Depending on the contingent of communication participants, interpersonal, personal-group, and intergroup communication can be distinguished.

In the primary group, the primary team, each person communicates with everyone. During such paired communication, both personal and group goals and objectives are realized. The awareness of communities about the content of communication or the presence of a third person at the moment of communication between two persons changes the picture of communication.

Personal-group communication is most clearly manifested between the leader and the group, team.

Intergroup communication involves contact between two communities. These are team competitions in sports. The goals and objectives of communication between groups and teams may coincide (communication is peaceful), or they may not coincide (conflict situation).

Intergroup– not a faceless amorphous impact. In it, each individual is a bearer of collective content, defends it, and is guided by it.

Communication can be direct and indirect. When to use the term "immediate" What they mean is face-to-face communication, in which each participant perceives the other and makes contact.

Indirect communication- this is communication into which intermediate links are inserted in the form of a third person, mechanism, thing (for example, a conversation on the phone).

The time during which communication occurs influences its nature. It is a kind of catalyst for the content and methods of communication. It is, of course, impossible to know a person in detail in a short period of time, but an attempt to comprehend personal and characterological characteristics constantly exists.

Long-term communication- not only the path to mutual understanding, but also the path to satiety. Long-term communication creates the precondition for either psychological compatibility or confrontation.

Communication can be completed or unfinished.

Finished can be considered communication that is assessed identically by its participants. At the same time, the assessment records not only the subjective significance of the result of communication (satisfaction, indifference, dissatisfaction), but the fact of completeness, exhaustion.

During unfinished communication, the content of the topic or joint action is not brought to the end, to the result that each of the parties pursued. Incomplete communication may be due to objective or subjective reasons. Objective or external reasons - separation of people in space, prohibition, disappearance of means of communication, etc. Subjective - mutual or unilateral reluctance to continue communication, understanding of the need to stop it, etc.

In the business world, communication occurs via telephone, through written documentation, but personal communication, that is, face to face, is considered the most effective. All important issues are resolved, as they say, here and now. This method of communication has undeniable advantages over all others, and therefore we want to devote a separate chapter to this.

In the process of communication, a person receives some information. But in order for the conversation to take place, you need to skillfully convey to your interlocutor what he needs to hear from you, and listen to him correctly. That is, during the conversation you will act as both the sender and the recipient of messages. It is necessary to extract the maximum amount of information from messages, process them and then use them in decision making.

Personal communication involves more than just the exchange of words between interlocutors. Communication occurs not only through words and questions; so-called non-verbal symbols occupy a large place in it.

For whatever purpose you are going to talk to a person, the ritual of preparing for the conversation should be unchanged.

First of all, determine the topic of the upcoming interview or conversation, build its structure, and identify the goals you want to achieve. After this, think about what documents and materials you may need during the conversation, and prepare them immediately.

And the most important point: determine the place where you will talk to the person. It is important that you are not disturbed. By the way, it will be useful to turn off your phone or ask your secretary not to connect you with anyone for a while.

When communicating with a person face to face, every little detail is important. For example, chairs. Imagine, you are sitting in your usual work chair, and your interlocutor is offered another, lower one (quite possibly even an armchair), hoping that the person will be comfortable there. But the conversation doesn't go well. And why? Yes, because a person, being at a lower level compared to you, will feel uncomfortable and, naturally, will not be in the mood for frankness.

The same goes for lighting. Don't sit with your back to the window. Against this background, your interlocutor will only be able to distinguish your silhouette, but will not be able to make out your face. Under no circumstances should a table lamp shine into the eyes of your interlocutor; this is not only impolite, but slightly reminiscent of a heart-to-heart conversation in a well-known place.

An overly wide desk that separates you from your interlocutor is also unlikely to help establish contact. Therefore, if you are the owner of a huge table (even if it is very comfortable), come out from behind it and sit next to the person on a chair, armchair, near a small table and simply opposite each other.

It's helpful to remember that a conversation that you take the time to have can be fruitful. The optimal time interval is from 1 hour to 1.5 hours. After the conversation, do not immediately rush into the abyss of affairs, sit for a few minutes alone and think about the conversation, evaluate whether you conducted it correctly, whether you said everything and whether your interlocutor understood everything.

