>Compositions based on the work of Poor Lisa
Characters of the main characters. The main idea of the story
The story "Poor Lisa" was written by N. M. Karamzin at the end of the 18th century and became one of the first sentimental works in Russian literature. The plot of the work is quite simple and understandable. In it, a weak-willed but kind-hearted nobleman falls in love with a poor peasant woman. Their love has a tragic ending. Erast, losing, marries a rich widow, and Lisa, unable to bear the grief, throws herself into the waters of a deep pond and dies.
However, the most important thing in this story is not the plot, but the feelings that it awakens in the reader. The narrator deserves special attention. He conveys the story of a poor village girl with sadness and understanding. In Russian literature, the image of an empathetic narrator has become a discovery. At every dramatic turn of events, "his heart bleeds" and "tears roll down his cheeks" are heard.
The attitude of the writer to the protagonist is also new. He does not blame Erast himself for the death of Liza, but shows the social factors that served as an impetus. So, for example, Erast was influenced by the "big" city, which made him depraved. And Lisa was rustic and simple and naive. The author shows that not a single Lisa fell victim to circumstances, Erast is also deeply unhappy and carries a sense of guilt through her whole life.
For the first time in the history of Russian literature, the writer touches on the "living soul" in the representatives of the lower class. He notes that "Even peasant women know how to love." This phrase has long remained winged. We can say that Karamzin laid the foundation for the tradition of sympathy for the common man. Thus, his story became extremely popular in society. She, first of all, appeals to the humanity of a person and the ability to sympathize.
The story "Poor Lisa" appeared just at the turn of the century and the change of styles. It reflects the transition from the civic theme, which was so popular during the Enlightenment, to the personal theme. The main object of attention was the inner world of man. Thus, the author introduced such a new trend as psychologism, which manifested itself in the ability to vividly convey the inner world of the characters along with their feelings.
- Category: Collection of essays grades 5-11
The story of N. M. Karamzin "Poor Lisa" was one of the first sentimental works of Russian literature of the 18th century. Its plot is very simple - the weak-willed, although kind nobleman Erast falls in love with a poor peasant girl Lisa. Their love ends tragically: the young man quickly forgets about his beloved, intending to marry a rich bride, and Liza dies by throwing herself into the water. But the main thing in the story is not the plot, but the feelings that it was supposed to awaken in the reader. Therefore, the main character of the story becomes the narrator, who, with sadness and sympathy, tells about the fate of the poor girl. The image of a sentimental narrator became a discovery in Russian literature, since before the narrator remained "behind the scenes" and was neutral in relation to the events described. "Poor Lisa" is characterized by short or extended lyrical digressions, at every dramatic turn of the plot we hear the author's voice: "my heart bleeds ...", "a tear rolls down my face."
The appeal to social problems was extremely important for the sentimentalist writer. He does not denounce Erast for the death of Liza: the young nobleman is as unhappy as a peasant girl. But, and this is especially important, Karamzin was perhaps the first in Russian literature to inspire a “living soul” in a representative of the lower class. “And peasant women know how to love” - this phrase from the story became winged in Russian culture for a long time. From here begins another tradition of Russian literature: sympathy for the common man, his joys and troubles, protection of the weak, the oppressed and the voiceless - this is the main moral task of the artists of the word.
"Poor Lisa" immediately became extremely popular in Russian society. Humane feelings, the ability to sympathize and be sensitive turned out to be very in tune with the trends of the time, when literature moved from the civil theme, characteristic of the Enlightenment, to the theme of a person’s personal, private life, and the inner world of an individual became the main object of its attention.
Karamzin made another discovery in literature. With “Poor Lisa”, such a concept as psychologism appeared in it, that is, the writer’s ability to vividly and touchingly depict the inner world of a person, his experiences, desires, aspirations. In this sense, Karamzin paved the way for the writers of the 19th century.
Karamzin's story "Poor Lisa" became a key work of its time. The introduction of sentimentalism into the work and the presence of many themes and problems allowed the 25-year-old author to become extremely popular and famous. Readers were absorbed in the images of the main characters of the story - the story of the events of their lives became an occasion to rethink the features of humanistic theory.
History of writing
In most cases, unusual works of literature have unusual stories of creation, however, if Poor Lisa had such a story, then it was not provided to the public and was lost somewhere in the wilds of history. It is known that the story was written as an experiment at the dacha of Peter Beketov, which was located near the Simonov Monastery.
Information about the publication of the story is also rather scarce. For the first time, "Poor Liza" saw the light in the "Moscow Journal" in 1792. At that time, N. Karamzin himself was its editor, and 4 years later the story was published as a separate book.
Heroes of the story
Lisa is the main character of the story. The girl belongs to the peasant class. After her father's death, she lives with her mother and earns money by selling knitwear and flowers in the city.
Erasmus is the main character of the story. The young man has a gentle character, he is not able to defend his position in life, which makes both himself and Lisa in love with him unhappy.
Lisa's mother is a peasant woman by birth. She loves her daughter and wants the girl to live her future life without difficulties and sorrows.
We propose to trace which was written by N. Karamzin.
