his request - not to believe Nikolai Antonovich, the captain's brother. Ivan Lvovich does not slander a person. God alone probably knows how hard these lines were given to him. He blames a loved one for many of the failures of the expedition, but he does it without saying a word, and supporting his arguments with evidence: “... of the sixty dogs that he sold to us in Arkhangelsk, most of them had to be shot on Novaya Zemlya.” As a sentence, tragic notes sound in the letter of Captain Tatarinov: “We can safely say that we owe all our failures only to him.” The feeling of surprise, despair sounds like an alarm in the lexical repetition: "We took risks, we knew that we were taking risks, but we did not expect such a blow." However, the feeling of love for the family and people close to the heart overcomes the bitterness of loss and deprivation. The plot outline is quickly cut off, and Captain Tatarinov again finds no words to describe everything that he sees and experiences. He remembers his daughter, affectionately calls her "Katyusha". Again, the same technique that we observed in the second fragment: the presence of diminutive suffixes is a symbol of the manifestation of positive emotions and feelings.

Letter ending

Pitying and reassuring his wife, Ivan Lvovich does not lie, but tells the truth, no matter how bitter it may be. The last lines sound tragic. But hope dies last. And again an imperative mood. It no longer acts as an order, but as a request of the heart “you still don’t really wait ...”.

Conclusion

Writing is a direct reflection of a natural communicative act that is realized in the most direct form and is not burdened by genre restrictions that are imposed by all other types of creative activity. Consideration of the addressee determines a wide choice for attracting various contact-setting means. Such means include epistolary units.

In our work, we made a systematic analysis of these units in the letters of Captain I. L. Tatarinov to Maria Vasilievna, his wife. At the same time, we considered these units as compositional structures of writing. We used 3 fragments, most likely from one letter, since there is no evidence of the number of letters in the novel.

It seems natural, expedient and logical to explore the experience accumulated by the epistolary genre by the end of the twentieth century, to see how it manifests itself at the final stage of its existence. All this determined the purpose of our work - to identify the features of epistolary units in the letters of Captain Tatarinov to the above addressee.

Based on the goal, we conducted a systematic analysis of epistolary units, identified the features of their functioning depending on the addressee and the nature of the letter. Compositionally, the letter consists of three parts: the beginning, the informational part and the ending.

The following components stand out in the beginning:

1. Place of writing and date in the letter.

For Captain Tatarinov's letters, writing the date with the designation of the day and month is not typical. Only a year is given. This is observed in the first fragment, in the remaining fragments there are no dates.

2. Appeal.

In the analyzed passages, figurative appeals, which express a special trusting, friendly disposition towards the addressee, are most widely used. This is achieved by using unusual epithets, diminutive suffixes.

3. Greeting.

In all fragments, Captain Tatarinov proceeds without unnecessary prefaces to the informational part. Perhaps this is due to the fact that the correspondence is quite well-established. The hero does not use a greeting, knowing that this will not offend the addressee, since a trusting relationship has already developed between the participants in the correspondence.

4. Information part.
The information part of Ivan Lvovich's letters differs in that each new input of information almost always begins with a new paragraph. Therefore, messages are practically not connected with each other and are able to exist separately from each other. 5. The ending of the letter.

At the end of the letter, many constituent elements are missing. Thus, epistolary requirements are more respected in relation to farewell and the result of what is written. The signature is found only once: "... greetings from your Mongotimo Hawkclaw."

So, we can state that the epistolary style, once strictly observed, does not disappear. The letter in its traditional form does not go away, but only changes. However, this fact does not at all mean its complete mutation, perhaps it is only an adaptation to new technical conditions.

The study of these processes is of undoubted interest and will allow us to see the prospects for new forms of expression of human relations.

Literature

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10. Dunker Z.M. Functional-semantic organization of private writing: AKD-St. Petersburg, 1992.

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22. Encyclopedia for children. T. 9. Russian literature of the 19th - 20th centuries. M .: Avanta +, 2004.

Captain Tatarinov's letters

“My friend, my dear, dear Mashenka!
It's been about two years now since I sent you a letter via a telegraph expedition to Yugorsky Shar. But how much has changed since then, I can't tell you! To begin with, then we were moving freely along the intended course, and since October 1913 we have been slowly moving north along with the polar ice. Thus, willy-nilly, we had to abandon our original intention - to pass to Vladivostok along the coast of Siberia. But there is no evil without good! A completely different thought now occupies me. I hope she does not seem to you - as to some of my companions - "childish" or "reckless" ...
**********

“... reaching considerable depth in places. Among one such field stands our “St. Maria“, covered with snow up to the gunwale. From time to time, garlands of frost break off the rigging and fall down with a quiet rustle. As you can see, Mashenka, out of grief I became a poet. However, we also have a real poet - our cook Kolpakov. A restless soul! All day long he sings his poem. Here are four lines for you to remember:
Under the flag of Mother Russia
The captain and I will go on our way
And round the shores of Siberia
With your beautiful ship.

I write and reread my endless letter and write again and see that I am just chatting with you, and there is so much more important to say. I am sending Klimov a package addressed to the head of the Hydrographic Department. These are my observations, official letters and a report that sets out the history of our drift. But just in case, I am writing to you about our discovery: there are no lands on the maps to the north of the Taimyr Peninsula. Meanwhile, being at latitude 79°35" between meridians 86 and 87 east of Greenwich, we noticed a sharp silvery strip, slightly convex, extending from the very horizon. On the third of April the strip turned into a dull moon-colored shield, and the next day we saw clouds very strange in shape, like mist that shrouded distant mountains. I am convinced that this is land. Unfortunately, I could not leave the ship in a difficult position to explore it. But everything is ahead. As long as I called it by your name, so that on any geographical map you will now find a heartfelt greeting from your Mongotimo Hawkclaw, as you once called me. How long ago, my God! However, I do not complain ... However, I do not complain, "I continued to remember, mutter, confused, that here is one more word, one more, and then - I forgot, did not remember. "I'm not complaining. We'll see each other, and everything will be fine. But one thought, one thought torments me!"
********

“... It is bitter to think that everything could be completely different. I know he will make excuses, perhaps he will be able to convince you that I alone am to blame for everything. I beg you one thing: do not trust this man! We can safely say that we owe all our failures only to him. It is enough that of the sixty dogs he sold to us in Arkhangelsk, most of them had to be shot in Novaya Zemlya. That's how much this service cost us! Not only I alone - the whole expedition sends him curses. We took risks, we knew that we were taking risks, but we did not expect such a blow. It remains to do everything in our power. How much I could tell you about our journey! There would be enough stories for Katyushka for the whole winter. But what a price to pay, my God! I don't want you to think that our situation is hopeless. But don't expect too much…”

Letter addressed to Captain I. L. Tatarinov

October, 2012, Tambov

Hello Ivan Lvovich! With greetings and best wishes, Vladimir Yurin, a cadet of the Multidisciplinary Cadet Corps in Tambov, addresses you. As I address my letter to you, I am filled with excitement. So I want to shout: “Hello to the discoverer of the northern expanses, hello to the twentieth century from the twenty-first century!”