Screening interview

One of the important types of interviews is the selection interview. This method is most often used in personnel selection during hiring. Thanks to a selection interview, you have the opportunity to personally meet applicants for a position, evaluate their personal and business qualities, and also understand whether the person can join your team.

However, before inviting the applicant to your office for a personal meeting, you need to go through several stages (we have already described them briefly): first analyze the requirements for the candidate again, prepare the location for the interview, think over its plan and content. Next we will try to go into more detail at each stage.

Preparing for the selection interview

First of all, you need to tune in to the upcoming conversation, assess the environment in which the communication will take place. It doesn’t hurt to sketch out a rough plan for the interview and prepare questions that you would like to ask your interlocutor.

When conducting a job interview, you will need to cover aspects such as: the length of the working day, the salary or salary offered; a set of specific requirements for an employee, that is, a list of certain qualities and skills that the applicant is free to possess; stipulate the benefits, social guarantees provided by the company to its employees...

Determine the form in which it will be most convenient for you to receive information about him from your interlocutor. You can ask the candidate to fill out a questionnaire (its forms should, of course, be prepared in advance) or answer orally the questions that interest you most. But, as practice shows, the most successful option is a combination of these two ways of obtaining information.

Situation

An important aspect when conducting an interview is where it takes place. The success of communication will largely depend on how comfortable the room you can choose.

A calm, quiet environment is most favorable for conversation. Extraneous noise distracts attention, which often makes it difficult to convey important information to the listener. You have to use various ways to attract attention to yourself: raising your voice, using facial expressions and gestures and other techniques depending on the circumstances.

Conducting a selection interview

Conducting an interview can be compared to driving a car, where everything seems to be ready to start moving, but the mechanism stalls. It is important that this does not happen during an interview.

Take the initiative to start a conversation. Set the mechanism in motion. Help your interlocutor, let him understand how to behave, explain (sometimes you have to do this) that a selection interview is not a search for a way to refuse a person, but, on the contrary, a search for his advantages over others. Try to make the conversation casual in order to get the other person talking, and in no case drive him into a corner.

Remember that your main goal is to obtain as much information as possible about the candidate.

Depending on how correctly your questions are formulated, you will be able to receive one or another amount of information you need. Try not to ask difficult questions that may make it difficult to answer. If the question is not clear enough for the interlocutor, try rephrasing it.

During such a conversation, you take the position of the host, and your interlocutor - the guest. Therefore, everything depends on your hospitality. You must control the direction and progress of the interview so that it follows the predetermined plan.

The course of your conversation will depend on how quickly and competently you can formulate your thoughts. Don't take very long pauses. You can ask your interlocutor about his family circumstances, but only if they are related to the work and will not cause awkwardness for the applicant.

Make sure that the conversation corresponds to your plan, and do not allow it to go far away from the topic. During a conversation, listen carefully to your interlocutor, try not to interrupt him. Connect not only your hearing organs, but also your vision. This will allow you to get more complete information about the candidate and then draw the right conclusions.

It is important that you are able to make a decision not immediately, but maintain an objective assessment until the end of the interview. Only after this, having weighed all the pros and cons, do you have the right to draw appropriate conclusions.

Make sure that you have discussed all issues of interest to both parties (informed the applicant about the activities of the organization, briefly described his tasks, requirements for him, introduced him to working conditions, possible benefits), and conveyed a sufficient amount of information to your interlocutor.

At the end of the interview, you should summarize the conversation, draw conclusions and, if you need time to think more deeply about some points, determine how long it will take you to make a final decision. Let the candidate know about this. At the end of the interview, do not forget to thank for your response and politely say goodbye.

Interviews regarding complaints

At any job, in any organization, conflicts sometimes arise, which, fortunately, are resolved fairly quickly and, as they say, peacefully. But sometimes the conflict drags on and grows, and then the manager receives complaints from employees. This is what we want to talk about in this section.

Unfortunately, in practice we also have to deal with interviews regarding complaints. The grievance procedure seeks to resolve the dispute at the earliest possible stage. The manager is assigned the task of influencing the offender, stopping him and preventing the possible development of “military actions” (often the offender does not believe that his words or actions are perceived by others as an insult).

