The orthoepic norm is the only possible or preferred option for the correct pronunciation of a word.

In order not to violate this norm, you should simply look into the spelling dictionary more often. But there are also several rules that you can use.

Nouns

• In the nominative plural forms, the stress falls on the ending - and the ending -ы is unstressed.
  

  For example: airports, cakes, elevators, bows, taps, lecturers, scarves.

• In plural genitive forms, the ending -ov is most often unstressed, and the ending -е is stressed.

  For example: accountants, cones, lecturers, cakes, positions, news
  BUT: localities, judges

• In nouns of foreign origin, the stress usually falls on the last syllable.

  For example: AGENT, alphabet, hyphen, dispensary, document, blinds, catalogue, obituary, quarter, parterre, apostrophe, percentage, cement, expert, fetish
  BUT: flyleaf, facsimile

• Often in derived words the stress of the producing words is retained.
  

  For example: religion - confess, agreement, agreement - agree intention - measure, provision - provide, aristocracy - aristocrat, sign - banner

AIRPORTS, fixed stress on 4th syllable
bAnty, fixed stress on 1st syllable
beard, V. p., only in this form units. h. stress on 1st syllable
accountants, R. p. pl. h., fixed stress on the 2nd syllable
religion, from: confess faith
citizenship
hyphen, from German, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
dispensary, the word came from English through the French language, where the stress is always on the last syllable
agreement
document
leisure
jalousie, from French, where the stress is always on the last syllable
significance, from adj. significant
catalog, in the same row with the words: dialogue, monologue, obituary, etc.
quarter, from German, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
self-interest
taps, fixed stress on 1st syllable
lecturers, lecturers, stress on the 1st syllable, as in the word bow(s)
localities, R. p. pl. h., on a par with word forms: honors, jaws... but: news
intention
ILLNESS
NEWS, NEWS, BUT: AREAS
Nail, nail, fixed stress in all forms of units. h.
Adolescence, from Otrok - teenager
briefcase
handrails
beet
ORPHANS, I. p. pl. h., emphasis in all plural forms. h. only on the 2nd syllable
means, I. p. pl. h.
convening
customs
Cakes, cakes
chain
scarves like bows
driver, in the same row with the words: kiosk, controller...
expert, from French, where the stress is always on the last syllable

Adjectives

• The emphasis in short forms of adjectives and passive participles always falls on the stem. But in the feminine singular form it is transferred to the ending.
  

  For example: created - created - created, taken - taken - taken, busy - busy - busy, started - started - started.

true, short adj. and. R.
significant
more beautiful, adjective and adverb in comparative degree
most beautiful, superlative adjective
kitchen
dexterity, short adjective. R.
mosaic
wholesale
perspicacious, short adjective g. r., in the same row with the words: cute, fussy, talkative... but: gluttonous
plum, derived from: plum

Participles

delivered
folded
busy - busy
locked - locked
populated - populated
endowed
profited
poured
started
started
brought down - brought down
encouraged - encouraged - encouraged
aggravated
disabled
repeated
divided
understood
accepted
tamed
lived
removed - removed
bent

Verbs

• Many feminine past tense verbs have an accented ending:
  

  For example: take away - Took away - took away - Took away, understand - understood - understoodA - understood, start - started - started - started; but: put - put - put - put.

• In verbs formed from adjectives, the stress usually falls on the ending:
  