The plot of the story
The action of the story takes place in the vicinity of Moscow. The young girl Lisa lost her father. Because of this, her family, consisting of her and her mother, began to gradually become poorer - her mother was constantly sick and therefore could not work fully. Liza represented the main labor force in the family - the girl actively wove carpets, knitted stockings for sale, and also collected and sold flowers. Once a young aristocrat, Erasmus, approached the girl, he fell in love with the girl and therefore decided to buy flowers from Lisa every day.
However, Erasmus did not come the next day. Disappointed, Lisa returns home, but fate presents the girl with a new gift - Erasmus comes to Lisa's home and says that he can come for flowers himself.
From this moment begins a new stage in the girl's life - she is completely captivated by love. However, despite everything, this love adheres to the framework of platonic love. Erasmus is captivated by the spiritual purity of the girl. Unfortunately, this utopia did not last long. The mother decides to marry Lisa - a rich peasant decided to woo Lisa. Erasmus, despite his love and admiration for the girl, cannot claim her hand - social norms strictly regulate their relationship. Erasmus belongs to the nobility, and Lisa belongs to ordinary peasants, so their marriage is a priori impossible. In the evening, Lisa comes on a date to Erast as usual and tells the young man about the upcoming event in the hope of support.
The romantic and devoted Erast decides to take Lisa to his house, but the girl cools his ardor, noting that in this case he will not be her husband. This evening the girl loses her purity.
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After this, the relationship between Lisa and Erasmus was no longer the same - the image of the immaculate and holy girl faded away in the eyes of Erasmus. The young man begins military service, and the lovers part. Lisa sincerely believes that their relationship will retain its former ardor, but the girl will be greatly disappointed: Erasmus is addicted to playing cards and does not become a successful player - marriage to a rich old woman helps him avoid poverty, but does not bring happiness. Lisa, having learned about the wedding, committed suicide (drowned in the river), and Erasmus forever acquired a sense of guilt for her death.
The reality of the described events
The features of the artistic construction of the plot and the description of the background of the work suggest the reality of the events taking place and the literary reminiscence of Karamzin. After the publication of the story, the surroundings of the Simonov Monastery became especially popular among young people, near which, based on Karamzin's story, Liza lived. Readers also chose the pond, in which the girl allegedly drowned, and even cutely renamed it "Lizin." However, there is no data on the real basis of the story; it is believed that its characters, as well as the plot, were the fruit of the author's imagination.
Subject
The story as a genre does not imply the presence of a huge number of themes. Karamzin fully complies with this requirement and is actually limited to only two topics.
The theme of peasant life
Using the example of Lisa's family, the reader can get acquainted with the peculiarities of the life of peasants. Readers are presented with a non-generalized image. From the story you can learn about the details of the life of the peasants, their everyday and not only everyday difficulties.
Peasants are people too
In literature, one can often find the image of peasants as a generalized one, devoid of individual qualities.
Karamzin, on the other hand, shows that the peasants, despite their lack of education and lack of involvement in art, are not devoid of intelligence, wisdom, or moral character.
Liza is a girl who can keep up the conversation, of course, these are not topics about innovations in the field of science or art, but her speech is built logically, and her content makes her associate the girl as an intelligent and talented interlocutor.
Issues
The Problem of Finding Happiness
Every person wants to be happy. Lisa and Erasmus are also no exception. The platonic love that arose between young people allowed them to realize how it is to be happy and at the same time how it is to be deeply unhappy. The author in the story raises an important question: is it always possible to become happy and what is needed for this.
The problem of social inequality
One way or another, but our real life is subject to some unspoken rules and social stereotypes. Most of them arose on the principle of social distribution into layers or castes. It is this moment that Karamzin sharply personifies in the work - Erasmus is an aristocrat, a nobleman by origin, and Lisa is a poor girl, a peasant woman. A marriage between an aristocrat and a peasant woman was unthinkable.
Loyalty in relationships
When reading the story, you understand that such exalted relations between young people, if they were transferred to the plane of real time, would not have existed forever - sooner or later the love ardor between Erasmus and Lisa would have faded away - the public position prevented further development, and the resulting stable uncertainty provoked the degradation of romance.
Guided by the possibility of material improvement of his position, Erasmus decides to marry a rich widow, although he himself gave Lisa a promise to always love her. While the girl faithfully awaits the return of her lover, Erasmus cruelly betrays her feelings and hopes.
The problem of urban orientation
Another global problem that found its reflection in Karamzin's story is the comparison of the city and the countryside. In the understanding of urban residents, the city is the engine of progress, newfangled trends and education. The village is always presented as something backward in its development. The inhabitants of the village, respectively, are also backward in every sense of the word.
The villagers also note the differences between the inhabitants of cities and villages. In their concept, the city is the engine of evil and danger, while the village is a safe place that preserves the moral character of the nation.
Idea
The main idea of the story is to denounce sensuality, morality and the influence of emotions that have arisen on the fate of a person. Karamzin brings readers to the concept: empathy is an important part of life. Don't deliberately renounce compassion and humanity.
Karamzin argues that human morality is a factor that does not depend on class and position in society. Very often people with aristocratic ranks are lower in their moral development than ordinary peasants.
Direction in culture and literature
The story "Poor Lisa" is marked by the peculiarities of the direction in literature - sentimentalism successfully embodied in the work, which was successfully embodied in the image of Lisa's father, who, according to Karamzin's description, was an ideal person within his social cell.
