Having taken the grand-ducal post, Jagiello had to strengthen his power, because he was not recognized by princes Andrei Polotsky, Zmitser Bryansky and his main rival, Vytautas, who began to introduce German knights into the lands of the Grand Duchy. Only in the summer of 1384 did Jagiello and Vytautas make peace. Vitovt returned from Prussia and received his Gorodenshchyna and Beresteyshchyna. However, Andrei Polotsky, together with his Polochchinna, went under the wing of the Inflicted Order. So the situation in which the Grand Duchy found itself was very difficult.
To strengthen himself, Jagiello sought an alliance with neighboring states. There was an opportunity to choose rapprochement either with Moscow or with Poland. At the end of 1382, Jagiello, through his mother Ulyana, negotiated with Moscow and even reached an agreement with Prince Dmitry Ivanovich. It was envisaged that Jagiello would convert to Christianity and marry the daughter of the Moscow ruler Sophia. But when Moscow demanded that he recognize himself as a vassal (“younger brother”) of Prince Dmitry Ivanovich and baptize “all of Lithuania” into Orthodoxy, Vilna abandoned this prospect.
Being in a very unstable position, Jagiello gave preference to the bloc with Poland, with whose ambassadors negotiations were conducted back in 1383. The union of the Grand Duchy and the Crown then corresponded to the interests of both sides. It allowed the forces of both states to unite against a common enemy - the crusaders. German expansion in Poland reached alarming proportions. For the Poles, it was important to ensure calm on the border with the Grand Duchy, because the Litvinians withdrew 23 thousand prisoners from Poland in just one campaign in 1376. In the future, Polish magnates counted on their dominance in the great neighboring power. They were mainly attracted by the expanses of Volyn and Podolia.
In January 1385, the Vilna delegation held negotiations in Krakow, and in the summer Polish commissioners arrived in the Grand Duchy. The Act of Union was signed on August 14 in Belarus, in the princely tower of the Krevsky Castle. Jagiello received the right to marry the Polish princess Jadwiga and become king of Poland. To do this, he undertook to convert to Catholicism and baptize his brothers, brothers-in-law and other subjects, to release captured Christians (Poles), to pay 200,000 florins for breaking the marriage agreement between Jadwiga and William to the Habsburgs, to return and permanently annex his lands to the Kingdom of Poland.
The union was finally consolidated in 1386, after Jagiello married Jadwiga at the Wawel Cathedral in Krakow and was solemnly crowned on March 4, converting to Catholicism and taking the middle name Wladyslaw. Soon after the baptism ceremony, at the congress of nobility and knighthood in Lublin, Jogaila was proclaimed king. So, he became the Polish monarch not only thanks to a marriage contract, but also by choice, that is, by election. Officially, he began to be titled “King of Poland, Supreme Prince of Lithuania and Grandfather of Russia.”
From the legal side, the act of the Krevo Union meant the entry of the Grand Duchy into Poland. However, in practice it was impossible to subjugate such a powerful state. Due to the political activity of social circles of the Grand Duchy dissatisfied with the union, this plan was not realized. Already in 1386, Prince Andrei of Polotsk rebelled, who believed that if Jagiello converted to Catholicism, then he could not be the head of the Grand Duchy.
As for the act of the Krevo Union itself, there is an assumption that it (in the form in which it has come down to us) was forged in the 15th century in order to justify the Poles’ claims to the Belarusian lands. Because Jadwiga’s astronomical “ransom” and Jogaila’s easy agreement to include the Grand Duchy into Poland look very implausible. Our ambassadors spoke about this back in 1569 at the Lublin Soym.
Baptism of Lithuania
Already in 1387, a bishopric for Lithuania was established in Vilna, and construction of St. Stanislav, as if in the very place where the sacred fire had recently burned. The first parishes also appeared. Jagiello donated land to the church in his own possessions and exempted it from taxes. Thanks to the donations of Queen Jadwiga, Lithuanians were able to study as clergy, first in Prague and then at the Krakow Academy.
The process of converting the country's population to Christianity was carried out gradually. The population of Zhmudi maintained paganism for the longest time, which officially accepted baptism only two years after the Battle of Grunwald - in 1412.
Result of Jagiello's reign
The role of Jagiello in the history of Belarus has not been completely determined. With his marriage to the Polish queen Jadwiga, Jagiello actually annexed not the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to Poland, but Poland to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania with its territory and strength was more for Poland. Culture in Belarus developed. Jagiello, while in Krakow, did not renounce his Belarusian culture, in which he was raised. On the contrary, he brought talented artists to Krakow from Belarus, and they decorated his palaces and various churches in Poland. Jagiello did not renounce his Belarusian language. He spoke Belarusian to death.
Through the baptism of Zhmudi, Jagiello had no intention of carrying out its polonization, but strengthened even greater independence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, removing the cause of frequent conflicts between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Order.
After the death of Jadwiga, Jagiello married first the granddaughter of the Polish king Casimir the Great, later the Polish woman Olzbeta Granovskaya and, finally, the Golshansky princess Sophia, with whom he had two sons Vladislav and Casimir. Sophia was a sincere patriot of our region. She had a great influence on Jagiello, who, thanks to her, became a supporter of the coronation of Vytautas.