It is believed that an offended person contacting you with a complaint may be a last resort. In fact, this is not entirely true - a complaint from a subordinate is a signal that not all is well in the department (organization).

The intervention of another person is simply necessary to establish the facts and clarify the situation. If you leave the request unattended, your passive attitude towards the employee may affect his future performance.

Often filing a complaint requires courage from a person, determination to turn to you, and expectation of help from you. Therefore, take this seriously and listen carefully to the person asking.

It often happens that filing a complaint is accompanied by negative emotions in a person, so first of all, help the person calm down, show that you are striving with all your heart not only to understand the person who has addressed you, but also to help him.

Your job is first to establish the facts, then to make a decision that will resolve the conflict, and finally to monitor the implementation of your decision.

Sometimes it is useful to conduct another interview, to which the offender is called and given the opportunity to explain to a representative of each side. Of course, you cannot do without a “storm in a glass” at this meeting, but, according to psychologists, such a showdown with a violent manifestation of emotions most often benefits not only those in conflict, but also the health of the organization as a whole.

Attestation interview

This type of interview is used to assess the development and development prospects of personnel, departments and specialized groups.

In addition, interviews of this kind provide an opportunity to discuss the achieved results of individual employees or assess the progress of the organization as a whole. They also allow you to make adjustments to the subsequent direction of activity and clarify the needs for further development.

But the most important thing that an appraisal interview allows you to do is that it provides an opportunity for managers to personally communicate with their employees, go through the work they have done together with them, and identify existing problems. Make appropriate assessments of what has been done and set new goals.

There is also a negative side to assessment interviews. In some organizations, such interviews have already begun to be held as a kind of ritual, not so pleasant for all those being certified. Performance appraisal is a continuous process, which often causes some fatigue among employees.

Conducting an attestation interview

Naturally, each organization has its own scenario for conducting an assessment interview. But some rules are still considered common to everyone. For example, it is necessary to help the person being certified prepare for the upcoming conversation, explain the purpose of the interview, and specify the issues that will be discussed during it.

The basis for the discussion may be the previously completed attestation form or questionnaire. During the discussion, it is necessary to consider the following issues: a brief report on the results of work for the last period; find out the employee’s opinion about his achievements and failures during this period; the employee's needs for training or assistance; desire to develop and build a career.

The interview environment should be friendly, that is, the person should understand (and your goal is to explain this to him) that you are not looking for a reason to scold the employee or find fault with him, but are trying to help the person see his achievements and identify his difficulties and needs. After all, this is exactly why you discuss issues that are important to your employee - his work, his interests, his aspirations and, possibly, his weaknesses.

Communication etiquette

The word "ethics" was introduced by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. This word meant a whole science of morality, of morality. Ethics, in theoretical terms, answers the questions of real life: what is good, what is bad, what should be done in certain cases, etc. Professional etiquette exists in all areas of activity.

Etiquette refers to an established order of behavior somewhere. It is formed in accordance with morals and customs. Communication ethics includes a set of rules and forms of the most appropriate behavior that should contribute to achieving success in business relationships.

Thus, in practice there are standard situations for which specific rules of behavior are developed.

A very important point is how your interviews will proceed. The perception of information by your interlocutor will depend on your behavior.

1. Be calm and try to make the person sitting opposite you feel as comfortable as possible.

2. Speak clearly, intelligibly and loudly enough, but do not shout, even if you are talking with an employee about some kind of violation. Your goal is for the person to hear and understand you, and not be deafened.

3. Let the person speak and listen carefully.

4. During the listening process, do not “busy your hands” by rearranging papers on the table and try to look your interlocutor straight in the eyes.

5. During the conversation, do not walk around the office from corner to corner.

Nonverbal methods of communication

An important role is played by non-verbal methods of communication: facial expressions, gestures, that is, everything that accompanies words. The success of communication mainly depends on how skillfully participants can use, perceive and interpret nonverbal cues.