  For example: deep - deepen, light - lighten, cheerful - encourage, encourage

take - tookA
take - taken
take - tookA
take up - took up
join in - join in
burst in - burst in
perceive - perceived
recreate - recreated
hand over - hand over
drive - drove
chase - chased
get - get
get there - got there
wait - waited
get through - get through, get through
wait - waitedA
to live - to live
seal
borrow - borrowed, borrowed, borrowed, borrowed
lock - locked
lock up - locked (with a key, with a lock, etc.)
call - called
call - call, call, call
put - put
lie - lied
pour - lila
pour - poured
lie - lied
endow - endow
overstrained - overstrained
to be called - named
tilt - tilt
pour - poured
pick - narwhala
start - started, started, started
call - call
make it easier - make it easier
wet yourself - wet yourself
hug - hugged
overtake - overtaken
rip off - rip off
encourage
take heart - take heart
aggravate
borrow - lend
Angry
paste over
surround - surround
seal, in the same row with the words: form, normalize, sort...
inquire - inquire
depart - departed
give - gave
uncork - uncorked
revoke - revoked
respond - responded
pour - poured
fruit
repeat - repeat
call - called
Call - call You will call
water - water
put - put
understand - got it
send - sent
arrive - arrived - arrived - arrived
accept - accepted - accepted
tear - tore
drill - drill - drill
remove - removedA
create - created
rip off - tore off
remove - removed
deepen
strengthen - strengthen
scoop
It pinches - it pinches
click

Participles

STARTED
starting
GIVING
raising
ponYav
arrived

Adverbs

during
dobelA
to the top
Don't
to the bottom
to dryness
after dark
more beautiful, adj. and adv. in comparison Art.
TOP
overLong
for a little while

Among the 27 KIM tasks in the Russian language in 2019, there will traditionally be questions on orthoepics, so at the preparation stage it is important to learn all the words included in the orthoepic minimum of the Unified State Exam compiled by FIPI.

Orthoepy is a section of the Russian language that studies the norms and rules of pronunciation of words and stress placement.

Orthoepic norms in oral speech

Compliance with orthoepic norms is an important parameter for assessing oral speech, because incorrect pronunciation of words and incorrect stress hurt the ears of others and characterize the speaker as an illiterate and uneducated person.

Among the millions of words that everyone knows, there is a small group that many people find difficult to remember.

It is worth noting that the norms of orthoepy are not something static. Over time, the pronunciation of some words changes under the influence of a variety of factors. All modern norms are collected in an orthoepic dictionary, but to successfully pass the Unified State Exam in Russian in 2019, 11th grade graduates will need to know the orthoepic minimum well enough, which includes about 300 words.

Structure of KIM 2019

The Unified State Exam in Russian lasts 3.5 hours (210 minutes).

The 2019 Russian language pass will include 27 tasks, 5 of which will be aimed at testing the graduate’s command of the language standards of oral speech. Among these 2019 Unified State Exam tasks there will definitely be questions on the placement of stress in words included in the spelling minimum.

All ticket tasks will be divided into difficulty levels as follows:

Thus, for correctly completing 27 tasks, the examinee will be able to score 58 primary points.

List of words for spelling tasks

Especially for 11th grade students preparing for the Unified State Exam 2019, FIPI has compiled an orthoepic minimum - a mini-dictionary that contains all the stressed vowels in words that are difficult to remember.

We bring to your attention such a dictionary with a convenient division of words alphabetically and indicating the correct stress.

For task No. 4 “Orthoepic norms”

Rules for placing stress in nouns.

1. Words of foreign origin, as a rule, in the Russian language they retain the place of stress that they had in the source language. In English, stress is most often on the first syllable, while in French it is on the last.
Therefore, English borrowings sound like this:
GENESIS, MARKETING, MANAGEMENT, PORTER;
and the French ones are like this:
engraver, dispensary, blinds, rubber, parterre, music stand, chassis.

2. In words denoting measures of length and ending in -meter, stress falls on the last syllable:
kilometer, centimeter, millimeter, decimeter.

3. In complex words with a second part -the wire with the general meaning of “a device for transporting any substance or energy,” the emphasis falls on the root -water- :
Gas line, water line, garbage line, light line.
BUT: electric wire, electric drive.

4. In words ending in -log, the stress falls, as a rule, on the last syllable: dialogue, catalogue, monologue, obituary.

5. B verbal nouns the place of stress is preserved, which is in the original verb from which they are formed:
(faith) confess – religion
provide - provision.