At the beginning of my letter, I want to inform you that you are a legendary person! Firstly, your discoveries helped the development of domestic science, and secondly, they became the material for creating a wonderful novel written by V. Kaverin. This work shocked every cadet of our corps.

Ivan Lvovich, unfortunately I didn't get to know you personally, but I really want to be like you. I, like you, love to read. I have had this passion for books since childhood. I especially like adventure and historical novels, in which courageous, strong-willed people appear. They, like you, charge with amazing energy. And after that, at least to the North Pole, even to the Sahara desert.

You are a real hero! People like you and your team members have set an example of inimitable patriotism. Love for the Motherland... What could be more valuable and more important for a person of any time. Each of us absorbed this feeling with mother's milk. As a mother is holy to a person, so is the Motherland.

Reading the pages of the novel, I was touched to the depths of my soul by your feelings addressed to loved ones. You love your family. Understanding the complexity of the current situation, you still do not lose heart, but remain an optimist, plus a romantic. Being separated from your loved ones, being separated by thousands of kilometers, you continue to think and take care of them, regardless of the distance.

Your resilience is amazing. I want to be like you in many ways.

My eyes must be sparkling as I write these lines. But there is so much I want to say. I have a dream - to become a military man. Probably, this choice, in part, I owe to you, because those features of a real man that you possessed attract me. You did not like fame, grandiloquent speeches. I, too, am alien to the smell of ambition, but the fighting spirit of a real fighter boils in my soul.

In conclusion of my letter, I would like to express my gratitude to you for a clear example to follow. You have become a hero not only of the Kaverin novel, but also a hero for many generations of boys. Keep your head up, Captain Tatarinov! Your words, which have become the motto of many of us, will be remembered forever. "Fight and seek, find and never give up!"

With best regards, Vladimir.

Introduction

mythological novel image

"Two captains" - adventure novel Soviet writer Veniamin Kaverina, which was written by him in 1938-1944. The novel went through over a hundred reprints. For him, Kaverin was awarded Stalin Prize second degree (1946). The book has been translated into many foreign languages. First published: the first volume in the magazine "Koster", No. 8-12, 1938. The first separate edition - Kaverin V. Two captains. Drawings, binding, flyleaf and title by Y. Syrnev. Frontispiece by V. Konashevich. M.-L. Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, publishing house of children's literature in 1940. 464 p.

The book tells about the amazing fate of a mute from a provincial town Enska, who with honor goes through the trials of war and homelessness in order to win the heart of his girlfriend. After the unjust arrest of his father and the death of his mother, Alexander Grigoriev is sent to an orphanage. Having fled to Moscow, he first finds himself in a distribution center for homeless children, and then in a commune school. He is irresistibly attracted by the apartment of the director of the school, Nikolai Antonovich, where the latter's cousin, Katya Tatarinova, lives.

Katya's father, captain Ivan Tatarinov, who in 1912 led an expedition that discovered Severnaya Zemlya, went missing a few years ago. Sanya suspects that Nikolai Antonovich, who is in love with Katya's mother, Maria Vasilievna, contributed to this. Maria Vasilievna believes Sanya and commits suicide. Sanya is accused of slander and expelled from the Tatarinovs' house. And then he takes an oath to find an expedition and prove his case. He becomes a pilot and bit by bit collects information about the expedition.

After the start Great Patriotic War Sanya serves in air force. During one of the sorties, he discovers a ship with Captain Tatarinov's reports. The finds become the final touch and allow him to shed light on the circumstances of the death of the expedition and justify himself in the eyes of Katya, who had previously become his wife.

The motto of the novel - the words "Fight and seek, find and not give up" - is the final line from the textbook poem Lord Tennyson « Ulysses" (in the original: To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield). This line is also engraved on the cross in memory of the deceased expeditions R. Scott to the South Pole, on Observation Hill.

The novel was filmed twice (in 1955 and in 1976), and in 2001 the musical Nord-Ost was created based on the novel. The heroes of the film, namely the two captains, were erected a monument in the homeland of the writer, in Psokov, which is indicated in the novel as the city of Ensk. In 2001, a museum of the novel was created in the Psokov Children's Library.

In 2003, the main square of the city of Polyarny, Murmansk region, was named the Square of Two Captains. It was from this place that the expeditions of seafarers Vladimir Rusanov and Georgy Brusilov set sail.

The relevance of the work. The theme "The mythological basis in the novel by V. Kaverin" Two Captains "" was chosen by me because of the high degree of its relevance and significance in modern conditions. This is due to the wide public outcry and active interest in this issue.

To begin with, it is worth saying that the topic of this work is of great educational and practical interest to me. The problem of the issue is very relevant in modern reality. From year to year, scientists and experts pay more and more attention to this topic. Here it is worth noting such names as Alekseev D.A., Begak B., Borisova V., who made a significant contribution to the study and development of the conceptual issues of this topic.

The amazing story of Sanya Grigoriev - one of the two captains in Kaverin's novel - begins with an equally amazing find: a bag stuffed with letters. Nevertheless, it turns out that these "worthless" letters of others are still quite suitable for the role of a fascinating "epistolary novel", the content of which soon becomes common property. The letter, which tells about the dramatic history of the Arctic expedition of Captain Tatarinov and addressed to his wife, acquires a fateful significance for Sanya Grigoriev: his entire further existence turns out to be subordinated to the search for the addressee, and subsequently - the search for the missing expedition. Guided by this high aspiration, Sanya literally breaks into someone else's life. Having turned into a polar pilot and a member of the Tatarinov family, Grigoriev essentially replaces and displaces the deceased hero-captain. So, from the appropriation of someone else's letter to the appropriation of someone else's fate, the logic of his life unfolds.

The theoretical basis of the course work served as monographic sources, materials of scientific and industry periodicals directly related to the topic. Prototypes of the heroes of the work.

Object of study: plot and characters.

Subject of study: mythological motifs, plots, symbols in the work in the novel "Two Captains".

Purpose of the study: a comprehensive consideration of the issue of the influence of mythology on the novel by V. Kaverin.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks:

To reveal the attitude and frequency of Kaverin's appeal to mythology;

To study the main features of mythological heroes in the images of the novel "Two Captains";

Determine the forms of penetration of mythological motifs and plots into the novel "Two Captains";

Consider the main stages of Kaverin's appeal to mythological subjects.