If you know how to perceive information sent in this way, then it will be much easier for you to understand the readiness of your interlocutor to talk by his gaze, appearance, voice (its tone, volume, intonation, individual sounds), facial expressions (smile, grin, expression of fear, surprise or interest), gestures (movements of the hands, head and body when explaining the meaning), posture, in a word, according to his emotional state.

Correctly interpreting nonverbal messages is much more difficult than understanding words. Sometimes it happens that words communicate one thing, but non-verbal symbols convey the exact opposite. In practice, you need to be able to recognize a nonverbal signal and, if possible, respond to it.

Management theorists argue that 70% of information during a personal conversation is transmitted non-verbally and only 30% of it is transmitted verbally, that is, in words. Anyone who is well versed in this can, even before the conversation begins, understand the internal state of a person, his readiness to communicate with you, unless, of course, it is skillfully hidden under a mask.

And this inability is sometimes not enough. You can acquire sign language skills by watching videos in slow motion. Body language signals should be viewed in groups or blocks to understand them correctly. Try to consider a gesture or signal not in isolation, but in conjunction with others.

We will try to consider some techniques of sign language and facial expressions below in more detail.

Nod. In most cases, nodding your head serves as a means of confirming the information received. It can be a form of manifestation of internal feelings unconsciously. Or are these completely conscious actions.

When nodding, a person begins to experience positive feelings. And as you know, nodding is contagious. So, if one of the participants in a conversation nods his head, then the other begins to do so involuntarily. This technique is often used to subtly force people to agree with your opinion.

Another technique of nodding is used to maintain a conversation. That is, by nodding, you seem to support the initiative of your interlocutor to express your opinion and confirm your agreement with this action (remember school teachers, because this is how they help students who know the lesson, but are too timid, not to shy away and answer well at the board).

Thus, signals that characterize a state of boredom or tension include the following: rubbing the nose, loosening the collar, twirling hair around a finger. Such signs become more noticeable when used by a person repeatedly.

So, for example, the position of the head in one case, when the head lies completely on the hand supporting it, indicates that the person is not interested, or about his critical assessment of the subject of the conversation. When your interlocutor barely touches his cheek with his hand, this indicates a positive or objective assessment of the subject of the conversation. A positive assessment is also characterized by the following signals: tilting the body forward, open fingers.

Poses that characterize superiority include crossed legs, body thrown back, hands behind the head. Leaders, lawyers, managers, smart guys, know-it-alls, in a word, those who feel superior to others, like to take this position.

The feeling of confidence is characterized by the position of the fingers folded in a house, or when the hands are folded on the knees. True, the last gesture does not look as aggressive as the first.

The meaning of open hands demonstrates openness, honesty or submission. Open palms act as a key in determining the degree of honesty.

Someone who is completely honest or open with you unconsciously opens their hands during the conversation. Those who are not entirely honest hide their hands in their pockets, hold them under their arms, in a word, remove them from sight.

Arms crossed on the chest most often indicate closedness and reluctance to make contact. Usually people who are accustomed to crossing their arms deny this statement, explaining it simply as convenience. To some extent this is justified.

Rubbing your palms demonstrates anticipation of the result. Fast rubbing shows excitement, slow rubbing shows leisurely anticipation of something pleasant.

Scratching or rubbing your neck or ear can be a sign of uncertainty. If your interlocutor claims that he understood everything perfectly, but at the same time makes one of these gestures, then it is preferable to believe the non-verbal method of transmitting information, since usually it is non-verbal signals that more accurately reflect the true feelings of the interlocutor.

The manifestation of friendliness is often characterized by postures that copy the poses of the interlocutor.

Handshakes are especially important. As a rule, the person whose hand is higher feels superior to the interlocutor and claims a dominant role. Or another sign of dominance when a person tries to place his hand over yours - he extends his hand to you for a handshake, palm down.

Rubbing your chin is evidence of hard work of thought, so if you see that your interlocutor is rubbing his chin, rest assured that he is weighing the pros and cons and making a decision.

After conducting research among people of such professions as actors, nurses, lawyers, it was possible to find that when they had to lie, they touched their face (nose, covering their mouth; rubbing their eye or lower eyelid).

