The “Andromeda Constellation” report will briefly tell you a lot of useful information about the constellation located in the southern part of the sky.
A story about the constellation Andromeda
On star charts, the constellation Andromeda is depicted as a woman with outstretched arms attached to a rock. You can see it without the help of a telescope. It is especially bright during the months of September and October. The constellation is represented by three chains of stars that diverge to the northeast towards Pegasus.
In itself, it is of particular interest to scientists. In addition to double stars and a large nebula, an absolute new star appeared in it in the 19th century. The most amazing and interesting object of Andromeda is a large nebula that is clearly visible to the naked eye. The first mention of the constellation dates back to the 10th century: it was described by the Persian astronomer Al-Sufi. And in Europe they learned about it only in 1612 thanks to the discovery of Simon Marie.
The constellation Andromeda is a regular long ellipse with a central condensation. There are about 1500 stars in it. The brightest star is Al Ras al Mar'ah al Musalsalah (alpha), which means "The Center of the Horse". Due to its location near the northeastern part of the Pegasus constellation, it has long been considered part of it. The second brightest star of Andromeda is Mirach (beta), which is a red giant. It is also worth mentioning another bright star, Caracal (gamma). Its peculiarity is that it is a four star system of contrasting colors.
Other interesting objects in the Andromeda constellation include:
- Triple star system (upsilon). This is a planetary system that consists of 3 exoplanets.
- Blue-white dwarf (iota).
- XI Andromeda (tail) is a yellow giant, double star.
History of the constellation Andromeda
Once upon a time, in the ancient Greek country of Ethiopia, Cepheus reigned, whose wife was Cassiopeia, a very beautiful woman. The goddesses themselves were jealous of her and decided to take revenge. The royal couple had a daughter, Andromeda. They unleashed a bloodthirsty and huge sea monster on Ethiopia. His name was Keith. When he crawled ashore, he ate everyone and everything that came in his way, demolished villages and sank ships. When they tried to pay off the monster, it set a condition: that every day in an appointed place a girl should be chained to a rock for his profit. Soon, Ethiopia ran out of girls. Only Andromeda remained. The poor girl was chained to a rock, and she began to await her fate. The evil goddesses rejoiced; they finally took revenge on Cassiopeia and Andromeda for their beauty. At the same time, Perseus flew past on Pegasus. He saved the beautiful Andromeda from such a fate. Afterwards, Perseus and Andromeda got married and were awarded the honor of entering the starry sky.
Wide-angle map of the constellation Andromeda
M31 Photographer Rick Krejci
The daughter of Cassiopeia and Cepheus Andromeda was supposed to become a victim of Poseidon and, chained to a cliff, awaited her fate. Perseus, returning after defeating the Gorgon, found her, freed her and took her as his wife. Andromeda is the 19th largest constellation in the night sky. Together with her mother, father, husband and his winged horse (Pegasus), she takes part in the seasonal procession around the pole.
In my opinion, she doesn't look like a princess at all. I always saw Andromeda as a cornucopia, appearing just in time for the harvest. But whatever you imagine Andromeda to be, it's home to plenty of spectacular deep-sky objects.
The Andromeda Galaxy (also known as M31) became famous for several reasons, but most probably because it was one of the cornerstones in resolving the Great Debate (are there many galaxies in the Universe or just ours?), and in determining interstellar distances using Cepheid variable stars.
At the turn of the last century, astronomers wondered whether spiral galaxies like M31 were located in or outside the Milky Way. In 1923, working at the Mount Wilson Observatory with a 100-inch telescope, Edwin Hubble photographed the stars in the halo of M31, discovered Cepheids among them and estimated the distance to the galaxy to be 900,000 light years - much further than what was believed at that time borders of our galaxy.
In 1944, German-born astronomer Walter Baade, classified as an enemy alien and barred from participating in defense projects, became stranded on Mount Wilson. Due to the Los Angeles war blackouts, Baade was able to take advantage of the blackest Wilson skies and may even have been able to see the breakup into individual stars throughout M31.
These astronomers studied M31 with the most powerful telescopes of the time, but in all but very bright conditions it is visible to the naked eye. Andromeda - 31st in the Messier catalog, according to the most accurate data, covers approximately 5 degrees, is amazingly far from us (from 2.2 to 2.9 million light years) along with its retinue - M32 and M110. A little further, in Cassiopeia, you can find two brighter satellites of the Andromeda galaxy - NGC 185 and NGC 147.
It's fun to experiment with different optics on Andromeda. It's so large that it makes an excellent binocular object, but I prefer the view in a 4" telescope - it makes the brighter areas look quite nice, plus M32 and M110 are visible. To find M32, look for the brighter dense haze near M31, Well, the M110 in a small telescope looks much more like the ghostly smoke of a cigarette. My 8" reflector on a good night easily pulls out one of the dark stripes that are visible in the photographs, and a larger telescope will show both dust lanes in the M31.
We're not done with the Andromeda galaxy. We'll be back to visit its brightest globular cluster (as this month's feature), but for now we'll move on.
Gamma, NGC 752, Beta and Ghost
Andromeda Gamma First, start at the top of the horn - check the Wide View Finder Map to find Andromeda Gamma. This is a nice bright binary that is easy to spot in a small telescope. Even if you were able to separate it at low magnification, be sure to try going to a higher magnification. I have found that often when changing magnification the colors of the stars change slightly. Gamma illustrates this effect well. At low magnification, I saw an orange tint to both stars, but when I raised the magnification on my 4" refractor to 70, I discovered that the brighter one remained orange, but the dim one had a whitish tint. What do you see? NGC 752 Take your widest eyepiece and scan the sky east of Gamma. Look for a large open star cluster - NGC 752. Because of its large size, it is best viewed through binoculars or a wide-field telescope. In my 4" telescope, the best view is at 36x - I counted several dozen stars. Searchtwo bright golden stars located near this cluster. The size and color of such stars often reminds me of eyes peering at me from the darkness of the night. Beta Andromeda (Mirah) and Ghost of Mirakh (NGC 404)
Now move towards the base of Andromeda again until you reach Beta. Take a moment and look closely at Beta - you'll notice what looks like a glare on the eyepiece lens. If you weren't specifically looking for it, you might have missed it altogether. This is the galaxy known as Mirach's Ghost - NGC 404. More advanced observers might say that separating NGC 404 from the bright light of Beta is almost impossible - and, unfortunately, they are somewhat right. And yet, fortunately for us, it is not so difficult to see it in a telescope of any size. To be successful in detecting a galaxy, you just need to recognize what would otherwise be dismissed as a glint or an optical illusion. Blue Snowball (NGC 7662)
It's a little more difficult to jump to it. The starting point is three bright stars, in the map above they are lined up almost from north to south. In medium-dark areas they are visible to the naked eye. If you can see them, you will successfully reach Snowball. If not, you will have to consult the overview map, which is more detailed than the map above.
7662, i.e. Blue Snowball is DEFINITELY worth the effort. I noted that at 37x in a 4" refractor, it doesn't look like a star and produces an amazing blue tint in both the 8" and 4" telescopes. It's a planetary nebula. Remember how they can handle high magnification? - so now's the time to take advantage of it Plus, you can get a UHC or OIII filter to increase the contrast and see how the image changes - with a small telescope in this case you shouldn't expect much, but in any case it's a good habit.
NGC 891 – The Outer Limits Galaxy)
891 can be seen in a four-inch telescope, but to appreciate it you will need an 8" telescope or larger. One of the first TV stars (after all, the TV series “The Outer Limits” is named after her) looks truly beautiful in a large telescope. exciting.
My 8" telescope usually shows it as a graceful spindle, with a barely visible dust lane (under the best viewing conditions).
In a telescope of about 15"–20" it already looks like the picture on the left.
The galaxy is edge-on to us, making it one of the few galaxies that responds well to the Collins I3, an image-intensifying eyepiece. If you look at it in such a device, it looks simply gorgeous.
G1/ Mayall II (Mayall II)
It's not too hard to see this thing - provided you have enough aperture - but you have to be really cool to find it.
Fundamentally, this is an exciting goal. Visually, it falls a little short of impressive. So far we've looked at several globulars in our own galaxy, now it's time to look at the brightest globular cluster in the local group. What's the catch? It is not located in our galaxy. It is located in Andromeda. The photo on the right was taken by the Hubble Space Telescope.
The cluster is called G1 or Mayall II, and it orbits the Andromeda galaxy at a distance of 130 thousand light years from its center.
What's really surprising is that G1 can actually be seen with a moderately sized amateur telescope. And not just as a point source. It's a long way off from breaking up into individual stars, of course, but despite this you can clearly see that there is something there - especially when compared to the two stars in the foreground, to the side of the cluster. At magnitude 13.7 the target is quite faint, so the larger aperture you use, the better chance you have of spotting the globular. The task is undoubtedly feasible for a 10" telescope under decent observing conditions. It is more than plausible to detect a spherical ball with an 8" telescope in a very dark area. I even heard rumors about people who managed to catch it in a 6" telescope.