Lisa's mother also has multiple features of sentimentalism - she experiences significant mental anguish after the departure of her husband, sincerely worries about the fate of her daughter.
The main array of sentimentalism falls on the image of Lisa. She is depicted as a sensual person who is so absorbed in her emotions that she is unable to be guided by critical thinking - after meeting Erasmus. Lisa is so absorbed in new romantic experiences that, apart from these feelings, she does not take any other feelings seriously - the girl is not able to sensibly assess her life situation, she is little worried about her mother's feelings and her love.
Instead of love for her mother (which used to be inherent in Lisa), now the girl's thoughts are occupied by love for Erasmus, which reaches a critical egoistic climax - Lisa perceives the tragic events in a relationship with a young man as an irreversible tragedy of her whole life. The girl does not try to find a "golden mean" between the sensual and the logical - she completely surrenders to emotions.
Thus, Karamzin's story "Poor Lisa" became a breakthrough of its time. For the first time, readers were given an image of the characters as close to life as possible. The characters do not have a clear division into positive and negative. Every character has good and bad qualities. The work reflects the main social themes and problems, which in their essence are philosophical problems outside of time - their relevance is not regulated by the framework of chronology.
The history of the creation of Karamzin's work "Poor Lisa"
Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin is one of the most educated people of his time. He preached advanced educational views, widely promoted Western European culture in Russia. The personality of the writer, multifacetedly gifted in various fields, played a significant role in the cultural life of Russia in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Karamzin traveled a lot, translated, wrote original works of art, and was engaged in publishing activities. His name is associated with the formation of professional literary activity.
In 1789-1790. Karamzin undertook a trip abroad (to Germany, Switzerland, France and England). Upon the return of N.M. Karamzin began to publish the Moscow Journal, in which he published the story Poor Liza (1792), Letters from a Russian Traveler (1791-92), which put him among the first Russian writers. In these works, as well as in literary critical articles, the aesthetic program of sentimentalism was expressed with its interest in a person, regardless of class, his feelings and experiences. In the 1890s the writer's interest in the history of Russia is growing; he gets acquainted with historical works, the main published sources: chronicle monuments, notes of foreigners, etc. In 1803, Karamzin began work on The History of the Russian State, which became the main work of his life.
According to the memoirs of contemporaries, in the 1790s. the writer lived in a dacha near Beketov near the Simonov Monastery. The environment played a decisive role in the concept of the story "Poor Lisa". The literary plot of the story was perceived by the Russian reader as a vitally authentic and real plot, and its characters were perceived as real people. After the publication of the story, walks became fashionable in the vicinity of the Simonov Monastery, where Karamzin settled his heroine, and to the pond into which she threw herself and which was called "Lizin's pond". As the researcher V.N. Toporov, defining the place of Karamzin's story in the evolutionary series of Russian literature, "for the first time in Russian literature, fiction created such an image of true life, which was perceived as stronger, sharper and more convincing than life itself." "Poor Lisa" - the most popular and best story - brought real fame to Karamzin, who was then 25 years old. A young and previously unknown writer suddenly became a celebrity. "Poor Lisa" was the first and most talented Russian sentimental story.
Genus, genre, creative method
Russian literature of the 18th century multi-volume classic novels were widely used. Karamzin was the first to introduce the genre of the short novel, the “sensitive story,” which enjoyed particular success among his contemporaries. The role of the narrator in the story "Poor Lisa" belongs to the author. The small volume makes the plot of the story clearer and more dynamic. Karamzin's name is inextricably linked with the concept of "Russian sentimentalism".
Sentimentalism is a trend in European literature and culture of the second half of the 17th century that highlights the feelings of a person, and not the mind. Sentimentalists focused on human relations, the opposition between good and evil.
In Karamzin's story, the life of the characters is depicted through the prism of sentimental idealization. The characters in the story are embellished. Lisa's deceased father, an exemplary family man, because he loves work, plowed the land well and was quite prosperous, everyone loved him. Lisa's mother, "a sensitive, kind old woman," is weakening from incessant tears for her husband, for even peasant women know how to feel. She touchingly loves her daughter and admires nature with religious tenderness.
The very name Lisa until the early 80s. 18th century almost never met in Russian literature, and if it did, then in its foreign language version. Choosing this name for his heroine, Karamzin went to break the rather strict canon that had developed in literature and predetermined in advance what Liza should be like, how she should behave. This behavioral stereotype was defined in the European literature of the 18th-18th centuries. the fact that the image of Lisa, Lisette (OhePe), was associated primarily with comedy. Lisa of the French comedy is usually a servant-maid (maid), the confidante of her young mistress. She is young, pretty, rather frivolous and understands perfectly everything that is connected with a love affair. Naivety, innocence, modesty are the least characteristic of this comedic role. Breaking the reader's expectations, removing the mask from the name of the heroine, Karamzin thereby destroyed the foundations of the very culture of classicism, weakened the ties between the signified and the signifier, between the name and its bearer in the space of literature. With all the conventionality of the image of Lisa, her name is associated precisely with the character, and not with the role of the heroine. Establishing the relationship between the "internal" character and "external" action was a significant achievement for Karamzin on the way to the "psychologism" of Russian prose.