To solve the tasks, methods such as descriptive, historical and comparative are used.

1. The concept of mythological themes and motifs

Myth stands at the origins of verbal art, mythological representations and plots occupy a significant place in the oral folklore tradition of various peoples. Mythological motifs played a big role in the genesis of literary plots, mythological themes, images, characters are used and rethought in literature almost throughout its history.

In the history of the epic, military strength and courage, a "violent" heroic character completely overshadow witchcraft and magic. The historical tradition is gradually pushing aside the myth, the mythical early time is being transformed into the glorious era of the early mighty statehood. However, individual features of the myth can be preserved in the most developed epics.

Due to the fact that in modern literary criticism there is no term "mythological elements", at the beginning of this work it is advisable to define this concept. For this, it is necessary to turn to works on mythology, which present opinions about the essence of myth, its properties, and functions. It would be much easier to define mythological elements as components of a particular myth (plots, heroes, images of living and inanimate nature, etc.), but when giving such a definition, one should also take into account the subconscious appeal of the authors of works to archetypal constructions (as V. N. Toporov, "some features in the work of great writers could be understood as sometimes an unconscious appeal to elementary semantic oppositions, well known in mythology", B. Groys speaks of "archaic, regarding which one can say that it is also at the beginning of time , as well as in the depths of the human psyche as its unconscious beginning.

So, what is a myth, and after it - what can be called mythological elements?

The word "myth" (mkhYuipzh) - "word", "story", "speech" - comes from ancient Greek. Initially, it was understood as a set of absolute (sacred) value-worldview truths that oppose everyday empirical (profane) truths expressed by an ordinary “word” (еТрпж), notes prof. A.V. Semushkin. Starting from the 5th c. BC, writes J.-P. Vernan, in philosophy and history, “myth”, opposed to “logos”, with which they initially coincided in meaning (only later logos began to mean the ability to think, reason), acquired a derogatory connotation, denoting a fruitless, unfounded statement, devoid of reliance on rigorous proof or reliable evidence (however, even in this case, it, disqualified from the point of view of truth, did not extend to sacred texts about gods and heroes).

The predominance of mythological consciousness refers mainly to the archaic (primitive) era and is associated primarily with its cultural life, in the system of semantic organization of which myth played a dominant role. The English ethnographer B. Malinovsky ascribed to the myth, first of all, the practical functions of maintaining

However, the main thing in the myth is the content, and not at all the correspondence with historical evidence. In myths, events are considered in time sequence, but often the specific time of the event does not matter and only the starting point for the beginning of the story is important.

In the 17th century English philosopher Francis Bacon in his essay “On the Wisdom of the Ancients” argued that myths in poetic form store the most ancient philosophy: moral maxims or scientific truths, the meaning of which is hidden under the cover of symbols and allegories. Free fantasy expressed in myth, according to the German philosopher Herder, is not something absurd, but is an expression of the childhood age of mankind, "the philosophical experience of the human soul, which dreams before it wakes up."

1.1 Signs and characteristics of a myth

Mythology as the science of myths has a rich and long history. The first attempts to rethink the mythological material were made in antiquity. But until now, there has not been a single generally accepted opinion about the myth. Of course, in the works of researchers there are points of contact. Starting precisely from these points, it seems possible for us to single out the main properties and signs of a myth.

Representatives of various scientific schools focus on different sides of the myth. So Raglan (Cambridge Ritual School) defines myths as ritual texts, Cassirer (representative of the symbolic theory) speaks of their symbolism, Losev (the theory of mythopoeticism) - of the coincidence of the general idea and the sensual image in the myth, Afanasiev calls myth the most ancient poetry, Bart - a communicative system . Existing theories are summarized in Meletinsky's book Poetics of Myth.

In the article by A.V. The Gulygs list the so-called "signs of a myth":

1. Merging the real and the ideal (thoughts and actions).

2. Unconscious level of thinking (mastering the meaning of the myth, we destroy the myth itself).

3. Syncretism of reflection (this includes: the inseparability of the subject and the object, the absence of differences between the natural and the supernatural).

Freidenberg notes the essential characteristics of myth, defining it in his book Myth and Literature of Antiquity: “A figurative representation in the form of several metaphors, where our logical, formal-logical thing, space, time are understood indivisibly and concretely, where a person and the world are subject-objectly united, - this special constructive system of figurative representations, when it is expressed in words, we call a myth. Based on this definition, it becomes clear that the main characteristics of a myth stem from the peculiarities of mythological thinking. Following the works of A.F. Loseva V.A. Markov argues that in mythological thinking there is no difference: object and subject, thing and its properties, name and object, word and action, society and space, man and the universe, natural and supernatural, and the universal principle of mythological thinking is the principle of participation (“everything is everything”, the logic of shape-shifting). Meletinsky is sure that mythological thinking is expressed in an indistinct division of subject and object, object and sign, thing and word, creature and its name, thing and its attributes, singular and plural, spatial and temporal relations, origin and essence.

In their writings, various researchers note the following characteristics of the myth: the sacralization of the mythical "time of creation", in which lies the cause of the established world order (Eliade); inseparability of the image and meaning (Potebnya); universal animation and personalization (Losev); close connection with the ritual; cyclic model of time; metaphorical nature; symbolic meaning (Meletinsky).

In the article “On the Interpretation of Myth in the Literature of Russian Symbolism”, G. Shelogurova tries to draw preliminary conclusions about what is meant by myth in modern philological science:

1. The myth is unanimously recognized as a product of collective artistic creativity.

2. Myth is determined by the indistinguishability between the plane of expression and the plane of content.

3. Myth is considered as a universal model for constructing symbols.

4. Myths are the most important source of plots and images at all times in the development of art.

1.2 Functions of myth in works

Now it seems possible for us to define the functions of myth in symbolic works:

1. Myth is used by symbolists as a means of creating symbols.

2. With the help of myth, it becomes possible to express some additional ideas in a work.

3. Myth is a means of generalizing literary material.

4. In some cases, the Symbolists resort to myth as an artistic device.

5. Myth plays the role of a visual example, rich in meanings.

6. Based on the above, the myth cannot but perform a structuring function (Meletinsky: “Mythologism has become a tool for structuring the narrative (with the help of mythological symbols)”). one

In the next chapter, we will consider how fair our conclusions are for Bryusov's lyrical works. To do this, we study the cycles of different periods of writing, entirely built on mythological and historical plots: “Favorites of the Ages” (1897-1901), “The Eternal Truth of Idols” (1904-1905), “The Eternal Truth of Idols” (1906-1908), “The Powerful shadows "(1911-1912)," In the mask "(1913-1914).