I always start the star trail from M32 and work straight down to a very recognizable asterism (pictured on the left). Then I make my way to G1. Once I know I'm in the right area, I crank up the magnification and start looking at the multiple stars in that area. G1 is located almost halfway between two stars of approximately the same size, and this helps a lot when it comes to fishing for the ballfish.
This search map may help you. I flipped the map image to make it easier to navigate the stars in the eyepiece.
Notice the circled group of stars on the map above - in a medium-sized telescope this group looks very similar to Cassiopeia. Once you're in the right place, look for three stars in the area marked G1. At high magnification, they resemble Mickey Mouse: the two stars on the side are ears, and Mickey's head is G1.
The DSS photo (right) should remind you of what you'll see. Be sure to pump up the magnification, and you'll find that it's not exactly a high point. Visually it’s not very exciting, but once you think about what exactly you’re looking at, it’s simply mind-blowing.
I caught it in my 10" telescope, saw a volume of 15", but I got the best view of this object when I watched with Gary Gibbs in his 20" telescope with an image intensifier - a Collins I3 eyepiece. Here it is already obvious that this is not a star - in fact, you can see a star-like core with a fainter halo.In general, the cluster reminded me of the tiny faint globules of the Milky Way that I caught in a small telescope.
If you manage to capture it, you can be sure that you have very good search skills, because... you managed to see a goal that very few have achieved.
If you liked this article, check out my other posts in the "
"About Andromeda, who innocently suffered for her mother's sin:
Andromeda is close, and you can distinguish its outline
Even before the darkness deepened in the night - so bright
Her face shines and her flame shines so brightly
Around the shoulders and the cloak, where the fiery belt sparkles..."
Arat from Sol "Apparitions", 3rd century BC
“Astronomy is currently not a compulsory subject in school and is taught as an elective... Therefore, I hope someone will be interested in the Andromeda constellation in pictures, myths and diagrams.
Seosnews9, 2017
Rice. 1 Constellation Andromeda, diagram
The constellation Andromeda is a well-known constellation thanks to the galaxy located in it, called the Andromeda Nebula. It is the 11th largest constellation in the northern sky in terms of angular area; among all the constellations of the celestial sphere (nebosphere), Andromeda ranks 19th (722 sq. degrees), after the Giraffe. The prime celestial meridian passes through the constellation Andromeda, passing through the vernal equinox.
The main attraction of the constellation is the Andromeda Nebula, which is actually a galaxy. The three brightest stars of the constellation do not exceed the third magnitude. There are no classical historical asterisms inside the Andromeda constellation, but this gap is planned to be filled here in the future, in a modern way...
Andromeda directly borders on 5 constellations, these are: Cassiopeia; Perseus; Triangle; Fish; Pegasus and Lizard are part of the Perseus group of constellations, created by Donald Menzel based on the classic myth of Perseus and Andromeda.
The best conditions for viewing the constellation Andromeda occur between September 9 and November 3, when Andromeda culminates at midnight.
Stars and contour diagram of the constellation Andromeda
There are only three bright stars in the Andromeda constellation and all of them are navigational: these are Alferats(α And; variable from 2.06 m to 2.02 m), Mirakh(β And; 2.07 m), Alamak(γ 1 And; 2,1). The boundaries of the constellation and most of the visible stars are presented in Figure 2. View of the constellation towards the north at the moment of culmination:
Sergey Ov
Rice. 2 Constellation Andromeda. Names of the brightest stars. The thin turquoise line passing close (deviation 2°) to the star Alferaz is the prime celestial meridian.
In addition to the three brightest stars, in the constellation Andromeda you can find five more stars with a brightness of the fourth magnitude, and the Andromeda Nebula should be added to them - its brightness is 3.44 m. Oddly enough, only two stars out of five received their own names - Nembus (51 And; 3.51) and Sadr Elazra (δ And; 3.27). The name Sadr Elazra comes from Arabic al-sadr al-adhra, which can be translated as the Heart of a Girl.
In total, only seven stars in the Andromeda constellation received names within the Euro-Middle Eastern tradition. Two more named stars of the fifth magnitude are in the star chain, called by Ptolemy “the fringe of the dress” - these are Azab (Adhab, Azab, Titawin; υ And; 4.01) and Adhil (ξ And; 4.87).
A list of more than 160 Andromeda stars, their attractions and features can be found by calling up the list:
.
When creating an outline drawing of a constellation, it is desirable to solve two problems: firstly, the image must correspond to the name, and secondly, it must occupy as much of the area as possible within the boundaries of the constellation.
To construct our own version of the outline drawing of the constellation Andromeda, almost all more or less bright stars are used (up to magnitude 5). According to the resulting constellation diagram (Fig. 3), it is quite possible to imagine a woman chained to a rock, which fully corresponds to the legend of Perseus and Andromeda:
Sergey Ov
Rice. 3. Diagram of the constellation Andromeda. Star chart (outline image) of a chained woman - to see the star designations, move the cursor to the picture with JavaScript enabled.
Chart outline by stars:
head: Alferats (α And);
neck: Alferats (α And) - Pi Andromeda (π And, node);
right hand: Lambda Andromeda (λ And) - Kappa Andromeda (κ And, knot) - Sigma Andromeda (σ And, knot);
chain on the right hand: - Omicron Andromeda (ο And) - Kappa Andromeda (κ And, knot)
torso: Sigma Andromeda (σ And, node) - Pi Andromeda (π And, knot) - Sadr Elazra (δ And, knot) - Mirach (β And, knot) - Mu Andromeda (μ And, knot) ;
left hand - Sadr Elazra (δ And, node)- Epsilon Andromeda (ε And) - Zeta Andromeda (ζ And - Eta Andromeda (η And));
legs (dress): Mu Andromeda (μ And, node)- Phi Andromeda (φ And) - Nembus(51 And)- Phi Perseus (φ Per) - Nembus (51 And)- Alamak (γ And, knot)- 60 Andromeda (b And)- Alamak (γ And, knot)- Azab (υ And) - Mirah (β And, node);
chain on left leg: Alamak (γ And, knot)- 58 Andromeda (58 And).
The resulting schematic drawing of a woman chained includes 19 stars of the constellation, while even in the first extant star catalog of Ptolemy, known as the Almagest, the constellation Andromeda contains 23 stars (+1 from Horse).
In general, Ptolemy had a somewhat strange attitude towards Andromeda. He attributed the current Alpha Andromeda to the constellation Horse (now Pegasus), only adding the explanation: “The star on the navel (of the Horse) is common with the star on the head of Andromeda.”
I compared the girl’s head with the horse’s navel and that’s it, there are no more mentions of Anromeda’s head! - What a disrespectful attitude towards the princess!
Further more! In describing the position of the stars in the constellation, Ptolemy quite clearly connects them with various parts of the body: three stars above the belt, “a star between the shoulder blades”, “a star on the right shoulder” and so on...
Following this description, we get the following picture:
Sergey Ov
Rice. 4. Diagram of the constellation Andromeda according to Ptolemy. Diagram by stars - outline image of Rubens's woman.
If, with JavaScript enabled, you move the cursor to the picture and hold it, you can see other versions of the schematic image of the constellation.
The first thing that comes to mind when looking at Fig. 4:
"And this sea monster, Cetus (Ketus), had something to eat..."
And then, looking closer, you begin to suspect that such an Andromeda could have dealt with the monster even without Perseus...
- What tricks do ladies go to just to get married!
In addition, the resentment of the skinny Nereids, looking at this picture, becomes humanly understandable! (according to one version of the myth about Perseus and Andromeda, the monster was sent following a complaint from the Nereids, who were very offended by Cassiopeia, Andromeda’s mother, when she said that her daughter was much more beautiful than them).
Andromeda's brightest star, Alpharanz, is part of the Great Square asterism, but the Andromeda constellation does not contain any historical asterisms within itself. Let's try to eliminate this injustice. In our time, when the Andromeda Nebula glows as the fifth brightest star in the constellation (and over time it will become even brighter), no one can stop us from using it to build a modern, well-recognized asterism. This is what happened (Fig. 5):
Asterism "UFO" (Flying Saucer), constellation Andromeda
Sergey Ov
Rice. 5. Asterism "UFO" in the constellation Andromeda, diagram of the constellation and photo of a section of the starry sky. An image of a classic UFO - "Flying Saucer", with a hint of the sender's address...
And we got a real gift for ufologists - the “Flying Saucer” asterism! Now, looking at the Andromeda constellation, you can always find a Flying Saucer on it. And then, after you find it, following O. Beder, you can say: “Whoever now proves that there are no Flying Saucers in the sky, let him be the first to throw a stone at me.”
Now in the heavens every starry night you can see the Flying Saucer UFO in the constellation Andromeda!
After the contours, asterisms and brightest stars of the constellation are well studied, until complete visual memorization, you can begin to search for Andromeda directly in the starry sky.
The constellation Andromeda is usually found using the stars Cassiopeia. True, for the very first time it is best to look for Andromeda using two constellations: Ursa Minor and Cassiopeia (Fig. 5).