Subject
An analysis of the work shows that several themes are identified in Karamzin's story. One of them is an appeal to the peasant environment. The writer portrayed a peasant girl as the main character, who retained patriarchal ideas about moral values.
Karamzin was one of the first to introduce the opposition of the city and the countryside into Russian literature. The image of the city is inextricably linked with the image of Erast, with the “terrible bulk of houses” and the shining “gold of domes”. The image of Liza is associated with the life of a beautiful natural nature. In Karamzin's story, a village man - a man of nature - turns out to be defenseless, falling into urban space, where laws operate that are different from the laws of nature. It is not for nothing that Lisa's mother tells her (thus indirectly predicting everything that will happen next): “My heart is always in the wrong place when you go to the city; I always put a candle in front of the image and pray to the Lord God that he save you from all trouble and misfortune.
The author in the story raises not only the topic of the “little man” and social inequality, but also such a topic as fate and circumstances, nature and man, love-grief and love-happiness.
With the voice of the author, the theme of the great history of the fatherland enters into the private plot of the story. The comparison of the historical and the particular makes the story "Poor Liza" a fundamental literary fact, on the basis of which the Russian socio-psychological novel will subsequently arise.
The story attracted the attention of contemporaries with its humanistic idea: "peasant women know how to love." The author's position in the story is the position of a humanist. Before us is Karamzin the artist and Karamzin the philosopher. He sang the beauty of love, described love as a feeling that can transform a person. The writer teaches: a moment of love is beautiful, but only reason gives long life and strength.
"Poor Liza" immediately became extremely popular in Russian society. Humane feelings, the ability to sympathize and be sensitive turned out to be very in tune with the trends of the time, when literature moved from the civil theme, characteristic of the Enlightenment, to the theme of a person’s personal, private life, and the inner world of an individual became the main object of its attention.
Karamzin made another discovery in literature. With “Poor Lisa”, such a concept as psychologism appeared in it, that is, the writer’s ability to vividly and touchingly depict the inner world of a person, his experiences, desires, aspirations. In this sense, Karamzin paved the way for the writers of the 19th century.
The nature of the conflict
The analysis showed that there is a complex conflict in Karamzin's work. First of all, this is a social conflict: the gap between a rich nobleman and a poor villager is very large. But, as you know, "peasant women know how to love." Sensitivity - the highest value of sentimentalism - pushes the characters into each other's arms, gives them a moment of happiness, and then leads Lisa to death (she "forgets her soul" - commits suicide). Erast is also punished for his decision to leave Lisa and marry another: he will forever reproach himself with her death.
The story "Poor Liza" is written in the classic story about the love of representatives of different classes: its characters - the nobleman Erast and the peasant woman Lisa - cannot be happy not only for moral reasons, but also for social conditions of life. The deep social root of the plot is embodied in Karamzin's story at its most external level as a moral conflict between Liza's "beautiful soul and body" and Erast - "a rather rich nobleman with a fair mind and a kind heart, kind by nature, but weak and windy." And, of course, one of the reasons for the shock produced by Karamzin's story in literature and the reader's mind was that Karamzin was the first Russian writer who turned to the topic of unequal love and decided to unleash his story in the way that such a conflict would most likely be resolved in real conditions. Russian life: the death of the heroine.
The main characters of the story "Poor Lisa"
Lisa is the main character of Karamzin's story. For the first time in the history of Russian prose, the writer turned to a heroine endowed with emphatically mundane features. His words "... and peasant women know how to love" became winged. Sensitivity is a central character trait of Lisa. She trusts the movements of her heart, lives "gentle passions." Ultimately, it is ardor and ardor that lead Liza to death, but she is morally justified.
Lisa doesn't look like a peasant woman. “Beautiful in body and soul of a settler”, “tender and sensitive Lisa”, passionately loving her parents, cannot forget about her father, but hides her sadness and tears so as not to disturb her mother. She tenderly takes care of her mother, gets her medicine, works day and night (“she wove canvases, knitted stockings, picked flowers in the spring, and took berries in the summer and sold them in Moscow”). The author is sure that such activities fully ensure the life of the old woman and her daughter. According to his plan, Lisa is completely unfamiliar with the book, but after meeting with Erast, she dreams of how good it would be if her lover "was born a simple peasant shepherd ..." - these words are completely in the spirit of Lisa.
Lisa not only speaks like a book, but also thinks. Nevertheless, the psychology of Liza, who fell in love with a girl for the first time, is revealed in detail and in a natural sequence. Before rushing into the pond, Lisa remembers her mother, she took care of the old woman as best she could, left her money, but this time the thought of her was no longer able to keep Lisa from taking a decisive step. As a result, the character of the heroine is idealized, but internally whole.
The character of Erast is much different from the character of Lisa. Erast is described more in line with the social environment that brought him up than Lisa. This is a “rather rich nobleman”, an officer who led a dispersed life, thought only of his own pleasure, looked for him in secular amusements, but often did not find him, was bored and complained about his fate. Endowed with "a fair mind and a kind heart", being "kind by nature, but weak and windy", Erast represented a new type of hero in Russian literature. In it, for the first time, the type of a disappointed Russian aristocrat is outlined.