You are the sender of the information

The ability to beautifully and correctly convey information to your interlocutor plays an important role in the process of personal communication. It is necessary to ensure that you speak calmly, clearly, and understandably for a person. Try to focus the other person's attention on you.

Mentally break all the information into blocks, trying to reveal each of them completely, do not jump from one to another. After everything, ask whether the recipient understood the message you sent correctly. If something is not entirely clear to the listener, try to explain it differently.

Don't forget about feedback. Remember that the communication process involves the active participation of all parties. One-sided speech is excluded; give the interlocutor the opportunity to speak out.

When communicating, feedback acts as a kind of indicator. Do not ask complex, confusing questions that may cause difficulties for your interlocutor. Know how to correctly formulate questions and answers.

To make the conversation interesting and deep, you need to be able to build it in the form of a dialogue. A monologue not only tires people, but also pushes them away and makes them nervous.

By asking questions, you make it clear to the interlocutor that you need more complete information. But it is also important to remember that when asking a question, you must be sure that your interlocutor is ready to answer it.

Although the course of the conversation and its topic most often depend on you, it is necessary that there is interest in this from the other side. Always remember that basic questions must be prepared in advance.

In the business world, the art of asking questions correctly, or vice versa, the inability to do this, sometimes decides not only the fate of an employee, but also contributes to the establishment or destruction of new contacts or the loss of old companions.

It is important that each interview participant feels at ease during the conversation. After all, sometimes it turns out that you have to extract information from your interlocutor using pincers, and he gets the impression that he is under interrogation.

You are an active listener

The process of communication includes not only the ability to speak, but also the ability to listen carefully. To gain the trust of your interlocutor, you need to let the person know that you are listening to him carefully. When the speaker sees that he is being listened to attentively, he has an incentive to continue speaking, he understands that his words are interesting to you.

It has been statistically proven that women are more emotional than men. The listener's face expresses all manifestations of emotion. Therefore, the speaker can easily read your level of perception of information. Be careful, because if you show your passivity, you can cause an inadequate reaction, anger, seriously offend the speaker, or even drive him into a stupor.

The fact that you are listening carefully indicates that you are correctly deciphering the information being sent.

Active listening shows your affection for the interlocutor. Seeing that you understand him and help him relax, the person will certainly feel much more comfortable, and, therefore, the conversation will be more productive. That is, by listening carefully to your interlocutor, you create an environment that is conducive to maintaining a conversation.

Finally, if you are an active listener, don't try to be an actor, be sincere. A sincere listener listens conscientiously, not only with his eyes, ears, mind, but with his whole body. If you learn to listen carefully, you can achieve great success.

Let us remind you once again that communication includes not only the process of transmitting information, but consists of complex elements. This process, as a rule, has a semblance of a cycle, when some elements tend to repeat themselves.

In our case, it is important when such elements of the interview are repeated as: sending information, receiving it, perception, mental processing, subsequent sending. Dropping one of the elements can pause the progress of the interview or change its direction.

Moreover, communication occurs not only with the help of verbal information, but also through various accompanying actions, called non-verbal methods of transmitting information.

You must always remember the ethics of communication, the rules of behavior, master the language of gestures and facial expressions, and skillfully apply these skills. Have the ability to competently convey information to your interlocutors and correctly receive their messages.

It is important to remember that to conduct an interview, you need to prepare a plan in advance, sample questions for discussion, think about the location, and set a time.

It should also be remembered that each type of interview has its own characteristics that must be taken into account when conducting the conversation.

If you follow all the rules for conducting interviews, then, undoubtedly, this will have a beneficial effect on your activities.

And in conclusion, we would like to say a few words about this type of personal communication as informal communication. Everyone knows that any professional activity, any work involves communication with people, so it is not surprising that not only business relationships are often established between them.

It’s nice to talk to someone at lunchtime, chat with someone in the smoking room, and have a cup of coffee with someone. Naturally, none of the above actions occurs in complete silence. People talk, exchange information, opinions, assumptions. This is what is called informal communication.

This type of personal communication should in no case be ignored, because it is at such moments that people often receive the most important information for them: they find out who thinks what, what they don’t like in the organization...