If you draw a line from North Star to the lowest star of the Throne of Cassiopeia asterism Cafe and continue it further, then it will lead exactly to the brightest star of Andromeda Alferatsu, and the angular distances from the Polar Star to Kaf and from Kaf to Alpheratz are approximately equal (31° and 30°). Please note that in reverse order, the Alpherats - Kaf beam points exactly to the North Star - this is the second ancient way of determining the direction to the north. In addition, it is worth recalling once again that our wonderful line is very close to the prime meridian.
Rice. 6. How to find the constellation Andromeda? - Very simple! You need to mentally draw a line through Polar Star and Kaf(β Cassiopeia) And it will lead to Alpha Andromeda Alferatsu. There is another option: from the North Star through Segin Cassiopeia, also draw a line to Andromeda, it will lead to Alamak - the foot of Andromeda, but here the stars are not very bright.
Experienced stargazers immediately look for Andromeda starting from Cassiopeia. If you draw rays from Navi and Kafa through Alpha Cassiopeia Shedar (Fig. 7, emerald lines), then they form an angle within which all the brightest stars and the Andromeda Nebula are located, and the Navi-Ahird line will almost exactly point to Alferats (Fig. 7, red arrow)
Rice. 7. How to find the constellation Andromeda using the stars of Cassiopeia? - Very simple! All of Andromeda's brightest bright stars are located between the Kaf Shedar and Navi Shedar rays. The red line in the direction of Navi Akhird leads to Alferats.
Now all that remains is to correctly determine the angular dimensions of the constellation. Even from the schematic drawings it is clear that the Flying Saucer asterism of Anromeda is twice as large as the Throne of Cassiopeia asterism.
Rice. 8. Estimating the angular size of the constellation Andromeda using an outstretched arm. This image seems to emphasize the mutual distance of the bright stars of Andromeda
The largest angular distance between Andromeda's brightest stars is the distance from Alferatsa before Alamaka, which is 30°. The angular distance between the thumb and index finger of an outstretched hand of a person of normal build is 16-18° (regardless of gender and age over 7 years), so the Andromeda star against the background of an outstretched hand will look approximately as shown in Figure 8.
Andromeda Nebula (Andromeda Galaxy)
Surprisingly, the first written mention of the Andromeda Nebula dates back to the end of the 10th century. The Persian astronomer al-Sufi completed his work “The Book of Fixed Stars” in 964, in which, when describing the Greco-Persian image of Andromeda (Fig. 12), he mentions a certain “foggy spot” (var. speck) where the mouth of the Andromeda fish is,” and introduces a special designation for it in the drawing.
Remains a mystery, why did no one notice this fifth brightest object in the Andromeda constellation before al-Sufi?
The first detailed description of the Andromeda Nebula appeared only six centuries later in 1612. German astronomer S. Mayr (Simon Marius) studied the “foggy speck” of Andromeda using a telescope and described it as an extended nebula with a bright core and recorded celestial coordinates. For the next three centuries, this extended nebulous object was called the Great Andromeda Nebula.
In the 18th century, the Great Comet Hunter, Charles Messier, created a catalog of “foggy” objects that interfered with the hunt. Andromeda Nebula You were thirty-first on this list and received the designation M31.
By the middle of the 19th century, improvements in the optics of astronomical telescopes made it possible to detect the spiral structure of the nebulous formation, and the use in astronomy of a then new branch of optics, spectroscopy, led to the assumption that this nebula consists of many stars. In addition, in 1885, astronomers around the world observed the only supernova explosion in history, S-Andromeda.
Therefore, already at the end of the 19th century, when D. Dreyer compiled the New General Catalog (NGC), which is now popular among astronomy enthusiasts, the Andromeda nebula was already known as a galaxy and received the designation NGC 224. The final, unconditional conclusion that the Andromeda Nebula is a galaxy was made in the 1920s after new processing of materials about the Andromeda supernova and an estimate of the distance to it at two and a half million light years. At that time, the English-speaking astronomical community changed the majestic “Great Andromeda Nebula” into the short “Andromeda galaxy” - the Andromeda Galaxy.
Here, following the historical tradition and remembering I. Efremov, the name “Andromeda Nebula” or, if you prefer, “Andromeda Nebula Galaxy” will be used; this majestic object of deep space (Fig. 9), in my opinion, deserves such a name more.
Rice. 9. Galaxy "Andromeda Nebula". Large spiral galaxy in the constellation Andromeda
Currently, the Andromeda Nebula is approaching our Solar System at a speed of about 300 km/s. The speed of convergence of the core of our Milky Way galaxy with the core of the Andromeda galaxy is estimated at 120 km/s. The galaxies will enter into direct gravitational interaction in 4 billion years, while some “lucky” star systems will be able to “transfer from one galactic express to another "Who knows, maybe our solar system will move into the Andromeda galaxy? - It has a chance...
It is worth noting that at this time the “portrait” of the galaxy will occupy a quarter of the northern sky, and its core will shine brighter than the Moon now (Fig. 10.)
Rice. 10."Andromeda Nebula" + 3 billion years. Galaxy sunrise, solar system, Mars (fantastic collage, Sergey Ov)
Now, let’s try to find the answer to the question: “Why did no one notice the Andromeda galaxy until the 10th century?” - there are no written mentions about her.
1. Answer: “In those days it was not customary to write about foggy spots; they only wrote about stars!” - doesn't count.
2. Most likely, the reason is that the brightness (brilliance) of the Andromeda Nebula was significantly lower than it is now.
The factor of the galaxy's direct approach to us can have an influence of no more than one hundred thousandth of a percent (approximation to us by less than 1 light year per millennium).
Three factors remain at our disposal: the rotation of stars and interstellar gas in the galactic plane, a change in the inclination of the most visible plane of the galaxy, and an increase in the brightness of the central star cluster - the galactic core.
- It is quite possible that at the beginning of our era the bright part of the galactic core was hidden from us by a cloud of interstellar gas; due to the rotation of the galaxy, the cloud shifted...
- Now we observe the “Andromeda Nebula” galaxy at a rather acute angle of 15° to its plane; at the beginning of our era, the galaxy was visible at an even sharper angle, perhaps with the brightest part of the core being obscured.
- Due to the gravitational compaction of the central cluster, the stars become closer to each other, and the apparent brightness of the core increases.
I believe that the most likely reason for the "increase in visibility" of the Andromeda Nebula is the gravitational compaction of its core.
What do you think?
One way or another, the brightness of the Andromeda Nebula should grow over time and change noticeably even within the lifetime of one generation (unless the next gas cloud arrives).
Oddly enough, for the not yet bright galaxy the Andromeda Nebula, an accurate star sight has been prepared in the heavens. The ray emanating from the Polar Star to Shedar Cassiopeia passes exactly through the Andromeda Nebula, and the distance from Shedar to the Nebula is exactly half the distance from the Polar Star to Shedar (Fig. 11), so that, at the latitude of Moscow, the Andromeda Nebula can be found at any starry night.
Rice. eleven. How to find the Andromeda Nebula? - You need to mentally draw a line through Polaris and Shedar(Alpha Cassiopeia) And it will lead to the Andromeda Nebula.
The method of searching for the Andromeda Nebula from the North Star is good for its visual observation.
If you view the Andromeda Nebula through binoculars or an amateur telescope (school), you need nearby landmarks. An option for pointing optics at the stars of the Andromeda constellation is presented in Figure 12.
Rice. 12. How to find the Andromeda Nebula by the stars of the constellation, starting from Alpheratz.
Please note that the “close-in” line to the Andromeda galaxy from Mira almost coincides with the bisector of the obtuse angle formed by the stars Alamak - Mirak - Alferats.
History and mythology of the constellation Andromeda
The constellation Andromeda is part of the stellar mythological fabric, which at times occupies more than a quarter of our northern sky (Fig. 15) and is called the Perseus group. It is worth repeating here once again that for the ancient Greeks the starry sky is the world, a whole panorama of legends, a picture of the universe for initiates, in the images on which the same stars could be used for creating different images - different constellations in their understanding, many of these images have survived to this day.