Erast recklessly falls in love with Liza, not thinking that she is not a girl of his circle. However, the hero does not stand the test of love.
Before Karamzin, the plot automatically determined the type of hero. In Poor Lisa, the image of Erast is much more complicated than the literary type to which the hero belongs.
Erast is not a "treacherous seducer", he is sincere in his oaths, sincere in his deceit. Erast is as much the culprit of the tragedy as he is the victim of his "ardent imagination". Therefore, the author does not consider himself entitled to judge Erast. He stands on a par with his hero - because he converges with him at the "point" of sensitivity. After all, it is the author who acts in the story as a “narrator” of the plot that Erast told him: “.. I met him a year before his death. He himself told me this story and led me to Liza's grave ... ".
Erast begins a long series of heroes in Russian literature, the main feature of which is weakness and inability to live, and for whom the label of “an extra person” has long been entrenched in literary criticism.
plot, composition
In the words of Karamzin himself, the story "Poor Liza" is "a very uncomplicated fairy tale." The plot of the story is simple. This is the love story of a poor peasant girl Liza and a rich young nobleman Erast. Public life and secular pleasures bored him. He was constantly bored and "complained about his fate." Erast "read idyllic novels" and dreamed of that happy time when people, not burdened by the conventions and rules of civilization, would live carelessly in the bosom of nature. Thinking only of his own pleasure, he "looked for it in amusements." With the advent of love in his life, everything changes. Erast falls in love with the pure "daughter of nature" - the peasant woman Lisa. Chaste, naive, joyfully trusting people, Lisa appears as a wonderful shepherdess. After reading novels in which "all people carelessly walked along the rays, bathed in clean springs, kissed like turtle doves, rested under roses and myrtle", he decided that he "found in Lisa what his heart had been looking for for a long time." Liza, although the "daughter of a rich peasant", is just a peasant woman who is forced to earn her own living. Sensuality - the highest value of sentimentalism - pushes the characters into each other's arms, gives them a moment of happiness. The picture of pure first love is drawn very touchingly in the story. “Now I think,” Liza says to Erast, “that without you life is not life, but sadness and boredom. Without your dark eyes, a bright month; the singing nightingale is boring without your voice...” Erast also admires his “shepherdess”. “All the brilliant amusements of the great world seemed to him insignificant in comparison with the pleasures with which the passionate friendship of an innocent soul fed his heart.” But when Lisa gives herself to him, the satiated young man begins to grow cold in his feelings for her. In vain Lisa hopes to regain her lost happiness. Erast goes on a military campaign, loses all his fortune in cards and, in the end, marries a rich widow. And deceived in her best hopes and feelings, Liza throws herself into a pond near the Simonov Monastery.
Artistic originality of the analyzed story
But the main thing in the story is not the plot, but the feelings that it was supposed to awaken in the reader. Therefore, the main character of the story becomes the narrator, who, with sadness and sympathy, tells about the fate of the poor girl. The image of a sentimental narrator became a discovery in Russian literature, since before the narrator remained "behind the scenes" and was neutral in relation to the events described. The narrator learns the story of poor Liza directly from Erast, and he himself often comes to be sad at Liza's Grave. The narrator of "Poor Liza" is mentally involved in the relationship of the characters. Already the title of the story is built on the combination of the heroine's own name with an epithet that characterizes the narrator's sympathetic attitude towards her.
The author-narrator is the only mediator between the reader and the life of the characters, embodied by his word. The narration is conducted in the first person, the constant presence of the author reminds of himself by his periodic appeals to the reader: "now the reader should know ...", "the reader can easily imagine ...". These address formulas, emphasizing the intimacy of the emotional contact between the author, the characters and the reader, are very reminiscent of the methods of organizing narrative in the epic genres of Russian poetry. Karamzin, transferring these formulas to narrative prose, ensured that prose acquired a penetrating lyrical sound and began to be perceived as emotionally as poetry. The story "Poor Lisa" is characterized by short or extended lyrical digressions, at each dramatic turn of the plot we hear the author's voice: "my heart bleeds ...", "a tear rolls down my face."
In their aesthetic unity, the three central images of the story - the author-narrator, poor Lisa and Erast - with a completeness unprecedented in Russian literature, realized the sentimentalist concept of a person, valuable for his extra-class moral virtues, sensitive and complex.
Karamzin was the first to write smoothly. In his prose, words were intertwined in such a regular, rhythmic way that the reader was left with the impression of rhythmic music. Smoothness in prose is the same as meter and rhyme in poetry.
Karamzin introduces the tradition of the rural literary landscape.
The meaning of the work
Karamzin laid the foundation for a huge cycle of literature about "little people", opened the way for the classics of Russian literature. The story "Rich Liza" essentially opens the theme of the "little man" in Russian literature, although the social aspect in relation to Liza and Erast is somewhat muffled. Of course, the gulf between a rich nobleman and a poor peasant woman is very large, but Lisa is least of all like a peasant woman, rather like a sweet society lady, brought up on sentimental novels. The theme of "Poor Liza" appears in many works by A.S. Pushkin. When he wrote "The Young Lady-Peasant Woman", he definitely focused on "Poor Lisa", turning the "sad story" into a novel with a happy ending. In The Stationmaster, Dunya is seduced and taken away by the hussars, and her father, unable to bear the grief, becomes an inveterate drunkard and dies. In The Queen of Spades, the further life of Karamzin's Liza is visible, the fate that would have awaited Liza if she had not committed suicide. Liza also lives in the novel "Sunday" by L.N. Tolstoy. Seduced by Nekhlyudov, Katyusha Maslova decides to throw herself under a train. Although she remains to live, her life is full of dirt and humiliation. The image of Karamzin's heroine continued in the works of other writers.