2. Mythologism of the images of the novel

The novel by Veniamin Kaverin "Two Captains" is one of the most striking works of Russian adventure literature of the 20th century. This story of love and fidelity, courage and determination has not left indifferent either an adult or a young reader for many years.

The book was called "a novel of education", "an adventure novel", "an idyllic-sentimental novel", but was not accused of self-deception. And the writer himself said that "this is a novel about justice and that it is more interesting (he said so!) To be honest and courageous than a coward and a liar." And he also said that this is "a novel about the inevitability of truth."

On the motto of the heroes of "Two Captains" "Fight and seek, find and not give up!" more than one generation has grown up who adequately responded to all sorts of challenges of the time.

Fight and seek, find and never give up. From English: That strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. The primary source is the poem "Ulysses" by the English poet Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892), whose 70 years of literary activity are devoted to valiant and happy heroes. These lines were carved on the grave of polar explorer Robert Scott (1868-1912). In an effort to reach the South Pole first, he nevertheless came to him second, three days after the Norwegian pioneer Roald Amundsen had been there. Robert Scott and his companions died on the way back.

In Russian, these words became popular after the publication of the novel "Two Captains" by Veniamin Kaverin (1902-1989). The protagonist of the novel, Sanya Grigoriev, who dreams of polar campaigns, makes these words the motto of his whole life. Quoted as a phrase-symbol of fidelity to one's purpose and one's principles. “Fighting” (including one’s own weaknesses) is the first task of a person. “To seek” means to have a humane goal in front of you. "Find" is to make the dream a reality. And if there are new difficulties, then "do not give up."

The novel is filled with symbols, which is part of the mythology. Every image, every action has a symbolic meaning.

This novel can be considered a hymn to friendship. Sanya Grigoriev carried this friendship through his whole life. The episode when Sanya and his friend Petka took a "blood oath of friendship". The words that the boys uttered were: "Fight and seek, find and not give up"; they turned into a symbol of their life as the heroes of the novel, determined the character.

Sanya could have died during the war, his profession in itself was dangerous. But against all odds, he survived and fulfilled his promise to find the missing expedition. What helped him in life? A high sense of duty, perseverance, perseverance, determination, honesty - all these character traits helped Sanya Grigoriev to survive in order to find traces of the expedition and Katya's love. “You have such love that the most terrible grief will recede before it: it will meet, look into your eyes and retreat. No one else seems to know how to love like that, only you and Sanya. So strong, so stubborn, all my life. Where is there to die when you are so loved? - says Peter Skovorodnikov.

In our time, the time of the Internet, technology, speed, such love may seem like a myth to many. And how you want it to touch everyone, provoke them to accomplish feats, discoveries.

Once in Moscow, Sanya meets the Tatarinov family. Why is he drawn to this house, what attracts him? The Tatarinovs' apartment becomes for the boy something like Ali-Baba's cave with its treasures, mysteries and dangers. Nina Kapitonovna, who feeds Sanya with dinners, is a “treasure”, Maria Vasilievna, “neither a widow, nor a husband’s wife”, who always wears black and often plunges into melancholy, is a “mystery”, Nikolai Antonovich is a “danger”. In this house, he found many interesting books, which "fell ill" and the fate of Katya's father, Captain Tatarinov, excited and interested him.

It is hard to imagine how Sanya Grigoriev's life would have turned out if the amazing person Ivan Ivanovich Pavlov had not met on his way. One frosty winter evening, someone knocked on the window of the house where two small children lived. When the children opened the door, an exhausted frostbitten man burst into the room. This was Dr. Ivan Ivanovich, who had escaped from exile. He lived with the children for several days, showed the children tricks, taught them to bake potatoes on sticks, and most importantly, taught the dumb boy to talk. Who could have known then that these two people, a little mute boy and an adult who was hiding from all people, would be bound by a strong, faithful male friendship for life.

A few years will pass, and they will meet again, the doctor and the boy, in Moscow, in the hospital, and the doctor will fight for the boy's life for many months. A new meeting will take place in the Arctic, where Sanya will work. Together, the polar pilot Grigoriev and Dr. Pavlov will fly to save a man, get into a terrible snowstorm, and only thanks to the resourcefulness and skill of the young pilot will they be able to land a faulty plane and spend several days in the tundra among the Nenets. Here, in the harsh conditions of the North, the true qualities of both Sani Grigoriev and Dr. Pavlov will appear.

The three meetings between Sanya and the doctor also have a symbolic meaning. First, three is a fabulous number. This is the first number in a number of traditions (including ancient Chinese), or the first of odd numbers. Opens a number series and qualifies as a perfect number (an image of absolute perfection). The first number to which the word "all" is assigned. One of the most positive number-emblems in symbolism, religious thought, mythology and folklore. Sacred, lucky number 3. It carries the meaning of high quality or a high degree of expressiveness of the action. Shows mainly positive qualities: the sacredness of the perfect deed, courage and great strength, both physical and spiritual, the importance of something. In addition, the number 3 symbolizes the completeness and completeness of a certain sequence that has a beginning, middle and end. The number 3 symbolizes the integrity, the triple nature of the world, its versatility, the trinity of the creative, destroying and preserving forces of nature - reconciling and balancing their beginning, happy harmony, creative perfection and good luck.

Secondly, these meetings changed the life of the protagonist.

As for the image of Nikolai Antonovich Tatarinov, it is very reminiscent of the mythological biblical image of Judas Iscariot, who betrayed his mentor, brother in Christ Jesus for 30 pieces of silver. Nikolai Antonovich also betrayed his cousin, sending his expedition to certain death. Portrait and actions of N.A. Tatarinov is also very close to the image of Judas.

None of the disciples noticed when this red-haired and ugly Jew first appeared near Christ, but for a long time he relentlessly followed their path, intervened in conversations, rendered small services, bowed, smiled and fawned. And then it became completely habitual, deceiving tired eyesight, then it suddenly caught my eye and ears, irritating them, like something unprecedented, ugly, deceitful and disgusting.

A bright detail in Kaverin's portrait is a kind of accent that helps to demonstrate the essence of the person being portrayed. For example, Nikolai Antonovich’s thick fingers resembling “some hairy caterpillars, it seems, cabbages” (64) - a detail that adds negative connotations to the image of this person, as well as the “golden tooth” constantly emphasized in the portrait, which previously somehow illuminated everything face ”(64), and faded with age. The golden tooth will become a sign of the absolute falseness of the antagonist Sanya Grigoriev. Constantly "striking" incurable acne on the face of Sanya's stepfather is a sign of impurity of thoughts and dishonesty of behavior.