A clear example of a “dual purpose” star is Alpha Andromeda - Alferaz, formerly Delta Pegasus. Take a look at the table describing the stars of the Andromeda constellation presented by Ptolemy in the Almagest:
Table 1. Claudius Ptolemy. Constellation Andromeda. Description of stars, their coordinates and brightness
| N | Description | Longitude | Latitude | Equatorial coordinates | Magnitude | Modern identification |
| Horse | ||||||
| 1 | The star on the navel, common with the star on the head of Andromeda | ♓ 17 1/2 1/3 | N 26 | 0h 10m 23s; +29° 39′ 36″ |
2,3 | Alferats - α And, HR 15 |
| ... Andromeda |
||||||
| 1 | Star between the shoulder blades | ♓ 25 1/3 | N 24 1/2 | 0h 41m 44s; +31° 16′ 21″ |
3 | HR 165 |
| 2 | Star on right shoulder | ♓ 26 1/3 | N 27 | 0h 40m 26s; +33° 54′ 56″ |
4 | Pi Andromeda - π And, HR 154 |
| 3 | Star on left shoulder | ♓ 24 1/3 | N 23 | 0h 40m 53s; +29° 31′ 31″ |
4 | |
| 4 | Southern of three on right forearm | ♓ 23 2/3 | N 32 | 0h 19m 6s; +37° 19′ 15″ |
4 | |
| 5 | Of these [of the three on the right forearm], the more northern | ♓ 24 2/3 | N 33 1/2 | 0h 19m 16s; +39° 2′ 24″ |
4 | |
| 6 | Middle of three [on right forearm] | ♓ 25 | N 32 1/3 | 0h 23m 21s; +38° 8′ 36″ |
5 | Rho Andromeda - ρ And, HR 82 |
| 7 | Southern of the three at the end of the right hand | ♓ 19 2/3 | N 41 | 23h 40m 56s; +43° 32′ 52″ |
4 | |
| 8 | The middle one [the three at the end of the right arm] | ♓ 20 2/3 | N 42 | 23h 41m 32s; +44° 47′ 34″ |
4 | |
| 9 | The northern one [three at the end of the right arm] | ♓ 22 1/6 | N 44 | 23h 40m 36s; +47° 4′ 5″ |
4 | |
| 10 | Star on left forearm | ♓ 24 1/6 | N 17 1/2 | 0h 50m 31s; +24° 27′ 29″ |
4 | |
| 11 | Star on left elbow | ♓ 25 2/3 | N 15 1/2 1/3 | 0h 59m 13s; +23° 30′ 46″ |
4 | |
| 12 | The more southern of the three is above the belt | ♈ 3 1/2 1/3 | N 26 1/3 | 1h 11m 23s; +36° 12′ 26″ |
3 | |
| 13 | The middle one [of three above the waist] | ♈ 2 | N 30 | 0h 56m 1s; +38° 48′ 34″ |
4 | Mu Andromeda - μ And, HR 269 |
| 14 | The northern one [of three above the waist] | ♈ 1 1/2 1/3 | N 32 1/2 | 0h 49m 27s; +40° 58′ 25″ |
4 | ν Andromeda - ν And, HR 226 |
| 15 | Star above left foot | ♈ 16 1/2 1/3 | N 28 | 2h 2m 35s; +42° 26′ 18″ |
3 | |
| 16 | Star on the right foot | ♈ 17 1/6 | N 37 1/3 | 1h 41m 12s; +51° 2′ 1″ |
4,3 | Phi Perseus - φ Per, HR 496 |
| 17 | The star south of this [on the right foot] | ♈ 15 1/6 | N 35 2/3 | 1h 36m 56s; +48° 49′ 20″ |
3,7 | |
| 18 | Northern of the two on the left knee bend | ♈ 12 1/3 | N 29 | 1h 40m 53s; +41° 46′ 26″ |
4 | HR 458 |
| 19 | The southern one [two on the left knee bend] | ♈ 12 | N 28 | 1h 41m 39s; +40° 44′ 30″ |
4 | |
| 20 | Star on the right knee | ♈ 10 1/6 | N 35 1/2 | 1h 15m 48s; +46° 49′ 30″ |
5 | Phi Andromeda - φ And, HR 335 |
| 21 | Of the two on the fringe, the more northern | ♈ 12 2/3 | N 34 1/2 | 1h 29m 8s; +46° 51′ 54″ |
5 | 49 Andromeda - 49 And, HR 430 |
| 22 | The southern one [two on the fringe] | ♈ 14 1/6 | N 32 1/2 | 1h 40m 41s; +45° 36′ 43″ |
5 | Chi Andromeda - χ And, H.R. 469 |
| 23 | Preceding three on the right hand, outside the hand | ♓ 11 2/3 | N 44 | 23h 4m 45s; +42° 57′ 5″ |
3 | |
It would seem that with this presentation of the material, Ptolemy is trying to show a not very positive attitude towards Andromeda, in fact, he does not mean anything bad towards the princess, it’s just that parchment in those days was incredibly expensive, and wasting space on it on a tautology would be an unforgivable waste.
I’ll make a reservation here right away: the excessively wide belt of Anromeda’s stars (Fig. 4) has nothing in common with the ancient Greek image of a young princess, although their ideal of a woman’s figure is still close to Rubens’s (for example Venus de Milo).
But let's return to our myth. At the site of the constellation, the ancient Greeks mentally painted the image of the young Andromeda chained to a rock. Andromeda is an unwitting victim of mother's love and pride. One day, Queen Cassiopeia was walking with her daughter Andromeda along the seashore and saw the daughters of the sea king of the Nereids swimming. Involuntarily admiring the spectacle, she stopped. And then Andromeda ran up to her - “No, after all, you are the most beautiful of all!” - she burst out. What mother would not praise her child! But what is allowed to a simple mother is not allowed to a queen!
The Nereids turned out to have an unusual hearing - they picked up the phrase, retelling it to each other, and ultimately distorted it so that everyone burst into tears and swam to complain to the sea king Poseidon: “Cassiopeia said that her daughter is the most beautiful of all, and we are real monsters!”
- I'll show them the monster! - said the angry Poseidon.
No sooner said than done, the coast began to be ravaged by a sea monster, the terrible Cetus. Moreover, an oracle was sent to inform the will of the gods: “Chain Andromeda with chains to a rock on the seashore.” Alas, even kings are forced to obey the will of the gods!
And now a scene is depicted in heaven: Andromeda is chained to a rock, Queen Cassiopeia asks Perseus, who successfully flew nearby, to save her daughter from a terrible monster. According to the myth of Perseus and Andromeda, at this moment next to Cassiopeia, in addition to Perseus, are: King Cepheus; Princess Andromeda chained to a rock; a little further the winged horse Pegasus and the people (in our group the people are represented by the extras Auriga, Lizard and for some reason Triangle), in the distance the terrible Cetus emerges from the depths... (this scene will have a happy ending).
Claudius Ptolemy was an absolute authority for many generations of astronomers. Even in the east, in the already Arabized Islamic Iran, in Mesopotamia, where Pisces was depicted in the place of the constellation Andromeda since Sumerian times, the Persian astronomer al-Sufi (Abu-l-Hussein Abdurrahman ibn Umar al-Sufi) in his “Book of Fixed Stars” he preserved the image of a “woman chained in chains.” True, to this image he adds two more drawings of a “woman with a fish” when describing the last of them; he mentions the Andromeda Nebula in writing for the first time (Fig. 13). But he preserves the order of description of the stars exactly “according to Ptolemy,” only updating the coordinates; this can be seen by looking at the table from al-Sufi: Stars of a Woman Chained
Rice. 13. The constellation Andromeda in the Book of Fixed Stars by al-Sufi (Al Sufi. Book of the constellations, or fixed stars. - Bodleian copy: Suwar al-Kawakib al-Thabitah (Book of fixed Stars) - copy written by the son of al-Sufi in 1009 in Iran).
Jan Hevelius, in his atlas "Uranography" (published 1690), usually tries to follow the descriptions of Ptolemy, but in the case of Andromeda, the astronomer-artist delicately turned the beauty with her back to the viewer,
The original atlas was created in the projection of a “divine gaze” - as if you are looking at the celestial sphere from the outside, so that the picture corresponds to the “earthly” view of the Andromeda constellation; in the collage offered to your attention, the image is presented in a mirror image:
Rice. 14. The constellation Andromeda is a collage based on a drawing in the atlas of Jan Hevelius (only those stars that were included in the atlas by Hevelius himself are highlighted). If you wait, the traditional asterism of the constellation is highlighted in the picture
Table 2. As Sufi. Stars Women in chains
| N | Longitude | Latitude | Magnitude | Modern identification |
| Pegasus | ||||
| 1 | zodiac 0 deg:0 min:32 | N deg:26 min:0 | 2.25 | Alferats - α And, HR 15 |
| Andromeda | ||||
| 1 | zodiac 0 deg:8 min:2 | N deg:24 min:30 | 3.25 | Sadr Elazra, Andromeda Delta - δ And, HR 165 |
| 2 | zodiac 0 deg:9 min:2 | N deg:27 min:0 | 4.00 | Pi Andromeda - π And, HR 154 |
| 3 | zodiac 0 deg:7 min:2 | N deg:23 min:0 | 4.00 | Epsilon Andromeda - ε And HR 163 |
| 4 | zodiac 0 deg:6 min:22 | N deg:32 min:0 | 4.25 | Sigma Andromeda - σ And, HR 68 |
| 5 | zodiac 0 deg:7 min:22 | N deg:33 min:30 | 4.25 | Theta Andromeda - θ And, HR 63 |
| 6 | zodiac 0 deg:7 min:42 | N deg:32 min:20 | 5.25 | Rho Andromeda - ρ And, HR 82 |
| 7 | zodiac 0 deg:2 min:22 | N deg:41 min:0 | 3.50 | Iota Andromeda - ι And, HR 8965 |
| 8 | zodiac 0 deg:3 min:22 | N deg:42 min:0 | 3.50 | Kappa Andromeda - κ And, HR 8976 |
| 9 | zodiac 0 deg:4 min:52 | N deg:44 min:0 | 3.50 | Lambda Andromeda - λ And, HR 8961 |
| 10 | zodiac 0 deg:6 min:52 | N deg:17 min:30 | 4.25 | Zeta Andromeda - ζ And, HR 215 |
| 11 | zodiac 0 deg:8 min:22 | N deg:15 min:50 | 4.50 | Eta Andromeda - η And, HR 271 |
| 12 | zodiac 0 deg:16 min:32 | N deg:26 min:20 | 2.25 | Mirach, Beta Andromeda - β And, HR 337 |
| 13 | zodiac 0 deg:14 min:32 | N deg:30 min:0 | 4.00 | Mu Andromeda - μ And, HR 269 |
| 14 | zodiac 0 deg:14 min:42 | N deg:32 min:30 | 4.25 | ν Andromeda - ν And, HR 226 |
| 15 | zodiac 0 deg:29 min:32 | N deg:28 min:0 | 3.00 | Alamak, Andromeda Gamma - γ 1 and γ 2 And HR 603 / 604 |
| 16 | zodiac 0 deg:29 min:52 | N deg:37 min:20 | 4.00 | Phi Perseus - φ Per, HR 496 |
| 17 | zodiac 0 deg:27 min:52 | N deg:35 min:20 | 3.50 | Nembus, 51 Andromeda - 51 And, HR 464 |
| 18 | zodiac 0 deg:25 min:2 | N deg:29 min:0 | 3.50 | Azab, Upsilon Andromeda - υ And, HR 458 |
| 19 | zodiac 0 deg:24 min:42 | N deg:28 min:0 | 4.00 | Tau Andromeda - τ And, HR 477 |
| 20 | zodiac 0 deg:22 min:52 | N deg:35 min:30 | 5.00 | Phi Andromeda - φ And, HR 335 |
| 21 | zodiac 0 deg:25 min:22 | N deg:34 min:30 | 6.00 | HR 390 |
| 22 | zodiac 0 deg:26 min:52 | N deg:32 min:30 | 6.00 | Chi Andromeda - χ And, H.R. 469 |
| 23 | zodiac 11(330) deg:24 min:22 | N deg:44 min:0 | 3.50 | Omicron Andromeda - ο And, HR 8762 |
Note:
As Sufi used the numbering of the 30-degree zodiac sectors, rather than their Greek designations and names.