Never neglect this type of communication, listen carefully to your interlocutor, try to keep the conversation going, but do not encourage gossip. If you feel that a person is not averse to getting under someone’s skin, try to move the conversation in a different direction. If it doesn’t work, it’s time to leave under some plausible pretext.

Internet communication, communication via the Internet is virtual reality, and face-to-face communication, that is, live, is the real world. What is the difference? What is there in real, live communication that is not in virtual communication?

Do you think there are any guesses? Read on to find out.

Communication over the Internet can be carried out by video chat through applications, Viber or. And live communication is carried out by visiting real places, appointed or random meetings.

What is missing from the Internet connection?

You can clearly see the person on the other end, watch his movements and hear his voice. But large distances between people can interfere with the data flow, sometimes making voice distorted and images and movements blurred.

In fact, you are very lucky if you can clearly see a good image of the person on the screen along with their clear voice and movements. By the way, a lot depends on both devices of the interlocutors.

When communicating live, it is possible not only to catch the gaze of the interlocutor, but you can also notice some other qualities, for example, such as the warmth or coldness of a person.

You can feel the person physically, such as through a handshake, pat on the shoulder, hug, or touch on the arm. Such contacts simplify communication and help to better understand the interlocutor.

For what other reasons is Internet communication inferior to live communication? Although software tools for communicating with another person over the Internet are well developed, virtual reality is still only on your screen, and you cannot get a complete, holistic experience when talking to another person over a long distance. It feels artificial and you may end up not connecting with the person on the other end, feeling a lack of something that cannot be determined through a computer monitor.

What to eat during live communication?

Face-to-face communication is more lively and interesting. You can have a heart-to-heart talk with a person, perhaps become friends or partners. The main thing is to radiate positivity and find common interests during live communication with a person.

All this is missing. Although, thanks to modern technology, the ability to conduct a conversation on the Internet works perfectly, however, sometimes you can miss out on something more that could satisfy you completely and create the same full-fledged experience as in face-to-face communication.

Let's summarize. Some of the ways in which virtual communication differs from face-to-face communication have been described, and these are the reasons why face-to-face conversation will always have an advantage over other modes of communication.

Like any medium, face-to-face communication has its advantages and disadvantages as an effective method of disseminating software appeals.

a. Advantages. Advantages include: audience selection, use in isolated areas, performance measurement, and speed.

1) Audience selection. When mass media are used, the propaganda message will usually reach people to whom it is not specifically addressed. However, with face-to-face communication, the audience can be more targeted and appeals directed at the right person or group. This, of course, only applies to the initial contact, because the message may be conveyed orally to other people in the non-target audience. Therefore, routine precautions to maintain confidence are essential.

2) Use in isolated areas. In some areas of the world, mass communication is ineffective due to a shortage of radios, mass illiteracy and inaccessible audiences. In such areas, spoken language may be the only means of communication. If there is real contact with the target audience, propaganda appeals through face-to-face communication become essential here.

3) Efficiency mark. An important aspect of the face-to-face situation is that the propagandist not only can “tailor” his appeals to the standards of the target audience, but can also judge the effect of his propaganda appeals from direct observations and responses. If communication is not achieved, the message can be immediately modified. This factor alone highlights the potential effectiveness of a face-to-face situation.

4) Speed. In some cases, face-to-face communication may be the fastest method of spreading propaganda. Under the right conditions, information can spread quickly through word of mouth. Thus, while face-to-face communication cannot be classified in terms of “fast” or “slow,” in certain cases, “face-to-face” situations offer a quick means of disseminating propaganda.

b. Flaws. Like the media, face-to-face communication has certain inherent disadvantages that can be partially overcome. These include: unreliability of control, ineffectiveness in conditions of total war, limitations in geographical area and personnel requirements.

1) Management factor. We have already emphasized that face-to-face communication, in order to be effective in software, must be controlled. This control must be explicit even at the lowest levels, where each individual communicator takes responsibility for interpreting policies and objectives within predetermined limits. Of course, management is difficult, but it can be done through leadership and intensive training of staff.