It is in this story that the refined psychologism of Russian artistic prose, recognized throughout the world, is born. Here Karamzin, opening the gallery of "superfluous people", stands at the source of another powerful tradition - the image of smart loafers, for whom idleness helps to keep a distance between themselves and the state. Thanks to blessed laziness, "superfluous people" are always in opposition. If they had served their country honestly, they would have had no time for seducing Liz and witty digressions. In addition, if the people are always poor, then the "extra people" are always with funds, even if they squandered, as happened with Erast. He has no affairs in the story, except for love.
This is interesting
"Poor Liza" is perceived as a story about true events. Liza belongs to the characters with a "registration". “... Increasingly, it attracts me to the walls of the Si...nova monastery - a memory of the deplorable fate of Liza, poor Liza” - this is how the author begins his story. For a gap in the middle of a word, any Muscovite guessed the name of the Simonov Monastery, the first buildings of which date back to the 14th century. The pond, located under the walls of the monastery, was called Lisiny Pond, but thanks to the story of Karamzin, it was popularly renamed Lizin and became a place of constant pilgrimage for Muscovites. In the XX century. Lizin Pond was named Lizina Square, Lizin Dead End and Lizino Railway Station. To date, only a few buildings of the monastery have survived, most of them were blown up in 1930. The pond was filled up gradually, it finally disappeared after 1932.
To the place of Liza's death, first of all, the same unfortunate girls in love, like Liza herself, came to cry. According to eyewitnesses, the bark of trees growing around the pond was ruthlessly cut with the knives of the "pilgrims". The inscriptions carved on the trees were both serious (“In these streams, poor Liza passed away for days; / If you are sensitive, a passer-by, take a breath”), and satirical, hostile to Karamzin and his heroine (of particular fame among such “birch epigrams” was the couplet: "Erast's bride died in these streams. / Drown yourself, girls, there is enough space in the pond").
The festivities at the Simonov Monastery were so popular that the description of this area can be found on the pages of the works of many writers of the 19th century: M.N. Zagoskina, I.I. Lazhechnikova, M.Yu. Lermontov, A.I. Herzen.
Karamzin and his story were certainly mentioned when describing the Simonov Monastery in guidebooks around Moscow and special books and articles. But gradually these references began to be more and more ironic, and already in 1848 in the famous work of M.N. Zagoskin "Moscow and Muscovites" in the chapter "A walk to the Simonov Monastery" did not say a word about either Karamzin or his heroine. As sentimental prose lost its charm of novelty, "Poor Lisa" ceased to be perceived as a story about true events, and even more so as an object for worship, but became in the minds of most readers a primitive fiction, a curiosity, reflecting the tastes and concepts of a bygone era.
Good DD. History of Russian literature of the XVIII century. - M., 1960.
WeilP., GenisA. Native speech. The legacy of "Poor Lisa" Karamzin // Star. 1991. No. 1.
ValaginAL. Let's read together. - M., 1992.
DI. Fonvizin in Russian criticism. - M., 1958.
History of Moscow districts: encyclopedia / ed. K.A. Averyanov. - M., 2005.
Toporov VL. "Poor Liza" Karamzin. Moscow: Russian world, 2006.
What is the main idea of the work and what words from the text can express it? The story of poor Lisa
Answer:
The main idea of "Poor Lisa" is an unspoiled, pure person who, following the lead of his feelings, which is the only true option for him, is faced with the tragedy of the real world. "and peasant women know how to love"
After the Civil War, the 13th, 14th, and 15th constitutional amendments were passed with the intention of establishing equality under the law for freed slaves, or so the story goes. The fact is that slavery was - and still is - completely legal in the United States, only in a completely different form. The institution of slavery, as we have understood it, has actually gone through an evolution. Instead of directly enslaving blacks with an entire apparatus used to keep slaves in their condition, certain elements of the state apparatus were phased in time to enslave blacks, namely the legal and penitentiary systems.