The catalog does not provide a description of the stars, since they are numbered directly in the illustration for the description of the constellation
The drawing of Andromeda in the atlas of Jan Hevelius shows two bright objects, one of them is the star Alferatz (where the head is), and the other is the Andromeda galaxy (where the belt is). Hevelius painted with a reserve for centuries; the Andromeda Nebula has not yet reached such brightness in our century...
Sergey Ov(Seosnews9)
List of notable and visible stars in the constellation Andromeda
| Star designation | Bayer sign | Right ascension | Declension | Magnitude | Distance, St. year |
Spectral class | Star name and notes |
| Alpha Andromeda | α And | 00 h 08 m 23.17 s | +29° 05′ 27.0″ | 2,04 | 97 | B9p | Alpheratz, Sirrah; spectral double; variable type α² Canes Venatici, Vmax = +2.02m, Vmin = +2.06m |
| Beta Andromeda | β And | 01h 09m 43.80s | +35° 37′ 15.0″ | 2,07 | 199 | M0IIIvar | Mirach (Al Mizar); variable |
| Gamma 1 Andromeda | γ1 And | 02h 03m 53.92s | +42° 19′ 47.5″ | 2,1 | 355 | B8V | Alamak, Almach; triple star |
| Delta Andromeda | δ And | 00 h 39 m 19.60 s | +30° 51′ 40.4″ | 3,27 | 101 | K3III… | Sadr Elazra (Saderazra, Sadir Elazra - transl. "Heart of the Virgin"); spectral double; possibly variable |
| M31 | 00 h 42 m 44.31 s | +41° 16′ 09.4″ | 3,44 | 2540000 | Andromeda Nebula, Andromeda Galaxy | ||
| 51 Andromeda | 51 And | 01 h 37 m 59.50 s | +48° 37′ 42.6″ | 3,59 | 174 | K3III | Nembus (Anfal, Nembus); multiple star |
| Omicron Andromeda | οAnd | 23 h 01 m 55.25 s | +42° 19′ 33.5″ | 3,62 | 692 | B6pv SB | quadruple star system; γ Cassiopeia type variable, Vmax = +3.58m, Vmin = +3.78m |
| Lambda Andromeda | λ And | 23 h 37 m 33.71 s | +46° 27′ 33.0″ | 3,81 | 84 | G8III-IV | variable type RS Canes Venatici, Vmax = 3.69m, Vmin = 3.97m, P = 54.20 d |
| Mu Andromeda | μ And | 00 h 56 m 45.10 s | +38° 29′ 57.3″ | 3,86 | 136 | A5V | multiple star |
| Zeta Andromeda | ζAnd | 00 h 47 m 20.39 s | +24° 16′ 02.6″ | 4,08 | 181 | K1II | variable type β Lyra/variable type RS Canes Venatici, Vmax = 3.92m, Vmin = 4.14m, P = 17.7695 d |
| Upsilon Andromeda | υ And | 01 h 36 m 47.98 s | +41° 24′ 23.0″ | 4,1 | 44 | F8V | Azab (Azab, Titawin); has four planets b, c, d and e |
| Kappa Andromeda | κ And | 23 h 40 m 24.44 s | +44° 20′ 02.3″ | 4,15 | 170 | B9IVn | triple star |
| Phi Andromeda | φ And | 01 h 09 m 30.12 s | +47° 14′ 30.6″ | 4,26 | 736 | B7III | star with emission lines |
| Iota Andromeda | ιAnd | 23 h 38 m 08.18 s | +43° 16′ 05.1″ | 4,29 | 502 | B8V | |
| Pi Andromeda | πAnd | 00 h 36 m 52.84 s | +33° 43′ 09.7″ | 4,34 | 656 | B5V | spectral double; possibly variable |
| Epsilon Andromeda | ε And | 00 h 38 m 33.50 s | +29° 18′ 44.5″ | 4,34 | 169 | G5III… | |
| This Andromeda | η And | 00 h 57 m 12.43 s | +23° 25′ 03.9″ | 4,4 | 243 | G8III-IV | spectrally double |
| Sigma Andromeda | σ And | 00 h 18 m 19.71 s | +36° 47′ 07.2″ | 4,51 | 141 | A2V | possibly variable |
| ν Andromeda | νAnd | 00 h 49 m 48.83 s | +41° 04′ 44.2″ | 4,53 | 679 | B5V SB | spectrally double |
| 7 Andromeda | 23 h 12 m 32.92 s | +49° 24′ 21.5″ | 4,53 | 80 | F0V | ||
| Theta Andromeda | θ And | 00h 17m 05.54s | +38° 40′ 54.0″ | 4,61 | 253 | A2V | possibly variable |
| 3 Andromeda | 23 h 04 m 10.83 s | +50° 03′ 06.1″ | 4,64 | 179 | K0III | ||
| 65 Andromeda | 02 h 25 m 37.40 s | +50° 16′ 43.2″ | 4,73 | 345 | K4III | triple star | |
| 58 Andromeda | 02 h 08 m 29.15 s | +37° 51′ 33.1″ | 4,78 | 198 | A5IV-V | ||
| 8 Andromeda | 23 h 17 m 44.62 s | +49° 00′ 55.0″ | 4,82 | 655 | M2III | possibly variable | |
| Omega Andromeda | ω And | 01 h 27 m 39.09 s | +45° 24′ 25.0″ | 4,83 | 92 | F5IV | has four planets |
| Gamma 2 Andromeda | γ2 And | 02h 03m 54.70s | +42° 19′ 51.0″ | 4,84 | component of the Andromeda γ system (Alamak); spectrally double | ||
| 60 Andromeda | b And | 02h 13m 13.34s | +44° 13′ 54.1″ | 4,84 | 556 | K4III | possibly variable |
| Xi Andromeda | ξ And | 01h 22m 20.39s | +45° 31′ 43.5″ | 4,87 | 195 | K0III-IV | Adhil |
| Tau Andromeda | τ And | 01 h 40 m 34.80 s | +40° 34′ 37.6″ | 4,96 | 681 | B8III | possibly variable |
| HD 10307 | 01 h 41 m 46.52 s | +42° 36′ 49.7″ | 4,96 | 41 | G2V | ||
| Psi Andromeda | ψ And | 23 h 46 m 02.04 s | +46° 25′ 13.0″ | 4,97 | 1309 | G5Ib | multiple star |
| 22 Andromeda | 00 h 10 m 19.24 s | +46° 04′ 20.2″ | 5,01 | 1006 | F2II | ||
| Chi Andromeda | χAnd | 01 h 39 m 21.02 s | +44° 23′ 10.1″ | 5,01 | 242 | G8III… | |
| 41 Andromeda | 01 h 08 m 00.72 s | +43° 56′ 32.1″ | 5,04 | 196 | A3m | ||
| 2 Andromeda | 23 h 02 m 36.34 s | +42° 45′ 28.1″ | 5,09 | 349 | A3Vn | multiple star | |
| V428 Andromeda | 00 h 36 m 46.47 s | +44° 29′ 18.6″ | 5,14 | 656 | K5III | semi-regular variable star, ΔV = 0.06m; maybe there is a planetary system | |
| Rho Andromeda | ρ And | 00h 21m 07.23s | +37° 58′ 07.3″ | 5,16 | 160 | F5III | |
| HD 2421 | 00 h 28 m 13.59 s | +44° 23′ 40.2″ | 5,18 | 265 | A2Vs | spectrally double | |
| 64 Andromeda | 02 h 24 m 24.89 s | +50° 00′ 23.9″ | 5,19 | 375 | G8III | ||
| 28 Andromeda | 00 h 30 m 07.34 s | +29° 45′ 06.1″ | 5,2 | 185 | A7III | GN Andromeda; weak-amplitude variable of the δ Scuti type, Vmax = +5.18m, Vmin = +5.22m, P = 0.0689797 days | |
| 14 Andromeda | 23 h 31 m 17.20 s | +39° 14′ 11.0″ | 5,22 | 249 | K0III | possibly variable | |
| 49 Andromeda | A And | 01 h 30 m 06.10 s | +47° 00′ 26.6″ | 5,27 | 290 | K0III | |
| 32 Andromeda | 00h 41m 07.20s | +39° 27′ 31.2″ | 5,3 | 344 | G8III | ||