2) Ineffectiveness in conditions of general war. As a tool of psychological warfare, face-to-face communication is inevitably limited. However, its importance as an instrument of psychological action shows that it should not be underestimated or ignored.

3) Geographical area restrictions. It is physically difficult to conduct face-to-face communication over large geographic areas due to the severely limited number of people qualified to conduct meetings. But as more and more local citizens are trained to participate in the program, the populated areas targeted for processing through face-to-face meetings can be gradually expanded to cover most sectors of the operational area.

4) Personnel requirements. Propaganda itself requires special skills. Spreading propaganda messages through face-to-face communication requires specifically qualified people: smart, impressive, articulate and likeable. Recruiting personnel for this software area is extremely difficult.

c. Planning. Face-to-face communication is a powerful tool that, when used correctly, can produce great results. The psychological operator should not be confused by the fact that this method, compared with other media, is a more conventional and less romantic means of communication. Managed face-to-face communication must be prepared and needs planning just like any other medium. It should be used whenever possible, not just when necessary.

CHAPTER 19. INFORMATION PROGRAM
AND EDUCATION OF PRISONERS OF WAR

a common part

a. Based on the experience of the Korean War, prisoners of war taken by the United States and its allies may exhibit behavior that creates serious psychological problems, which must be provided for, and measures must also be planned to reduce the unfavorable aspects and allow the favorable ones to be exploited. Failure to prepare a detailed program of information and education will directly or indirectly result in casualties in the United States and its allies' forces numbering in the thousands, as well as a significant diversion of necessary personnel from combat operations. Expected behavior can take at least three forms:

2) Formation of disciplined groups among prisoners of war;

3) Widespread rejection of repatriation and US support for the right to refuse repatriation;

4) Organized resistance to the power of the United States.

b. Disturbances in prisoner-of-war camps, while representing a serious potential hindrance to the psychological efforts of the United States, will undoubtedly be exploited by any adversary. The outrage and its subsequent exploitation by propaganda may undermine the psychological benefit inherent in the refusal of many prisoners to return home to totalitarian control. They can impede psychological warfare efforts to evaluate and improve the information and education programs established for prisoners taken by the United States and its allies.

c. The lessons of the Korean War require formal approval of the Prisoner of War Information and Education (PWIE) program immediately after the outbreak of hostilities. Plans for the implementation of this program must be in place by the time the first prisoner of war is admitted. All prisoners of war and civilian internees should be required to attend classes.

d. The instructional plan for the heart of the program, the orientation course, will include formal classroom work and informal instruction. Classes can be taught freely and can cover at least six topics:

1) History of the war, especially its causes;

2) The meaning of democracy and totalitarianism;

3) Comparison of civil, political and economic freedoms under democracy and totalitarianism;

4) Life in a free world;

5) Reconstruction plans;

6) Development of leadership and skills in group action.

e. The information aspect of the orientation program must permeate all phases of the prisoners' daily lives. Radio programs and recordings may be broadcast in the camps three times a day. Selected information material such as books, pamphlets and newspapers should be made available to prisoners through libraries and information centers. Stands and exhibitions must be provided.

f. At the same time, an independent program for educating the illiterates should be carried out. In addition, primers should be prepared; they should be available at the start of the PWIE program. Level 1 and 2 teachers must be prepared, and the orientation lecture series must be rewritten in the simplest terms for those who have completed the basic reading and writing courses.

g. The PWIE program must also provide vocational training to each prisoner, allowing a minimum of 4 hours each week to be spent learning some practical skill such as carpentry, tailoring or shoemaking. One phase of the program may include the construction of temporary shelters. New farming techniques should be taught, and a comprehensive recreational program should be established, including athletics, games, hobbies, art, music and literature.

h. Personnel performing the PWIE program, general planning, and day-to-day management would likely be under military control, but would be augmented by civilian specialists. Selected qualified captives may serve in various capacities as members of the PWIE staff, contributing to teaching efforts, directing drama groups, directing athletic activities, or assisting in the vocational education program.

i. When there is more than one nationality of prisoners, an additional language problem arises. Teachers from countries associated with the United States war effort may be used to overcome this problem, but caution must be exercised because the presence of these teachers may stimulate resentment among the prisoners if they represent a political faction unacceptable to the prisoners.

j. The PWIE section may be part of a special headquarters psychological warfare section of theater headquarters. Regardless, the psychological warfare officer will provide technical advice and assistance in reorienting delinquents and prisoners.