6. In some nouns the stress is fixed and remains on the root in all cases:
AIRPORT – airports
bow – bows – with bows
accountant – accountant
X - with X - X - X
CRANE - taps
Lecturer – lecturers – lecturers
cake – with cake – cakes – cakes
Scarf - scarf - scarves - scarves.

7. In a noun darling the emphasis falls on the root. In all words formed from this word, the emphasis on -BAL- DOES NOT fall:
pampered, pampered, pampered, pampered, spoiled, pampered.

Rules for placing stress in adjectives.
1. Some adjectives have the same stress as the original nouns from which they are formed:
plum – plum
kitchen – kitchen
SORREL - sorrel.

2. The stressed syllable of the full form of some adjectives remains percussive and in short form:
beautiful – beautiful – beautiful – beautiful – beautiful
unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable.

3. In some frequency adjectives with movable stress it falls on the root in its full form - singular and plural; and also in the short form - in the masculine and neuter gender. In the short form of the feminine gender, the emphasis goes to the ending:
right - right - right - right - right
slim - slim - slim - slim - slim.

4. If the emphasis in the short form of the feminine gender falls on the ending, then in the comparative form it will be on the suffix -E- or- HER-:
sick - sicker, strong - stronger, slimmer - slimmer.
If the emphasis in the feminine gender is on the base, then to a comparative degree it remains there:
beautiful - more beautiful, sad - sadder.

Rules for placing stress on verbs.

1. Emphasis in past tense verbs usually falls on the same syllable as the infinitive:
walk - walked, walked
hide - hid, hid.

2. In another group of verbs, the stress in all forms is fixed, and in the feminine gender of the past tense it moves to the ending:
take - took, took, took, took
lie - lied, lied, lied, lied.
took, took, poured in, burst in, perceived, recreated, drove, chased, got, got, waited, waited, occupied, locked, locked, called, called, lilA, lilA, lied, overstrained, called, poured, picked, started, drenched, hugged, overtook, stripped, departed, gave, recalled, responded, poured, called, poured, understood, arrived, tore, removed, created, tore, removed.

3. Verbs put, steal, sneak, send, send, send accent in form feminine past tense DOES NOT fall on the ending, but remains based on:
put, stole, stole, sent, sent, sent.
The exception is verbs with percussion attachment YOU-, which always takes over the accent:
lila - poured out, stole - stole.

4. B verbs ending in -IT, when conjugating, the emphasis falls on the endings: -ISH, -IT, -IM, -ITE, -AT/-YAT:
turn on - turn on, turn on, turn on, turn on, turn on
hand over - hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over over
get through - get through, get through, get through, get through, get through
bleed - bleed, bleed, bleed, bleed, bleed.
Verbs are conjugated using the same pattern:
call, exclude, endow, tilt, mess up, call, ease, encourage, encourage, borrow, surround, repeat, call back, call, drill, strengthen, pinch.

5. In the following verbs ending in –IT, the accent does NOT fall on the ending:
to vulgarize - to vulgarize
inquire - you will inquire.

6. In verbs, formed from adjectives, the emphasis most often falls on -IT:
fast - to speed up, sharp - to aggravate, light - to ease, vigorous - to encourage, deep - to deepen.
BUT: verb Angry, formed from the adjective evil, does not obey this rule.

7. B reflexive verbs The emphasis in the past tense form often shifts to the ending or suffix (in masculine past tense verbs):
begin – began, began, began, began
accepted - accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted.

Rules for placing accents in participles.

1.In active past participles with suffix -VSH- the stress, as a rule, falls on the same vowel that appears in the word before this suffix:
light up Vsh yay, nali Vsh oh, look Vsh yy.

2. In passive past participles formed from verbs bend, bend, bend the emphasis falls on the prefix:
bent, curved, bent.

3. In short passive feminine past participles the accent falls on the ending:
busy, locked, populated, acquired, poured, encouraged, removed, created.