Similar questions
- Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the linguist Alexander Ivanovich Gorshkov: “Expressiveness is the property of what is said or written in its semantic form to attract special attention of the reader, to make a strong impression on him.” do you agree with the opinion of the scientist? using the words of A. Gorshkov as a thesis, write an essay reasoning, using examples from the text of V. Belov as arguments. blue cobwebs float above the dew in spacious fields, and the overworked earth slowly cools down. In the transparent depths of the river whirlpools, fish are lazy, barely moving their fins. Haystacks, surrounded by late green grass, have long faded and faded from the September rains. On the other hand, the emerald-gray winter stripes are dazzling, and ruby bursts of mountain ash glow silently and brightly at the edge. The forest is unusually quiet. Everything froze, holding its breath, and as if waiting for some inevitable punishment, or maybe forgiveness and rest. It blows on the forests, blowing over them with a wet wind, and then a deaf, displeased roar of ramparts goes for thousands of miles. The winds blow away the protected blue from the bosom of countless lakes, rippling and showering the reaches of the great northern rivers with dead leaves. The breath of these winds either captures the taiga with marsh gray hair, or weaves golden, orange and silvery-yellow strands into it. But the pine and spruce ridges do not care, and they are still arrogantly silent or menacingly and terribly buzzing, raising their indignant manes, and then a mighty noise rolls again through the endless taiga. (According to V. Belov
the main idea of the work is poor lisa
Consequently, enslavement itself changed, as black prisoners were no longer slaves to individual craftsmen, but rather were enslaved by the companies they rented out. To create this system, not only the participation of the southern judiciary and individual northern and southern elites was necessary, but also the participation and restoration of slavery in a corporate context.
To achieve a full understanding of the convict lease system, the 13th Amendment must first be revisited. History books and classrooms across America say that this amendment ended in slavery, but this is completely wrong. The 13th Amendment states: Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime for which the party has been duly convicted, exists in the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Thus, slavery is completely and completely legal if it is part of the punishment for someone who has been and has been found guilty of a crime.
- Sentimentalism is based on a new view of man as a sensitive being, on a new idea for literature about his happiness. A complete picture of sentimentalism can be obtained by reading Karamzin's story "Poor Lisa".
Liza is a child of nature and patriarchal upbringing, the ideal of the "natural man". She is pure, naive, disinterested: “... Liza alone, not sparing her tender youth, not sparing her rare beauty, worked day and night - weaved canvases, knitted stockings, picked flowers in the spring ... "
When the 13th Amendment was debated, many in Congress weren't thinking about slaves, but rather about white labor, as Senator Henry Wilson said: The same influences that go to hold and suppress the rights of the poor black man, restrain and oppress the poor white worker . Senator Richard Yeats from Illinois was very cruel, stating that "ever did not have blacks in the brain" when discussing the amendment. Such notions are absurd! Wilson is right insofar as he maintains that both slave labor and white labor are oppressed by the same system; both are harassed by being manipulated and played tricks on each other by the elites of the North and South.
The village itself and all the surrounding nature is a center of moral purity, including the main symbol of the purity of love, in my opinion, Karamzin's flowers are: “... you had fun with them in the morning, and a pure, joyful soul shone in your eyes, like as the sun shines in drops of heavenly dew. All this proves such a feature of sentimentalism - the cult of innate moral purity, purity.
However, Wilson ignores the fact that white labor was far less oppressive than black slave labor, as white workers were seen as human beings deserving at least a minimal degree of dignity and respect, rather than treated and treated worse than animals. White workers were free to do as they pleased without having to worry about having paperwork on their face to prove their freedom.
Therefore, the passage of the 13th Amendment must be seen in the context of economic competition between the black slave owner and free white labor. The economy of the South was built around slave labor, and the ability to have slaves produce more than they were "worth", seeing how slaves were seen as not just common property, but a long-term economic investment that helped the southern plantation elite. However, due to the existence of slavery, white labor was indirectly affected, as not only did they lose the income they were making when slavery was first introduced - in addition to any potential future income - but, in addition, white labor was unable to make progress in the South, since slavery provided a source of labor that was less expensive in the long run.
Also in this work, the rich spiritual world of a commoner is clearly shown - one of the main discoveries of sentimentalism. The rudeness and bad manners of souls are not always the lot of the poor, Karamzin shows us. Both natures are capable of a rich emotional experience: “She loved to talk with him about her late husband, about how she first met her dear Ivan, how he fell in love with her and in what love, in what harmony he lived with her.”
Senator Henry Williams illustrates these points and other problems that white labor had with slavery. Slavery was evil because it destroyed much of the richest land in the south; it degraded labor and the meaning of labor for poor white workers in the South; he robbed the south of culture, humiliating the efforts of the workers; and this allowed the southern aristocrats to further offend northern white workers by humiliating their labor efforts like crab and evil. It was the connection between labor and slavery in the minds of the southern aristocrats who humiliated the efforts of the hard-working northern workers.
Karamzin's work "Poor Liza" contains all the features of sentimentalism. Reading this book, together with the characters, we experience the feelings that surround them.
- But he fell in love with her when Lisa was allegedly a peasant woman. This is big, unselfish love.
- Karamzin's story Poor Liza, written in 1792 and dedicated to the love theme, the story of two loving hearts, gained particular popularity among contemporaries. His heroes are looking for happiness in love, but they are surrounded by a large and cruel world with its inhuman and terrible laws. This world deprives Karamzin's heroes of happiness, makes them victims, brings them constant suffering and dooms them to death.
Lisa lived with her mother in the Moscow region, in a small house on the banks of the Moscow River, not far from the Simonov Monastery. Both the mother and the late father tried to instill high moral qualities in their daughter. From childhood, she was taught that in this life nothing is given for free, you need to achieve everything yourself. They themselves adhered to the same principles: the father loved work, plowed the land well and always led a sober life, and the mother remained faithful to the memory of her husband and for many years continued to shed tears about him, for peasant women know how to love! Liza, brought up in strictness, worked day and night, weaving canvases, knitting stockings, picking flowers in the spring, and picking berries in the summer and selling all this in Moscow.