The psychology of communication with people is a branch of psychology that studies the characteristics of types of communication, determining the basic rules that contribute to the success of the interviewer. It is also aimed at eliminating difficulties in dialogue and fear of communicating with people.

One of the basic rules of communication is not only speech. The emotional tone of the conversation is also considered important. Learning to be a good conversationalist is very simple; you just need to understand the principles and rules on which the psychology of communicating with people is based.

Communication is one of the main social functions of society.

Classification of communication:

• Friendly.
• Intimate.
• Business.

Communication is contact between people for the purpose of exchanging information and experience to conduct joint activities.

The art of communication is one of the main and significant life experiences that people should have. This does not depend on social status, place of work or lifestyle, because the psychology of communicating with people is present in any conversation. Facial expression, gestures, facial expressions and intonation indirectly affect the interlocutor during a conversation.

It is much easier for a person who knows the basic principles of communication to present the necessary information in the right direction, achieve certain results and achieve success in communicating with people.

People skills as the key to successful authority

In order to learn how to communicate correctly, understand your interlocutor and convey information beneficial to yourself during the conversation, scientists have identified a number of rules, the observance of which will help you find harmony in any conversation.

Communication according to the rules of psychology highlights a number of tips that will help you establish contact with your interlocutor and hone your personal skills in this difficult matter.

First of all, when communicating, you need to make it clear to your interlocutor that your opinion of him is good. This will position him for positive communication, but you should also provide your authority.

The presentation of information must be accessible and understandable to others. It is recommended to use emotional coloring when speaking, but in moderation. When having one-on-one conversations, you should adapt to your interlocutor, this will help win him over.

A true show of interest in the interlocutor. It will help create a trusting environment during the conversation.

An invaluable quality of a person is the ability to ask leading questions that contribute to the further conclusion of the necessary information. And don’t forget that when talking with people you need to be able to listen to your interlocutors.

By following the basic rules and communication skills and having self-confidence, you can easily achieve stunning results and become one of the best interlocutors.

Basic rules for the psychology of communicating with a girl

Every educated person knows about the rules of communication, decency, etiquette, and so on, the violation of which is unacceptable in society. For men there are also certain rules, the observance of which will help to appear before the fair sex in the best light.

10 rules for communicating with a girl:

1. Positive attitude.
2. Remain a man.
3. Self confidence.
4. Don't be intrusive.
5. Surprise.
6. Give compliments.
7. The ability to listen and hear.
8. Active communication.
9. Comprehensive development.
10. Determination.

After familiarizing yourself with the rules, you should determine the basic ones and half the success is in your pocket.

The main secrets of successful communication with a girl:

• Establishing a connection.
• Finding a clue.
• Interesting topic of conversation.
• Do not cheat.
• Keep the conversation going.
• Interesting questions.
• Talk about a girl.
• Correct pauses.

Also, do not forget that sincerity and non-verbal influence are important in a conversation. The ability to carry on a conversation, both in word and deed and with a glance, will not leave more than one girl indifferent.

Reasons for fear of communicating with people and methods for eliminating them

Today there is a type of social phobia called anthropophobia. This is a disease that is accompanied by an obsessive state of fear of people. It lies both in the fear of appearing in a large crowd of people and in communicating with people. In this case, you should seek help from specialists for elimination and treatment.

The main reasons for fear of communication:

• Low self-esteem.
• Having a negative experience.
• Lack of communication experience.

Having identified the causes, we begin to eliminate them. First, you need to understand and realize the presence of fear, and look at the situation from the outside. Accepting information about the presence of fear will allow you to begin to work on this problem. Here you should convince yourself that this is not an abstract fear, but a false belief about its existence.

Do not forget that the formation of certain qualities, skills and abilities of various methods and techniques of communication occurs only with experience. Therefore, there is no need to be afraid. Start communicating with loved ones or for small audiences, gradually increasing your capabilities.