4. If the stress in the full form falls on the suffix -YONN- , then in the short form it is retained only in the masculine gender, and in other forms it changes to the ending:
included – included, included, included, included
delivered - delivered, delivered, delivered, delivered
populated - populated, populated, populated, populated.
Participles change according to the same scheme:
endowed, brought down, encouraged, disabled, repeated, divided, tamed.

5. In full forms of participles with suffix -T- formed from verbs with suffixes -ABOUT- And -WELL- In the infinitive, the stress falls one syllable forward:
polo – polo T y, prick - kOlo T oh, bend - bend T oh, wrap it up - I’ll wrap it up T y.

Rules for placing stress in gerunds.

1. Participles often have stress on the same syllable as in the infinitive of the verb from which they are formed:
set - having set, fill - fill, occupy - having taken, begin - having started, raise - having raised, undertake - undertaken, create - created.

2. In participles with a suffix -VSH-, -VSHI- the stress falls on the vowel that comes before these suffixes in the word:
STARTED V, otA V, raise V, profit V,beginning lice s.

Rules for placing stress in adverbs.

1. To the console BEFORE- The stress falls in the following adverbs:
to the top, to the bottom, to the dryness.
BUT: dobela, dobela.
2. To the console BEHIND- the emphasis falls in the words:
beforehand, after dark, before light.
BUT: to envy is envious.

Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language - a dictionary of Russian words indicating their literary pronunciation and stress. Often spelling dictionaries and stress dictionaries are considered equivalent. However, the correct pronunciation of some words of the Russian language is reflected precisely by the spelling dictionary, as it notes unpronounceable consonants in the root (sun, agency), the pronunciation of [e] instead of [e] (baby, meringue, manager), the use of the letter e instead of ё (scam, a not a scam; engraver, not engraver), endings in words (demonic, not demonic; visa, not visa), the combination -chn- (bakery [sh]) and other norms.

List of ofroepic dictionaries indicating the author, title and year of publication:

• Verbitskaya L.A. and others. Let's speak correctly! Difficulties of modern Russian pronunciation and stress: A brief dictionary-reference book. M., 2003.
• Gorbachevich K. S. Dictionary of difficulties in pronunciation and stress in modern Russian: 1200 words. St. Petersburg, 2000.
• Ivanova T. F., Cherkasova T. A. Russian speech on the air. Comprehensive reference book. M., 2000.
• Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / S. N. Borunova, V. L. Vorontsova, N. A. Eskova; Ed. R.I. Avanesova. M., 1983; 4th ed., erased. M., 1988; 5th ed., rev. and additional M., 1989; 8th ed., rev. and additional M., 2000.
• Kalenchuk M. L., Kasatkina R. F. Dictionary of difficulties of Russian pronunciation: Ok. 15,000 words. M., 1997.
• Borunova S.N. et al. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. OK. 63,500 words / Ed. R.I. Avanesova. M., 1983.
• Vorontsova V. L. Russian literary emphasis of the 18th – 20th centuries. Forms of inflection. M., 1979.
• Russian literary pronunciation and stress / Ed. R. I. Avanesova, S. I. Ozhegova. M., 1955; 2nd ed. M., 1960.
• Avanesov R.I. Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1950; 5th ed. M., 1972
• Ogienko I. I. Russian literary accent. 2nd ed. 1914.

A list of accent dictionaries is provided at

Task formulation:

4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.

accepted

kitchen

dispensary

Answer: drills.

What do students need to know to complete the task correctly?

ORTHOEPHICAL STANDARDS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE.

Distinctive features of Russian accent are its diversity and mobility. The diversity lies in the fact that the stress in Russian can be on any syllable of a word (book, signature - on the first syllable; lantern, underground - on the second; hurricane, spelling - on the third, etc.). In some words, the stress is fixed on a certain syllable and does not move during the formation of grammatical forms, in others it changes place (compare: tonn - tons and stena - stEnu - stENam and stenam).

Stress in adjectives.

In full forms of adjectives, only fixed stress is possible on the stem or on the ending. Low-frequency and literary words are often stressed on the base, while high-frequency, stylistically neutral or reduced words are stressed on the ending.