He was a good leader, and the pupils respected him. They came to him with different proposals, and he listened carefully to them. Sanya Grigoriev also liked him at first. But visiting them at home, he noticed that everyone treated him unimportantly, although he was very attentive to everyone. With all the guests who came to them, he was kind and cheerful. He did not like Sanya, and every time he visited them, he began to teach him. Despite his pleasant appearance, Nikolai Antonovich was a vile, low man. His actions speak for themselves. Nikolai Antonovich - he made it so that most of the equipment on Tatarinov's schooner turned out to be unusable. Through the fault of this man, almost the entire expedition perished! He persuaded Romashov to eavesdrop on everything they say about him at school and report to him. He arranged a whole conspiracy against Ivan Pavlovich Korablev, wanting to kick him out of school, because the guys loved and respected him, and because he asked for the hand of Marya Vasilyevna, with whom he himself was very in love and with whom he wanted to marry. It was Nikolai Antonovich who was to blame for the death of his brother Tatarinov: it was he who was engaged in equipping the expedition and did everything possible so that it would not return back. He interfered in every possible way with Grigoriev to investigate the case of the missing expedition. Moreover, he took advantage of the letters that Sanya Grigoriev found, and defended himself, became a professor. In an effort to escape punishment and shame in the event of exposure, he jeopardized another person, von Vyshimirsky, when all the evidence proving his guilt was collected. These and other actions speak of him as a low, vile, dishonest, envious person. How much meanness he committed in his life, how many innocent people he killed, how many people he made unhappy. He deserves only contempt and condemnation.

What kind of person is Chamomile?

Sanya met Romashov at the 4th school - the commune, where Ivan Pavlovich Korablev took him. Their beds were next to each other. The boys became friends. Sana did not like Romashov, that he was always talking about money, saving it, lending money at interest. Very soon, Sanya was convinced of the meanness of this man. Sanya learned that, at the request of Nikolai Antonovich, Romashka overheard everything that was said about the head of the school, wrote it down in a separate book, and then reported it to Nikolai Antonovich for a fee. He also told him that Sanya had heard the conspiracy of the teachers' council against Korablev and wanted to tell his teacher about everything. On another occasion, he dirty gossip to Nikolai Antonovich about Katya and Sanya, for which Katya was sent on vacation to Ensk, and Sanya was no longer allowed into the Tatarinovs' house. The letter that Katya wrote to Sanya before her departure also did not reach Sanya, and this was also the work of Chamomile. Chamomile sank to the point that he was rummaging through Sanya's suitcase, wanting to find some compromising evidence on him. The older Chamomile got, the more his meanness became. He even went so far as to start collecting documents on Nikolai Antonovich, his beloved teacher and patron, proving his guilt in the death of Captain Tatarinov's expedition, and was ready to sell them to Sana in exchange for Katya, with whom he was in love. Why sell important papers, he was ready to kill a childhood friend in cold blood for the sake of fulfilling his dirty goals. All actions of Chamomile are low, vile, dishonorable.

* What brings Romashka and Nikolai Antonovich closer, how are they similar?

These are low, vile, cowardly, envious people. To achieve their goals, they commit dishonorable acts. They stop at nothing. They have neither honor nor conscience. Ivan Pavlovich Korablev calls Nikolai Antonovich a terrible person, and Romashov a man who has absolutely no morality. These two people deserve each other. Even love doesn't make them prettier. In love, both are selfish. Achieving the goal, they put their interests, their feelings above all else! Ignoring the feelings and interests of the person they love, acting low and mean. Even the war did not change Chamomile. Katya thought: "He saw death, he became bored in this world of pretense and lies, which used to be his world." But she was deeply mistaken. Romashov was ready to kill Sanya, because no one would have known about this and he would have gone unpunished. But Sanya was lucky, fate favored him again, and again, giving chance after chance.

Comparing "Two Captains" with the canonical examples of the adventure genre, we can easily find that V. Kaverin masterfully uses a dynamically intense plot for a broad realistic narrative, during which the two main characters of the novel - Sanya Grigoriev and Katya Tatarinova - tell stories with great sincerity and excitement. "about time and about yourself. All sorts of adventures here are by no means an end in themselves, because they do not determine the essence of the story of the two captains, they are only the circumstances of a real biography, which the author put as the basis of the novel, eloquently indicating that the life of Soviet people is full of rich events, that our heroic time is full of exciting romance.

"Two Captains" is, in essence, a novel about truth and happiness. In the fate of the protagonist of the novel, these concepts are inseparable. Of course, Sanya Grigoriev wins a lot in our eyes because he accomplished many feats in his life - he fought in Spain against the Nazis, flew over the Arctic, fought heroically on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, for which he was awarded several military orders. But it is curious that for all his exceptional perseverance, rare diligence, composure and strong-willed determination, Captain Grigoriev does not perform exceptional feats, his chest is not adorned with the Star of the Hero, as many readers and sincere fans of Sanya would probably like. He performs such feats as every Soviet person who ardently loves his socialist motherland is able to accomplish. Does Sanya Grigoriev lose any of this in our eyes? Of course not!

We are conquered in the hero of the novel not only by his actions, but by his whole mental warehouse, his heroic character in its very essence. Have you noticed that about some of the exploits of his hero, committed by him at the front, the writer simply keeps silent. The point, of course, is not the number of feats. Before us is not so much a desperately brave man, a sort of captain "break your head", - before us, first of all, a principled, convinced, ideological defender of the truth, before us is the image of a Soviet youth, "shocked by the idea of ​​justice", as the author himself points out. And this is the main thing in the appearance of Sanya Grigoriev, which captivated us in him from the very first meeting - even when we knew nothing about his participation in the Great Patriotic War.

We already knew that Sanya Grigoriev would grow up to be a courageous and brave person when we heard the boyish oath “Fight and seek, find and not give up.” Of course, throughout the novel, we are worried about the question of whether the main character will find traces of Captain Tatarinov, whether justice will prevail, but we are truly captured by ourselves. process achieving the set goal. This process is difficult and complex, but that is why it is interesting and instructive for us.

For us, Sanya Grigoriev would not be a true hero if we only knew about his exploits and knew little about the formation of his character. In the fate of the hero of the novel, his difficult childhood is also important for us, and his bold clashes in his school years with the scoundrel and selfish Romashka, with the cleverly disguised careerist Nikolai Antonovich, and his pure love for Katya Tatarinova, and loyalty to whatever became a noble boyish oath. And how magnificently the purposefulness and perseverance in the character of the hero are revealed when we follow step by step how he achieves the intended goal - to become a polar pilot in order to be able to fly in the skies of the Arctic! We cannot pass by his passion for aviation and polar travel, which absorbed Sanya while still at school. That is why Sanya Grigoriev becomes a courageous and brave man, because he does not lose sight of the main goal of his life for a single day.