| 4 Andromeda | 23h 07m 39.28s | +46° 23′ 14.3″ | 5,3 | 342 | K5III | double star | |
| 6 Perseus | 02 h 13 m 36.02 s | +51° 03′ 58.4″ | 5,31 | 199 | G8III:var | spectrally double; possibly variable | |
| 62 Andromeda | c And | 02h 19m 16.85s | +47° 22′ 48.0″ | 5,31 | 255 | A1V | |
| 18 Andromeda | 23 h 39 m 08.35 s | +50° 28′ 18.3″ | 5,35 | 390 | B9V | ||
| 55 Andromeda | 01h 53m 17.35s | +40° 43′ 47.3″ | 5,42 | 540 | K1III | double star | |
| 11 Andromeda | 23 h 19 m 29.79 s | +48° 37′ 30.7″ | 5,44 | 328 | K0III | ||
| HD 3421 | 00 h 37 m 21.23 s | +35° 23′ 58.2″ | 5,45 | 1022 | G5III | ||
| 36 Andromeda | 00 h 54 m 58.02 s | +23° 37′ 42.4″ | 5,46 | 127 | K1IV | possibly variable | |
| 15 Andromeda | 23 h 34 m 37.55 s | +40° 14′ 11.6″ | 5,55 | 233 | A1III | V340 Andromeda; weak-amplitude variable of the δ Shield type, ΔV = 0.007m | |
| 63 Andromeda | 02 h 20 m 58.17 s | +50° 09′ 05.5″ | 5,57 | 356 | B9p Si | PZ Andromeda; variable type α² Canes Venatici, ΔV = 0.045m | |
| 47 Andromeda | 01 h 23 m 40.56 s | +37° 42′ 54.0″ | 5,6 | 211 | A1m | ||
| HD 10204 | 01 h 40 m 39.56 s | +43° 17′ 51.9″ | 5,63 | 268 | A9IV: | ||
| 44 Andromeda | 01h 10m 18.85s | +42° 04′ 53.7″ | 5,67 | 172 | F8V | ||
| 5 Andromeda | 23h 07m 45.25s | +49° 17′ 43.6″ | 5,68 | 111 | F5V | ||
| HD 5788 | 01 h 00 m 03.55 s | +44° 42′ 47.9″ | 5,69 | 420 | A2Vn | double star | |
| 56 Andromeda | 01h 56m 09.23s | +37° 15′ 06.5″ | 5,69 | 320 | G8III… | multiple star | |
| 23 Andromeda | 00 h 13 m 30.94 s | +41° 02′ 08.6″ | 5,71 | 114 | F0IV | ||
| HD 16028 | 02 h 35 m 38.74 s | +37° 18′ 44.2″ | 5,72 | 676 | K4III | triple star | |
| 13 Andromeda | 23 h 27 m 07.33 s | +42° 54′ 43.1″ | 5,75 | 294 | B9III | V388 Andromeda; variable type α² Canes Venatici, Vmax = +5.73m, Vmin = +5.77m | |
| 12 Andromeda | 23 h 20 m 53.17 s | +38° 10′ 56.9″ | 5,77 | 138 | F5V | triple star | |
| HD 1632 | 00 h 20 m 45.54 s | +32° 54′ 40.4″ | 5,79 | 646 | K5III | ||
| 45 Andromeda | 01h 11m 10.29s | +37° 43′ 26.9″ | 5,8 | 916 | B7III-IV | double star | |
| HD 14622 | 02 h 22 m 50.36 s | +41° 23′ 47.5″ | 5,81 | 154 | F0III-IV | has two optical components | |
| 10 Andromeda | 23 h 19 m 52.38 s | +42° 04′ 40.9″ | 5,81 | 542 | M0III | ||
| HD 222109 | 23 h 37 m 32.03 s | +44° 25′ 44.5″ | 5,81 | 823 | B8V | double star | |
| HD 224635 | 23 h 59 m 29.33 s | +33° 43′ 26.9″ | 5,81 | 95 | F8 | multiple star | |
| OU Andromeda | 23 h 49 m 40.96 s | +36° 25′ 31.4″ | 5,86 | 440 | G1IIIe | variable type FK Veronica's Hair, ΔV = 0.036m | |
| HD 1439 | 00 h 18 m 38.22 s | +31° 31′ 02.0″ | 5,88 | 543 | A0IV | ||
| HD 2767 | 00 h 31 m 25.61 s | +33° 34′ 54.1″ | 5,88 | 467 | K1III… | double star | |
| HD 1606 | 00 h 20 m 24.39 s | +30° 56′ 08.2″ | 5,89 | 582 | B7V | possibly variable | |
| HD 11727 | 01 h 55 m 54.47 s | +37° 16′ 40.1″ | 5,89 | 991 | K5III | optical component 56 Andromeda | |
| KK Andromeda | 01 h 34 m 16.60 s | +37° 14′ 13.9″ | 5,9 | 392 | B8Vp(Si) | variable type α² Canes Venatici, ΔV = 0.012m, P = 0.6684 d | |
| HD 16176 | 02 h 36 m 57.08 s | +38° 44′ 02.3″ | 5,91 | 177 | F5V | ||
| 6 Andromeda | 23 h 10 m 27.36 s | +43° 32′ 41.1″ | 5,91 | 92 | F5IV | ||
| HD 10975 | 01 h 48 m 38.84 s | +37° 57′ 10.6″ | 5,94 | 308 | K0III | ||
| 39 Andromeda | 01h 02m 54.28s | +41° 20′ 42.7″ | 5,95 | 344 | A5m | double star | |
| HD 8671 | 01 h 26 m 18.60 s | +43° 27′ 28.4″ | 5,98 | 135 | F7V | ||
| 9 Andromeda | 23 h 18 m 23.33 s | +41° 46′ 25.3″ | 5,98 | 472 | A7m | AN Andromeda; β Lyrae type variable, Vmax = +6.0m, Vmin = +6.16m, P = 3.2195665 d | |
| HD 5608 | 00 h 58 m 14.19 s | +33° 57′ 03.8″ | 5,99 | 190 | K0 | ||
| HD 224165 | 23 h 55 m 33.48 s | +47° 21′ 21.0″ | 6,01 | 1614 | G8Ib | ||
| HD 224342 | 23 h 57 m 03.63 s | +42° 39′ 29.7″ | 6,01 | 1442 | F8III | ||
| HD 4335 | 00 h 46 m 10.80 s | +44° 51′ 41.4″ | 6,03 | 452 | B9.5IIIMNp. | ||
| HD 13594 | 02h 14m 02.53s | +47° 29′ 03.8″ | 6,05 | 135 | F5V | ||
| HD 3883 | 00 h 41 m 35.98 s | +24° 37′ 44.6″ | 6,06 | 462 | A7m | possibly variable | |
| HD 166 | 00 h 06 m 36.53 s | +29° 01′ 19.0″ | 6,07 | 45 | K0V | possibly variable | |
| HD 5118 | 00 h 53 m 28.22 s | +37° 25′ 05.9″ | 6,07 | 374 | K3III: | ||
| HD 221293 | 23 h 30 m 39.54 s | +38° 39′ 44.0″ | 6,07 | 621 | G9III | ||
| HD 223229 | 23 h 47 m 33.05 s | +46° 49′ 57.3″ | 6,08 | 1320 | B3IV | possibly variable | |
| HD 225239 | 00h 04m 53.21s | +34° 39′ 34.4″ | 6,09 | 120 | G2V | ||
| 59 Andromeda | 02 h 10 m 52.83 s | +39° 02′ 22.5″ | 6,09 | 263 | B9V | double star | |
| 26 Andromeda | 00 h 18 m 42.15 s | +43° 47′ 28.1″ | 6,1 | 692 | B8V | double star | |
| HD 5526 | 00 h 57 m 39.64 s | +45° 50′ 21.8″ | 6,1 | 439 | K2III | ||
| HD 225218 | 00 h 04 m 36.60 s | +42° 05′ 33.2″ | 6,11 | 1680 | B9III | double star | |
| HD 7647 | 01h 17m 05.05s | +44° 54′ 07.5″ | 6,11 | 590 | K5 | ||
| HD 1185 | 00 h 16 m 21.50 s | +43° 35′ 42.4″ | 6,12 | 303 | A2V | double star | |
| HD 218416 | 23 h 07 m 10.05 s | +52° 48′ 59.6″ | 6,12 | 423 | K0III | ||
| GO Andromeda | 00 h 50 m 18.21 s | +45° 00′ 08.1″ | 6,13 | 296 | A0p… | variable type α² Canes Venatici, ΔV = 0.03m, P = 2.156 d | |
| HD 7158 | 01 h 12 m 34.06 s | +45° 20′ 14.9″ | 6,13 | 698 | M1III | ||
| 66 Andromeda | 02 h 27 m 51.75 s | +50° 34′ 12.7″ | 6,16 | 173 | F4V | spectrally double | |
| HD 14372 | 02 h 20 m 41.50 s | +47° 18′ 39.0″ | 6,17 | 836 | B5V | ||
| HD 743 | 00 h 11 m 59.03 s | +48° 09′ 08.5″ | 6,18 | 550 | K4III | ||
| HD 3411 | 00 h 37 m 07.20 s | +24° 00′ 51.3″ | 6,18 | 334 | K2III | ||
| HD 221776 | 23 h 34 m 46.73 s | +38° 01′ 26.3″ | 6,18 | 678 | K5 | double star | |