The degree of mastery of a word is manifested in the variants of the stress place: circle and circle, spare and spare, near-earth and near-earth, minus and minus, clearing and clearing. Such words are not included in the Unified State Examination tasks, since both options are considered correct.!!!

1. Choosing the place of stress most often causes difficulties in short forms of adjectives. The stressed syllable of the full form of a number of common adjectives remains stressed in the short form: beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful; unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable, etc.

2. The emphasis often falls on the stem in the form of masculine, neuter, and more. numbers and endings in the feminine form: right - right - right - right - right; gray - gray - gray - gray - gray; slim - slim - slim - slim - slim.

3. It should also be said about the pronunciation of adjectives in the comparative degree. There is such a norm: if the emphasis in the short form of the feminine gender falls on the ending, then in a comparative degree it will be on the suffix -ee: strongA - stronger, sick - sicker, zhiva - lively, slender - slimmer, right - righter; if the emphasis in the feminine gender is on the basis, then to a comparative degree it is preserved on the basis: beautiful - more beautiful, sad - sadder, opposite - more disgusting. The same applies to the superlative form.

Stress on verbs.

1. The stress in the past tense usually falls on the same syllable as in the infinitive: sit - sat, groan - groan. hide - hid, start - started.

2. The group of common verbs (about 300) obeys a different rule: the emphasis in the feminine form goes to the ending, and in other forms it remains on the stem. These are verbs to take. be, take, twist, lie, drive, give, wait, live, call, lie, pour, drink, tear, etc. It is recommended to say: live - lived - lived - lived - lived; wait - waited - waited - waited - waited; pour - pour - pour - pour - pour - pour. Derivative verbs are also pronounced in the same way (to live, to take, to finish, to spill, etc.).

3. Verbs with the prefix you- have stress on the prefix: survive - survived, pour out - poured out, CALL - called out.

4. For the verbs put, steal, send, send, the emphasis in the feminine form of the past tense remains on the basis: krAl, slAl, sent, stlA.

5. Quite often in reflexive verbs (in comparison with non-reflexive ones), the emphasis in the past tense form shifts to the ending: begin - began, began, started, began; accept - accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted.

6. About the pronunciation of the verb to call in the conjugated form. Recent spelling dictionaries quite rightly continue to recommend the emphasis on the ending: calling, calling, calling, calling, calling.

Stress in some participles and gerunds.

1. The most frequent fluctuations in stress are recorded when pronouncing short passive participles. If the emphasis in the full form is on the suffix -yonn-, then it remains on it only in the masculine form, in other forms it goes to the ending: carried out - carried out, carried out, carried out, carried out; imported - imported, imported, imported, imported.

2. A few notes on the pronunciation of full participles with the suffix -t-. If the suffixes of the indefinite form -o-, -nu- have stress on them, then in participles it will move one syllable forward: polot - hollow, prick - pricked, bend - bent, wrap - wrapped.

3. Participles often have the stress on the same syllable as in the indefinite form of the corresponding verb: investing, asking, filling, occupying, washing down, exhausting (IMPOSSIBLE: exhausted), starting, raising, living, watering, putting, understanding, betraying, having undertaken, arrived, accepted, sold, cursed, shed, permeated, drunk, created.

Stress in adverbs should mainly be studied by memorizing and referring to a spelling dictionary.

I provide a list of words that appear in task No. 4 (you need to learn it).

Nouns

AIRPORTS, stationary stress on 4th syllable

bows, motionless stress on 1st syllable

beard, vin.p., only in this form singular. stress on 1st syllable

accountants, gen.p.pl.h., immovable stress on 2nd syllable

religion, confession of faith

water pipes

gas pipeline

citizenship

Hyphen, from German, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable

cheapness

dispensary, the word comes from English. language through the French language, where the blow. always on the last syllable

agreement

document

blinds, from French language, where is the blow. always on the last syllable

significance, from adj. significant

Iksy, im.p. plural, motionless emphasis

catalogue, in the same row as the words dialogueOg, monologue, obituary, etc.

quarter, from it. language, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable

kilometer, on a par with the words centimeter, decimeter, millimeter...

conus, conus, motionless. stress on the 1st syllable in all cases in singular and plural.