Happiness is won by work, the truth is affirmed in the struggle - such a conclusion can be drawn from all the trials of life that fell to the lot of Sanya Grigoriev. And there were, frankly, a lot of them. As soon as homelessness ended, clashes with strong and resourceful enemies began. Sometimes he suffered temporary setbacks, which he had to endure very painfully. But strong natures do not bend from this - they are tempered in severe trials.

2.1 Mythology of the novel's polar discoveries

Any writer has the right to fiction. But where does it pass, the line, the invisible line between truth and myth? Sometimes they are so closely intertwined, as, for example, in the novel by Veniamin Kaverin "Two Captains" - a work of art that most reliably resembles the real events of 1912 in the development of the Arctic.

Three Russian polar expeditions entered the Northern Ocean in 1912, all three ended tragically: the expedition of Rusanov V.A. died entirely, the expedition of Brusilov G.L. - almost entirely, and in the expedition of Sedov G. I, three people died, including the head of the expedition. In general, the 20s and 30s of the twentieth century were interesting for through voyages along the Northern Sea Route, the Chelyuskin epic, and Papanin heroes.

The young, but already well-known writer V. Kaverin became interested in all this, became interested in people, bright personalities, whose deeds and characters aroused only respect. He reads literature, memoirs, collections of documents; listens to the stories of N.V. Pinegin, a friend and member of the expedition of the brave polar explorer Sedov; sees finds made in the mid-thirties on nameless islands in the Kara Sea. Also during the Great Patriotic War, he himself, being a correspondent for Izvestia, visited the North.

And in 1944, the novel "Two Captains" was published. The author was literally bombarded with questions about the prototypes of the main characters - Captain Tatarinov and Captain Grigoriev. He took advantage of the history of two brave conquerors of the Far North. From one he took a courageous and clear character, purity of thought, clarity of purpose - everything that distinguishes a person of a great soul. It was Sedov. The other has the actual history of his journey. It was Brusilov. These heroes became the prototypes of Captain Tatarinov.

Let's try to figure out what is true, what is a myth, how the writer Kaverin managed to combine the realities of the expeditions of Sedov and Brusilov in the history of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov. And although the writer himself did not mention the name of Vladimir Aleksandrovich Rusanov among the prototypes of the hero Captain Tatarinov, some facts claim that the realities of Rusanov's expedition were also reflected in the novel "Two Captains".

Lieutenant Georgy Lvovich Brusilov, a hereditary sailor, in 1912 led an expedition on the steam-sailing schooner "Saint Anna". He intended to go with one wintering from St. Petersburg around Scandinavia and further along the Northern Sea Route to Vladivostok. But "Saint Anna" did not come to Vladivostok either a year later or in subsequent years. Off the western coast of the Yamal Peninsula, the schooner was covered with ice, she began to drift north, to high latitudes. The ship failed to break out of ice captivity in the summer of 1913. During the longest drift in the history of Russian Arctic research (1,575 kilometers in a year and a half), the Brusilov expedition conducted meteorological observations, measured depths, studied currents and ice conditions in the northern part of the Kara Sea, which until then was completely unknown to science. Almost two years of ice captivity passed.

On April 23 (10), 1914, when the "Saint Anna" was at 830 north latitude and 60 0 east longitude, with the consent of Brusilov, eleven crew members left the schooner, led by navigator Valerian Ivanovich Albanov. The group hoped to get to the nearest coast, to Franz Josef Land, in order to deliver the expedition materials, which allowed scientists to characterize the underwater relief of the northern part of the Kara Sea and identify a meridional depression at the bottom about 500 kilometers long (the St. Anna trench). Only a few people reached the Franz Josef archipelago, but only two of them, Albanov himself and sailor A. Konrad, were lucky enough to escape. They were discovered quite by accident at Cape Flora by members of another Russian expedition under the command of G. Sedov (Sedov himself had already died by this time).

The schooner with G. Brusilov himself, sister of mercy E. Zhdanko, the first woman participating in the high-latitude drift, and eleven crew members disappeared without a trace.

The geographical result of the campaign of the navigator Albanov's group, which cost the lives of nine sailors, was the assertion that King Oscar and Peterman, previously noted on the maps of the Earth, do not actually exist.

We know the drama of "Saint Anna" and her crew in general terms thanks to Albanov's diary, which was published in 1917 under the title "South to Franz Josef Land". Why were only two saved? This is quite clear from the diary. The people in the group that left the schooner were very diverse: strong and weak, reckless and weak in spirit, disciplined and dishonorable. Those who had more chances survived. Albanov from the ship "Saint Anna" mail was transferred to the mainland. Albanov reached, but none of those to whom they were intended received the letters. Where did they go? It still remains a mystery.

And now let's turn to Kaverin's novel "Two Captains". Of the members of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov, only the long-distance navigator I. Klimov returned. Here is what he writes to Maria Vasilievna, the wife of Captain Tatarinov: “I hasten to inform you that Ivan Lvovich is alive and well. Four months ago, in accordance with his instructions, I left the schooner and with me thirteen members of the crew. I will not talk about our difficult journey to Franz Josef Land on floating ice. I can only say that from our group I alone safely (except for frostbitten legs) reached Cape Flora. "Saint Foka" of Lieutenant Sedov's expedition picked me up and delivered me to Arkhangelsk. "Holy Mary" froze back in the Kara Sea and since October 1913 has been constantly moving north along with the polar ice. When we left, the schooner was at latitude 820 55. "She stands quietly in the middle of the ice field, or rather, stood from the autumn of 1913 until my departure."

Almost twenty years later, in 1932, Sanya Grigoriev's senior friend, Dr. Ivan Ivanovich Pavlov, explains to Sanya that the group photograph of Captain Tatarinov's expedition members was “given by the navigator of the St. Mary, Ivan Dmitrievich Klimov. In 1914, he was brought to Arkhangelsk with frostbitten legs, and he died in the city hospital from blood poisoning. After Klimov's death, two notebooks and letters remained. The hospital sent these letters to the addresses, and Ivan Ivanych kept the notebooks and photographs. Persistent Sanya Grigoriev once told Nikolai Antonych Tatarinov, cousin of the missing captain Tatarinov, that he would find the expedition: "I don't believe that she disappeared without a trace."

And in 1935, Sanya Grigoriev, day after day, sorts out Klimov's diaries, among which he finds an interesting map - a map of the drift of "Saint Mary" "from October 1912 to April 1914, and the drift was shown in those places where the so-called Earth lay Peterman. “But who knows that this fact was first established by Captain Tatarinov on the schooner “Saint Maria”?” - exclaims Sanya Grigoriev.