Thus, slavery brought white workers down in two ways: one, by direct competition with slave labor in the South, and two, by tying all the industrious efforts of the workers to the slaves of degraded slaves. Thus, the only way to defeat white labor in the fight for rights such as fair wages and regular working hours is to abolish slavery. White labor had a direct interest in the abolition of slavery. However, there was a difference of opinion in the minds of the southern elites who wanted to continue slavery, but on different terms.
We see that the author's ardent sympathies invariably accompany the heroine; he is on her side in resolving the main conflict. A simple peasant girl with a selfless character (with all due respect and love for her mother, Lisa never told her about her relationship with Erast) fell in love with a kind but gentleman spoiled by an idle life, unable to think about the consequences of his actions. Her feelings were unusually deep, constant, and most importantly, disinterested. Lisa perfectly understood that she could never become the wife of a loved one, because he is a master, but, despite this, she continued to selflessly love Erast, completely surrendering to him, she only lived and breathed with him ... and in his pleasure she believed her happiness, completely without thinking About Me.
Before discussing the southern elites, we first need to study them in the context of the post-Civil War southern economy. It was completely in ruins; In fact, one could argue that it was destroyed and destroyed in almost every imaginable way. The entire economy of the South was built on the institution of slavery and agriculture. With the end of the Civil War, not only did the Southern economy suffer from the emancipation of black slaves, but the land was deeply damaged and damaged, thus creating an immediate economic problem.
However, in the midst of all this, there was an opportunity to reorient and re-engineer the economy around a new source of labor, as cheap labor would certainly be needed to rebuild the region. It is also necessary to study the social order. While the slaves were now free and able to do what they liked, there was still deep-rooted racism in the minds of southern whites. The fact that blacks fought in the Civil War did not mean a sudden shift in perceptions of blacks; rather, to southern elites, they still view blacks as inferior and only good for labor, seeking to perpetuate the slave system within a new industrial structure that would go beyond the destroyed agricultural structure.
Karamzin described the relationship between Lisa and Erast in pastoral, idyllic tones, emphasizing that the tragic end of their relationship is the result of the circumstances and the frivolous nature of the protagonist, and the reason is not social inequality at all. Erast is a rather wealthy nobleman with a naturally kind, but weak and windy heart. He led a distracted life, thinking only of his own pleasure. At first, Erast thought only of pure joys and wanted to live with Lisa as a brother and sister, but he overestimated his strength. Then, as usual, fed up with bored relationships, he wanted to get rid of them. For Lisa, the loss of Erast was tantamount to the loss of Life. Existence without Erast does not make sense for her, so she commits suicide.
This new system was to be found in the lease agreement. He argued that Blue River could build its own trail in nearby Jones Valley using slave labor. However, in Milner's mind, this slave labor must be run by whites.
He took these prisoners and put them in the coal mines, treating them barbarically. Records of various Milner mines and slave farms in southern Alabama, some of which were owned by one of his business partners - a cousin investor in the Bibb Steam Mill - tell stories of black women, naked and whipped, from hundreds of people starved, altered, and beaten. , from workers, constantly lice and barely dressed.
The drama is not only with Lisa, but also with Erast. After all, to condemn oneself to moral torment until the end of one's life is no less a punishment than to be condemned by others. The words of the author himself speak of the emotional drama of Erast: Erast was unhappy until the end of his life. Having learned about the fate of Lizina, he could not be consoled and considered himself a murderer. Karamzin does not consider his hero typical: People do a lot of evil, no doubt, but there are few villains; delusion of the heart, recklessness, lack of enlightenment through the fault of bad deeds...
Black Americans, many of whom were former slaves, were essentially enslaved, but within the context of a corporate structure characterized by the union of state and corporation. Also, the judiciary has been heavily involved in allowing this to happen, from laws passed to sheriffs selling convicted companies.
To allow a system of convict leases to exist, and for blacks to be reduced to their former state as a source of labor, targeted laws were needed to limit the rights of "newly freed" blacks. The goal was to criminalize black life to the point where blacks could be jailed for the most frivolous crimes. Such laws took the form of Black Codes.
The Russian public, accustomed in old novels to comforting outcomes in the form of weddings, believing that virtue is always rewarded and vice punished, for the first time in this story met with the bitter truth of life.
- Karamzin wanted to show "that even peasant women know how to love"
- Karamzin, as a follower of naturalism and sentimental tradition, shared the real, natural world, feeling was the main thing for him, in contrast to the classical tradition, for which the mind was the dominant principle. Karamzin affirmed the cult of feelings, sensitivity, compassion. So the main idea of the work “Poor Lisa” is an unspoiled, pure person who, following the lead of his feelings, which is the only true option for him, is faced with the tragedy of the real world. But do not forget that the work is, first of all, entertaining in nature, and the world in which Liza lives, her mother and Erast is idyllic and it is impossible to apply the parameters of real, objective reality to it.
- the main idea - and peasant women know how to love! Moreover, the very name of the work is ambiguous: on the one hand, “Poor Lisa”, because she has no money, and on the other, because her beloved did this to her. In short, you can talk for hours ..