| HD 16327 | 02 h 38 m 17.86 s | +37° 43′ 36.6″ | 6,19 | 270 | F6III | triple star | |
| HD 221246 | 23 h 30 m 07.39 s | +49° 07′ 59.3″ | 6,19 | 856 | K5III | member of the star cluster NGC 7686 | |
| OP Andromeda | 01 h 36 m 27.21 s | +48° 43′ 22.2″ | 6,2 | 420 | K1III: | BY Dragon type variable, ΔV = 0.09m | |
| HD 400 | 00 h 08 m 41.02 s | +36° 37′ 38.7″ | 6,21 | 108 | F8IV | ||
| HD 14213 | 02h 19m 10.84s | +46° 28′ 20.2″ | 6,21 | 452 | A4V | ||
| HD 952 | 00h 14m 02.29s | +33° 12′ 21.9″ | 6,22 | 293 | A1V | ||
| HD 895 | 00 h 13 m 23.93 s | +26° 59′ 15.4″ | 6,24 | 403 | G0III | triple star | |
| HD 222451 | 23 h 40 m 40.47 s | +36° 43′ 14.6″ | 6,24 | 144 | F1V | ||
| HD 224906 | 00 h 01 m 43.85 s | +42° 22′ 01.7″ | 6,25 | 1331 | B9IIIp Mn | ||
| HD 11613 | 01 h 54 m 53.75 s | +40° 42′ 07.9″ | 6,25 | 345 | K2 | ||
| HD 220105 | 23 h 20 m 44.11 s | +44° 06′ 58.5″ | 6,25 | 261 | A5Vn | double star | |
| HD 221661 | 23 h 33 m 42.99 s | +45° 03′ 29.1″ | 6,25 | 548 | G8II | ||
| HD 2942 | 00 h 32 m 49.09 s | +28° 16′ 48.8″ | 6,26 | 469 | G8II | triple star | |
| HD 8774 | 01h 27m 06.21s | +34° 22′ 39.3″ | 6,27 | 139 | F7IVsvar | ||
| HD 2507 | 00 h 28 m 56.67 s | +36° 53′ 58.9″ | 6,28 | 464 | G5III | ||
| HD 8375 | 01 h 23 m 37.31 s | +34° 14′ 44.2″ | 6,28 | 192 | G8IV | ||
| HD 11624 | 01 h 54 m 57.63 s | +37° 07′ 42.0″ | 6,28 | 525 | K0 | member of the star cluster NGC 752 | |
| HD 7758 | 01 h 18 m 10.14 s | +47° 25′ 11.0″ | 6,29 | 1531 | K0 | ||
| HD 16350 | 02 h 38 m 27.94 s | +38° 05′ 21.0″ | 6,29 | 734 | B9.5V | ||
| HD 219962 | 23 h 19 m 41.37 s | +48° 22′ 51.1″ | 6,29 | 475 | K1III | ||
| HD 217314 | 22 h 59 m 10.37 s | +52° 39′ 16.0″ | 6,31 | 672 | K2 | ||
| HD 10597 | 01 h 44 m 26.53 s | +46° 08′ 23.2″ | 6,32 | 540 | K5III | ||
| HD 219290 | 23 h 14 m 14.34 s | +50° 37′ 04.5″ | 6,32 | 411 | A0V | ||
| HD 10486 | 01h 43m 16.39s | +45° 19′ 21.5″ | 6,33 | 181 | K2IV | ||
| HD 10874 | 01 h 47 m 48.00 s | +46° 13′ 47.6″ | 6,33 | 190 | F6V | ||
| HD 1075 | 00 h 15 m 06.93 s | +31° 32′ 08.7″ | 6,34 | 1320 | K5 | ||
| HD 8673 | 01h 26m 08.62s | +34° 34′ 47.7″ | 6,34 | 125 | F7V | has an unconfirmed planet or brown dwarf b | |
| HD 1083 | 00 h 15 m 10.55 s | +27° 17′ 00.5″ | 6,35 | 412 | A1Vn | double star | |
| HD 1527 | 00 h 19 m 41.58 s | +40° 43′ 46.2″ | 6,35 | 541 | K1III | ||
| HD 221970 | 23 h 36 m 30.52 s | +32° 54′ 15.1″ | 6,35 | 251 | F6V | ||
| CG Andromeda | 00 h 00 m 43.62 s | +45° 15′ 12.0″ | 6,36 | 678 | B9p SiEu | variable type α² Canes Venatici, Vmax = +6.32m, Vmin = +6.42m, P = 3.73975 d | |
| HD 16004 | 02 h 35 m 27.89 s | +39° 39′ 52.1″ | 6,36 | 580 | B9MNp… | triple star | |
| HD 13818 | 02 h 15 m 57.69 s | +47° 48′ 43.4″ | 6,37 | 462 | G9III-IV | ||
| LN Andromeda | 23 h 02 m 45.15 s | +44° 03′ 31.6″ | 6,37 | 1177 | B2V | double star; short-period β Cephei type variable, Vmax = 6.38m, Vmin = ?m, P = 0.0196 d | |
| V385 Andromeda | 23 h 24 m 08.88 s | +41° 36′ 46.3″ | 6,37 | 1249 | M0 | irregular variable, Vmax = +6.36m, Vmin = +6.47m | |
| GY Andromeda | 01 h 38 m 31.84 s | +45° 23′ 58.9″ | 6,38 | 455 | B9Vp (Cr-Eu) | promethium lines; variable type α² Canes Venatici, Vmax = +6.27m, Vmin = +6.41m | |
| HD 13013 | 02h 08m 33.55s | +44° 27′ 34.4″ | 6,38 | 430 | G8III | ||
| HD 218365 | 23h 07m 04.99s | +35° 38′ 11.3″ | 6,38 | 638 | K0 | ||
| HD 9712 | 01 h 35 m 52.46 s | +41° 04′ 35.1″ | 6,39 | 388 | K1III | ||
| HD 8801 | 01 h 27 m 26.67 s | +41° 06′ 04.0″ | 6,42 | 182 | Am... | δ Shield type variable, Vmax = +6.48m, Vmin = +6.51m | |
| HD 217731 | 23 h 02 m 11.32 s | +44° 34′ 22.4″ | 6,43 | 359 | K0 | ||
| HD 222641 | 23 h 42 m 14.68 s | +44° 59′ 30.3″ | 6,43 | 786 | K5III | possibly variable | |
| HD 7853 | 01 h 18 m 47.02 s | +37° 23′ 10.7″ | 6,44 | 456 | A5m | double star | |
| HD 14221 | 02h 19m 22.77s | +48° 57′ 19.0″ | 6,44 | 210 | F4V | ||
| HD 219668 | 23 h 17 m 16.59 s | +45° 09′ 51.5″ | 6,44 | 241 | K0IV | ||
| HD 6114 | 01 h 03 m 01.47 s | +47° 22′ 34.3″ | 6,46 | 337 | A9V | double star | |
| HD 11884 | 01 h 57 m 59.23 s | +47° 05′ 43.9″ | 6,48 | 1140 | K0 | ||
| ET Andromeda | 23 h 17 m 55.99 s | +45° 29′ 20.2″ | 6,48 | 545 | B9Vp(Si) | variable type α² Canes Venatici, Vmax = +6.48m, Vmin = +6.50m, P = 2.604 days | |
| HD 222399 | 23 h 40 m 02.82 s | +37° 39′ 10.2″ | 6,49 | 291 | F2IV | double star | |
| HD 800 | 00 h 12 m 34.08 s | +44° 42′ 26.1″ | 6,5 | 517 | K0 | ||
| 59 Andromeda B | 02 h 10 m 53.67 s | +39° 02′ 36.0″ | 6,82 | 1698 | A1Vn | component of system 59 Andromeda | |
| R Andromeda | 00 h 24 m 02.00 s | +38° 34′ 38.0″ | 7,39 | mirid, Vmax = +5.8m, Vmin = +14.9m, P = 409.33 d | |||
| Groombridge 34 | 00 h 18 m 22.9 s | +44° 01′ 22.0″ | 8,01 | 11,62 | M6Ve + M1Ve | GX Andromeda; 16th in distance from the Solar System; double; has a satellite, also variable GQ Andromeda Vmax = +12.2m, Vmin = +12.8m, Vmax = +9.45m, Vmin = +9.63m | |
| Z Andromeda | 23 h 33 m 39.95 s | +48° 49′ 05.9″ | 10,53 | 1393 | M2III + B1eq | prototype of Andromeda's type Z variables, Vmax = +8.0m, Vmin = +12.4m | |
| WASP-1 | 00 h 20 m 40 s | +31° 59′ 24″ | 11,79 | 1000 | F7V | has planet b | |
| Ross 248 | 23 h 41 m 54.7 s | +44° 10′ 30″ | 12,29 | 10,32 | M5.5v | HH Andromeda; 8th in terms of distance from the Solar System; variable star | |
| S Andromeda | 00 h 42 m 44 s | +41° 16′ 00″ | 2.5 106 | Ia | SN 1885; Type Ia supernova in the Andromeda Galaxy, Vmax = +5.8m, Vmin = |
Notes:
1. To designate stars, Bayer's signs (ε Leo), as well as Flamsteed's numbering (54 Leo) and Draper's catalog (HD 94402) are used.