Captain Tatarinov had to go from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok. From the captain's letter to his wife: “It's been about two years since I sent you a letter through a telegraph expedition to Yugorsky Shar. We walked freely along the intended course, and since October 1913 we have been slowly moving north along with the polar ice. Thus, willy-nilly, we had to abandon the original intention to go to Vladivostok along the coast of Siberia. But there is no evil without good. A completely different thought now occupies me. I hope she does not seem to you - as to some of my companions - childish or reckless.

What is this thought? Sanya finds the answer to this in the notes of Captain Tatarinov: “The human mind was so absorbed in this task that its solution, despite the harsh grave that travelers mostly found there, became a continuous national competition. Almost all civilized countries took part in this competition, and only there were no Russians, and meanwhile the Russian people's ardent impulses for the discovery of the North Pole manifested themselves even in the time of Lomonosov and have not faded to this day. Amundsen wants at all costs to leave behind Norway the honor of discovering the North Pole, and we will go this year and prove to the whole world that the Russians are capable of this feat. (From a letter to the head of the Main Hydrographic Department, April 17, 1911). So, this is where Captain Tatarinov was aiming! "He wanted, like Nansen, to go as far north as possible with drifting ice, and then get to the pole on dogs."

Tatarinov's expedition failed. Even Amundsen said: "The success of any expedition depends entirely on its equipment." Indeed, a disservice in the preparation and equipment of Tatarinov's expedition was rendered by his brother Nikolai Antonych. Tatarinov's expedition, for reasons of failure, was similar to the expedition of G.Ya. Sedov, who in 1912 tried to penetrate to the North Pole. After 352 days of ice captivity off the northwestern coast of Novaya Zemlya in August 1913, Sedov brought the ship "The Holy Great Martyr Fok" out of the bay and sent it to Franz Josef Land. The place of the second wintering of Foka was Tikhaya Bay on Hooker Island. On February 2, 1914, Sedov, despite complete exhaustion, accompanied by two sailors - volunteers A. Pustoshny and G. Linnik, headed for the Pole on three dog teams. After a severe cold, he died on February 20 and was buried by his companions at Cape Auk (Rudolf Island). The expedition was poorly prepared. G. Sedov was not well acquainted with the history of the exploration of the Franz Josef Land archipelago, he did not know well the latest maps of the section of the ocean along which he was going to reach the North Pole. He himself had not carefully checked the equipment. His temperament, his desire to conquer the North Pole at all costs prevailed over the precise organization of the expedition. So these are important reasons for the outcome of the expedition and the tragic death of G. Sedov.

Previously, Kaverin's meetings with Pinegin were mentioned. Nikolai Vasilievich Pinegin is not only an artist and writer, but also an explorer of the Arctic. During Sedov's last expedition in 1912, Pinegin made the first documentary film about the Arctic, the footage of which, together with the artist's personal memoirs, helped Kaverin to present a picture of the events of that time more vividly.

Let's return to Kaverin's novel. From a letter from Captain Tatarinov to his wife: “I am also writing to you about our discovery: there are no lands to the north of the Taimyr Peninsula on the maps. Meanwhile, being at latitude 790 35", east of Greenwich, we noticed a sharp silvery stripe, slightly convex, coming from the very horizon. I am convinced that this is land. For now, I called it by your name. "Sanya Grigoriev finds out what it is was Severnaya Zemlya, discovered in 1913 by Lieutenant B.A. Vilkitsky.

After the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, Russia needed to have its own way of escorting ships to the Great Ocean so as not to depend on the Suez or other channels of warm countries. The authorities decided to create a Hydrographic Expedition and carefully survey the least difficult section from the Bering Strait to the mouth of the Lena, so that they could go from east to west, from Vladivostok to Arkhangelsk or St. Petersburg. The head of the expedition was at first A.I. Vilkitsky, and after his death, since 1913 - his son, Boris Andreevich Vilkitsky. It was he who, in the navigation of 1913, dispelled the legend of the existence of Sannikov Land, but discovered a new archipelago. On August 21 (September 3), 1913, a huge archipelago covered with eternal snow was seen north of Cape Chelyuskin. Consequently, from Cape Chelyuskin to the north is not an open ocean, but a strait, later called the B. Vilkitsky Strait. The archipelago was originally called the Land of Emperor Nicholas II. It has been called Severnaya Zemlya since 1926.

In March 1935, pilot Alexander Grigoriev, having made an emergency landing on the Taimyr Peninsula, accidentally discovered an old brass hook, green with time, with the inscription "Schooner" Holy Mary ". Nenets Ivan Vylko explains that local residents found a boat with a hook and a man on the coast of Taimyr, the closest coast to Severnaya Zemlya. By the way, there is reason to believe that it was no coincidence that the author of the novel gave the Nenets hero the surname Vylko. A close friend of the Arctic explorer Rusanov, a member of his 1911 expedition, was the Nenets artist Vylko Ilya Konstantinovich, who later became the chairman of the council of Novaya Zemlya (“President of Novaya Zemlya”).

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Rusanov was a polar geologist and navigator. His last expedition on the Hercules, a motor-sailing ship, entered the Arctic Ocean in 1912. The expedition reached the Svalbard archipelago and discovered four new coal deposits there. Rusanov then made an attempt to pass through the Northeast Passage. Having reached Cape Desire on Novaya Zemlya, the expedition went missing.

Where the Hercules died is not exactly known. But it is known that the expedition not only sailed, but also walked for some part, because the Hercules almost certainly died, as evidenced by objects found in the mid-30s on the islands near the Taimyr coast. In 1934, on one of the islands, hydrographers discovered a wooden pole with the inscription "Hercules" - 1913. Traces of the expedition were found in the Minin skerries off the western coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and on Bolshevik Island (Severnaya Zemlya). And in the seventies, the expedition of the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper led the search for Rusanov's expedition. Two gaffs were found in the same area, as if to confirm the intuitive guess of the writer Kaverin. According to experts, they belonged to the “Rusanovites”.

Captain Alexander Grigoriev, following his motto "Fight and seek, find and not give up", in 1942 nevertheless found the expedition of Captain Tatarinov, or rather, what was left of it. He calculated the path that Captain Tatarinov had to take, if we consider it indisputable that he returned to Severnaya Zemlya, which he called "Mary's Land": from 790 35 latitude, between the 86th and 87th meridians, to the Russian Islands and to the Nordenskiöld archipelago. Then, probably after many wanderings from Cape Sterlegov to the mouth of the Pyasina, where the old Nenets Vylko found a boat on a sled. Then to the Yenisei, because the Yenisei was the only hope for Tatarinov to meet people and help. He walked along the seaward side of the coastal islands, as straight as possible. Sanya found the last camp of Captain Tatarinov, found his farewell letters, photographic films, found his remains. Captain Grigoriev conveyed to the people the parting words of Captain Tatarinov: “It is bitter for me to think about all the things that I could do if I were not only helped, but at least not hindered. What to do? One consolation is that by my labors new vast lands have been discovered and annexed to Russia.