CRANES, stationary stress on 1st syllable

Flint, flint, blow. in all forms on the last syllable, as in the word fire

lecturers, lecturers, see the word bow(s)

localities, gender, plural, on a par with the word form of honors, jaws..., but news

garbage pipeline, in the same row as the words gas pipeline, oil pipeline, water pipeline

intention

obituary, see catalog

hatred

pipeline

NEWS, NEWS, BUT: SEE LOCALITIES

Nail, nail, motionless. stress in all singular forms

provision

Adolescence, from Otrok - teenager

partEr, from French. language, where is the blow. always on the last syllable

briefcase

dowry, noun

call, on a par with the words call, review (ambassador), convocation, but: Review (for publication)

orphans, im.p.pl., emphasis in all forms of plural. only on the 2nd syllable

means, im.p.mn.h.

stolYar, in the same poison with the words malYar, doYar, shkolYar...

convocation, see call

shorthand

dancer

Cakes, cakes

fluorography

Christian

scarves, see bows

driver, in the same row as the words kiosk, controller...

expert, from French a language where the stress is always on the last syllable

Adjectives

true, short adj. w.r.

pear

old

significant

most beautiful, excellent.st.

kitchen

dexterity, short adj. w.r.

salmon

mosaic

insightful, short adj. zh.r., on a par with the words cute, fussy, talkative..., but: gluttonous

plum, derived from plum

Verbs

Pamper, on a par with the words pamper, spoil, spoil..., but: darling of fate

favor

take-takeA

take-under

take-take

take up

turn on, turn on,

turn it on, turn it on

join in - join in

burst-burst

perceive-perceived

recreate-recreated

hand it over

drive-drive

chase-chased

get-got

get-got

wait-wait

get through - get through

They're getting through

dose

wait-waited

live-lived

seal

borrowed, borrowed, borrowed, borrowed, borrowed

locked-locked (with a key, with a lock, etc.)

call-call

Call-call, call, call, call

exclude-exclude

exhaust

put-klaL

sneak-sneak

bleed

lie-lie

pour-lila

flow-flow

Lie-lied

endow-endow

overstrained-strained

to be called-to be called

tilt-tilt

pour-poured

narvat-narwhal

Litter-LitterIt

start-started, started, started

Call-callIt

Make it easier - make it easier

wet yourself

hug-hug

overtake-overtaken

RIP-RIPED

encourage

take heart, take heart

aggravate

borrow-borrow

Angry

surround-surround

seal, in the same row with the words form, normalize, sort...

To be defiled - to be defiled

inquire - inquire

depart-departed

give-gave

Unlock-Unlock

revoke-revoked

respond-responded

Call back-call backIt

overflow-overflow

mold

fruit

Repeat-repeat

call-called

call-call-call-call

water-water

put-put

I understand, I understand

send-sent

arrive-arrived-arrivedA-arrived

accept-accepted-accepted - accepted

force

tear-tear

drill-drill-drill-drill

remove-remove

create-created

rip off

Litter-Litter

remove-remove

speed up

deepen

strengthen-strengthen

moveSecure

It's a pinch-it's a pinch

Participles

spoiled

included-included, see demoted

delivered

folded

busy-busy

locked-locked

populated-populated

Spoiled, see spoiled

feeding

bleeding

profited

acquired-acquired

poured - poured

hired

started

brought down-brought down, see included...

encouraged-encouraged-encouraged

aggravated

definite-determined

disabled

repeated

divided

understood

accepted

tamed

lived

removed-removed

bent

Participles

sealed

starting

Adverbs

Don't

enviably, in the meaning of the predicate

ahead of time, colloquial

after dark

more beautiful, adj. and adv. in comparative art.