2. Remarkable stars include even those that are not visible without the help of optics, but in which planets or other features have been discovered.
1. An asterism is a group of stars that forms a characteristic pattern and has its own name. An asterism can be part of a constellation, for example, the Throne, or combine several constellations, for example, the Spring Triangle.
2.
The Perseus group includes constellations:
Whale, Pegasus, Andromeda, Charioteer, Perseus, Andromeda, Cepheus, Lizard, Triangle.
Rice. 15.
The constellations Cetus (Cetus), Pegasus, Andromeda, Perseus, Andromeda, Cepheus are united by a common mythical plot, and so to speak, “crowded into the group” Auriga, Lizard and Triangle got here thanks to common borders (or because there is nowhere else to put them...).
The Myth of Perseus and Andromeda(summary)
When Perseus, after defeating the Gorgon Medusa, was returning home on his winged horse Pegasus, flying near the seashore, he noticed a girl chained to a rock and a crowd of people in the distance. He landed next to a girl whom he immediately liked, and her name was Andromeda.
After questioning the girl, Perseus learned that she, the princess of this country, was sacrificed to the monster Cetus by the will of the gods in order to stop the disasters caused by this monster. King Cepheus and Queen Andromeda were nearby. Perseus told Andromeda's parents that he was ready to fight the monster, but if he won, he would ask for their daughter's hand. The parents agreed. At that moment, the terrible Cetus appeared from under the water in the distance (which is depicted on the heavenly canvas).
In a difficult battle, thanks to the sword donated by the gods, Perseus defeated the monster, married Andromeda and their children became the ancestors of the Persian people...
3. Navigation stars are stars used in navigation and aviation to determine the location of ships and aircraft in the event of failure of technical means. Currently, the stars listed in the “Nautical Astronomical Yearbook” are classified as navigation stars.
4. Right ascension and declination - the name of coordinates in the second equatorial reference system
Learning to find Perseus, Andromeda and Auriga
Prepared by O. Malakhov
Today we propose to find three constellations: Perseus, Andromeda with the famous Andromeda nebula, Auriga with the bright star Capella, as well as the open star cluster Pleiades, which are part of the constellation Taurus. To find Auriga and the Pleiades, it is recommended to look at the sky around midnight in August, around 11 pm in September, and after 10 pm in October. To begin our walk through the starry sky today, find the North Star, and then the constellation Cassiopeia. On these August evenings, it is visible high above the northeastern part of the sky in the evening.
Extend your arm forward, placing the thumb and index finger of that hand at the maximum possible angle. This angle will be approximately 18°. Now point your index finger at Cassiopeia, and lower your thumb perpendicularly down. There you will see stars belonging to the constellation Perseus. Match the observed stars with a fragment of the star map and remember the location of the constellation Perseus.
After this, pay attention to the long chain of stars stretching from Perseus towards the point of the south. This is the constellation Andromeda. If you draw a mental line from the North Star through Cassiopeia, then this line will also point to the central part of Andromeda. Using a star map, find this constellation. Now pay attention to the central bright star of the constellation. The star has its own name - Mirakh. Above it you can find three dim stars forming a triangle, and together with Alferats - a figure resembling a slingshot. Between the top stars of this “slingshot” on moonless nights outside the city you can see a faint speck of fog. This is the famous Andromeda nebula - a gigantic galaxy visible to the naked eye from Earth. Within the city limits, you can use small binoculars or a telescope to find it.
While searching for Perseus, you may have noticed a bright yellow star to the left and below Perseus. This is Capella - the main star of the constellation Auriga. The constellation Auriga itself is visible under the constellation Perseus, but for a more effective search for it, it is necessary to carry out observations after midnight, although part of the constellation is visible already in the evening (in central Russia, Capella is a non-setting star).
If you follow the chain of stars in the constellation Perseus, as shown on the map, you will notice that the chain first goes vertically down (4 stars) and then turns to the right (3 stars). If you continue the mental straight line from these three stars further to the right, you will find a silvery cloud; upon closer examination, for a person with normal vision, it will break up into 6-7 stars in the form of a miniature “bucket”. This is the Pleiades open star cluster. All that below (very near the horizon) are the stars of the constellation Taurus, but more on that later. Next time the promised Swan and Eagle.
Questions:
1. Have you seen the Andromeda galaxy?
2. How many stars did you see with the naked eye in the Pleiades?
There are thousands of stars in the night sky. Man has always shown interest in the mysterious picture of the Universe, finding in it new incomprehensible and mysterious objects and constellations. Time passed, but the eternal desire for the mystery of the Universe did not weaken, but, on the contrary, only intensified. Today, with the help of spacecraft, man has managed to look into the outskirts of the solar system. Descent modules landed on many planets. Powerful space telescopes have peered beyond the edge of the abyss.
Constellations are a group of stars grouped in a certain way. People noticed this in ancient times and began to give names to the constellations. Many modern names of constellations came to us from Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. They reflect the content of mythical stories about gods, heroes, battles and journeys. These stories largely gave rise to European culture and became the subjects of many great works of art.
Andromeda is a constellation of the northern hemisphere, consisting of three bright stars located in a line. The Alamak star is a triple system consisting of a yellow main star with a magnitude of 2m and two of its satellites - bluish stars. Star Alpherats (another name is Alpharet, in Arabic “Sirrah ap-Faras”, translated as “navel of a horse”). Both stars are navigation stars by which sailors navigate the sea. The third star is Mirakh, located between them.
The main object in the constellation is the Andromeda Nebula - galaxy M31. It can be observed with the naked eye on a moonless night as a small foggy spot. M31 is the closest spiral galaxy to Earth, located at a distance of 2.2 million light years. There are about 170 globular star clusters inside, and outside the nebula are four small star systems called dwarf galaxies.
In Greek myths, Andromeda is the daughter of the Ethiopian king Kepheus (Cepheus) and Queen Cassiopeia. Once Cassiopeia boasted of her beauty to the nymphs, which angered them. They complained to the god of the seas, Poseidon, who decided to punish the proud queen. He sent a flood and a sea monster - Whale - to the kingdom of Kepheus. The whale came out of the water and devoured people and animals. Kepheus asked the priests of the god Zeus for help, but they predicted that it was possible to get rid of Keith if Andromeda was sacrificed to him. The people who suffered from Keith demanded that the king fulfill this prediction, and Andromeda was chained to a rock on the seashore. Flying over Ethiopia, on his winged sandals, Perseus - the son of Zeus and Danae - noticed Andromeda and decided to free her. At this time, a whale emerged from the depths of the sea and headed towards Andromeda. Rising into the air, Perseus struck the monster with his sword. Andromeda became the wife of Perseus and lived happily ever after with him, giving birth to Gorgophon, Persus, Alcaeus, Electryon, Sthenelus, Mestor and Hylaeus. After death, the gods turned Andromeda into a beautiful constellation.
Finding a constellation in the sky
The constellation can be seen at latitudes from -40° to +90°. The best time to observe is in November. Andromeda is clearly visible throughout Russia. In autumn, Andromeda is visible high above the horizon throughout the night. The constellation can be easily found in the sky using Pegasus, since the upper left star of its "square" actually refers to Andromeda. This is the star Alpheraz (Andromeda).
In winter, Andromeda is located on the northern side of the sky. During the night, it goes halfway beyond the horizon, and then rises into the sky again. Finding the constellation is easy. The chain of three stars on the left points to Perseus and Auriga, where the star Capella shines brightly.
In late summer, Andromeda moves east, where it can be easily found by the constellation Cassiopeia, which hovers directly above it with its instantly recognizable "W" asterism. Perseus, who looks like a dissolved compass, is on the left.