At the end of the novel we read: “The ships entering the Yenisei Bay from afar see the grave of Captain Tatarinov. They pass by her with their flags at half mast, and the mourning salute rumbles from the cannons, and a long echo rolls without ceasing.

The grave was built of white stone, and it sparkles dazzlingly under the rays of the never-setting polar sun.

At the height of human growth, the following words are carved:

“Here lies the body of Captain I.L. Tatarinov, who made one of the most courageous journeys and died on the way back from Severnaya Zemlya discovered by him in June 1915. Fight and seek, find and not give up!

Reading these lines of Kaverin's novel, one involuntarily recalls the obelisk erected in 1912 in the eternal snows of Antarctica in honor of Robert Scott and his four comrades. It has an inscription on it. And the final words of the poem "Ulysses" by Alfred Tennyson, a classic of British poetry of the 19th century: "To strive, to seek, to find and not yield" (which in English means: "Struggle and seek, find and not give up!"). Much later, with the publication of Veniamin Kaverin's novel "Two Captains", these very words became the life motto of millions of readers, a loud appeal for Soviet polar explorers of different generations.

Probably, the literary critic N. Likhacheva was wrong when she attacked The Two Captains when the novel had not yet been fully published. After all, the image of Captain Tatarinov is generalized, collective, fictional. The right to fiction gives the author an artistic style, not a scientific one. The best character traits of Arctic explorers, as well as mistakes, miscalculations, historical realities of the expeditions of Brusilov, Sedov, Rusanov - all this is connected with the hero Kaverin.

And Sanya Grigoriev, like Captain Tatarinov, is an artistic fiction of the writer. But this hero also has its prototypes. One of them is professor-geneticist M.I. Lobashov.

In 1936, in a sanatorium near Leningrad, Kaverin met the silent, always inwardly concentrated young scientist Lobashov. “He was a man in whom ardor was combined with straightforwardness, and perseverance - with amazing definiteness of purpose. He knew how to succeed in any business. A clear mind and a capacity for deep feeling were visible in his every judgment. In everything, the character traits of Sani Grigoriev are guessed. Yes, and many of the specific circumstances of Sanya's life were directly borrowed by the author from Lobashov's biography. These are, for example, Sanya's muteness, the death of his father, homelessness, the school-commune of the 20s, types of teachers and students, falling in love with the daughter of a school teacher. Talking about the history of the creation of "Two Captains", Kaverin noticed that, unlike the parents, sister, comrades of the hero, whom the prototype of Sanya told about, only separate strokes were outlined in the teacher Korablev, so that the image of the teacher was completely created by the writer.

Lobashov, who became the prototype of Sanya Grigoriev, who told the writer about his life, immediately aroused the active interest of Kaverin, who decided not to give free rein to his imagination, but to follow the story he heard. But in order for the hero's life to be perceived naturally and vividly, he must be in conditions personally known to the writer. And unlike the prototype, born on the Volga, and graduated from school in Tashkent, Sanya was born in Ensk (Pskov), and graduated from school in Moscow, and she absorbed much of what happened at the school where Kaverin studied. And the state of Sanya the young man also turned out to be close to the writer. He was not an orphanage, but during the Moscow period of his life he was left completely alone in vast, hungry and deserted Moscow. And, of course, I had to spend a lot of energy and will not to get confused.

And the love for Katya, which Sanya carries through his whole life, is not invented or embellished by the author; Kaverin is here next to his hero: having married a twenty-year-old youth to Lidochka Tynyanov, he remained true to his love forever. And how much in common is the mood of Veniamin Alexandrovich and Sanya Grigoriev when they write to their wives from the front, when they are looking for them, taken out of besieged Leningrad. And Sanya is fighting in the North, also because Kaverin was a TASS military commander, and then Izvestia was in the Northern Fleet and knew firsthand Murmansk, and Polyarnoye, and the specifics of the war in the Far North, and its people.

Another person who was well acquainted with aviation and knew the North well, the talented pilot S.L. Klebanov, a fine, honest man, whose advice in the study of the flying business by the author was invaluable. From the biography of Klebanov, the story of a flight to the remote camp of Vanokan entered the life of Sanya Grigoriev, when a catastrophe broke out on the way.

In general, according to Kaverin, both prototypes of Sanya Grigoriev resembled each other not only by their stubbornness of character and extraordinary determination. Klebanov even outwardly resembled Lobashov - short, dense, stocky.

The artist's great skill lies in creating such a portrait in which everything that is his own and everything that is not his will become his own, deeply original, individual.

Kaverin has a remarkable property: he gives the heroes not only his own impressions, but also his habits, and relatives and friends. And this cute touch makes the characters closer to the reader. With the desire of his older brother Sasha to cultivate the power of his gaze, looking for a long time at the black circle painted on the ceiling, the writer endowed Valya Zhukov in the novel. Dr. Ivan Ivanovich, during a conversation, suddenly throws a chair to the interlocutor, which must certainly be caught - this was not invented by Veniamin Alexandrovich: K.I. liked to talk so much. Chukovsky.

The hero of the novel "Two Captains" Sanya Grigoriev lived his own unique life. Readers seriously believed in him. And for more than sixty years, this image has been understandable and close to readers of several generations. Readers bow before his personal qualities of character: will power, thirst for knowledge and search, fidelity to a given word, selflessness, perseverance in achieving a goal, love for the motherland and love for his work - all that helped Sanya to solve the mystery of Tatarinov's expedition.

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Two captains: Ivan Tatarinov and Sanya Grigoriev (one of the main characters, has a purposeful character, grew up a brave man) are real people, go to the end in the name of the goal, do not lose heart in difficult circumstances, remaining honest and sincere. The motto of Sani Grigoriev and the whole raman was the words: "Fight and seek, find and not give up." And what Tatarinov could not do, Grigoriev brings to the end, having found out the true reasons for the death of the expedition.

They are opposed by Nikolai Antonovich and Mikhail Romashov. Betrayal, lies, selfishness, cowardice, the desire to destroy an opponent - these are the features that unite these heroes. And love for women cannot justify the meanness of their actions. Therefore, neither Maria Vasilievna Tatarinova nor Katya forgive scoundrels.

Updated: 2017-09-06

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