Jagiello was the first of the Lithuanian princely dynasty of Gediminovich, who also bore the title of kings of Poland. The Jagiellon dynasty he founded ruled Poland until 1572. Russian historians and writers of the 19th century, as a rule, tend to consider him a man of small intelligence and weak character, who could not play an outstanding role in contemporary life. On the contrary, in Polish historiography he is usually credited with great abilities and a strong influence on the course of historical events.
JAGAILLO (YAGELLO, BAPTISM VLADISLAV)
Jagiello or Jagiello - Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. The son of the Orthodox Princess Julia, he already professed Orthodoxy in his youth, according to some researchers; other historians prove that he remained a pagan until the very moment of his adoption of the Catholic faith. Having become a Grand Duke after the death of his father, Grand Duke Olgerd (1377), he entered into a fight with his uncle Keistut, insidiously lured him on a date and imprisoned him in the Krevo castle, where Keistut, according to some sources, in a fit of despair committed suicide on himself. hands, and according to other sources, he was strangled on the orders of Jagiello. They said that Jagiello ordered Keistut's wife, Biruta, to be drowned. Jagiello's cousin Vitovt, imprisoned with his father Keistut in the Krevo castle, managed to escape to the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, began, in alliance with the German knights, to fight against Jagiello and put him in such a position that he had to refuse, according to the treaty on the river Dubisse, from Zhmudi and pledged to accept the Catholic faith within four years (1384). The danger that threatened Jagiello from the order forced him to seek an alliance with Poland. Having heard about the beauty of the Polish queen Jadwiga (q.v.), he decided to ask for her hand, agreeing to convert his people to Catholicism. On February 12, 1386, he arrived in Krakow, on February 15 he was baptized under the name of Vladislav and on February 18 he was married to Jadwiga. The question of whether he was a Polish king is now questioned: Professor Pekosinsky is trying to prove that Jagiello was only the husband of the Polish queen. Having settled in Poland, he began to govern Lithuania through governors, considering it part of his new state. This attitude of Lithuania towards Poland also resulted from the terms of the treaty that Jagiello concluded with the Poles, which caused great displeasure in Lithuania. Vytautas became the head of the opposition, began a fight against Jagiello and achieved that he was recognized as the Grand Duke of Lithuania, but under the supreme authority of Jagiello, so that the union of Lithuania with Poland was preserved. Jagiello reigned until 1434. His time was rich in events of enormous importance, but what was the influence of Jagiello himself on the events - historians disagree on this. Some consider him a man of small intelligence and weak character, who could not play an outstanding role in contemporary life; others, on the contrary, attribute to him great abilities and a strong influence on the course of historical events. See K. Szajnocha "Jadwiga i Jagiello"; J. Caro "Geschichte Polens" (2nd part, Gotha, 1863); M. Smirnov “Yagello-Yakov-Vladislav and the first union of Lithuania with Poland” (Odessa, 1868, “Notes of the Novorossiysk University”); St. Smolka "Kiejstut i Jagiello" (Krakow, 1888); F. Koneczny. "Jagiello i Witold" ("Przewodnik naukowy", 1892); A. Lewicki "Powstanie Swidrygielly" ("Rozpr. Ak. It.", XXIX) and in general works on the history of Poland and Lithuania at the end of the 14th and beginning of the 15th centuries. V. Novodvorsky.
Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what JAGAILLO (YAGELLO, IN BAPTISM VLADISLAV) is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
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Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Vladislav II Jagiello (1351 - 1434), Grand Duke of Lithuania (1377-1392), King of Poland (1386-1434), ... - JAGAILLO in the Dictionary of Generals:
Jogaila (ca. 1350-1434), led. Lit. book (1377-99), Polish. king (under the name of Vladislav II Jagiello). Founder of the Jagiellonian dynasty. Son of Olgerd. ... - JAGAILLO in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Jagiello) Vladislav (c. 1350-1434) Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1377-92, King of Poland from 1386. Founder of the Jagiellon dynasty. In the Battle of Grunwald... - JAGAILLO
Jogaila (about 1350 - 1.6.1434), Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1377-92 (with a break), King of Poland (Wladyslaw II Jagiello - Wladyslaw ... - VLADISLAV in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(Wladyslaw) in Poland: V. I. Lokietek (between 3.3.1260 and 19.1.1261 - 2.3.1333, Krakow), king from the Piast dynasty, ruled from ... - JAGAILLO
or Jagiello - Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. The son of the Orthodox Princess Juliana, he confessed already in his youth, according to ... - JAGAILLO
JAYLO, Jagiello (JagieLLo) Vladislav (c. 1350-1434), leader. Prince of Lithuania in 1377-92, King of Poland from 1386, founder of the Jagiellonian dynasty. Son of Olgerd. ... - JAGAILLO
or Jagiello? Grand Duke of Lithuania and Polish King. The son of the Orthodox Princess Julia, he confessed already in his youth, according to ... - VLADISLAV in the Directory of Characters and Cult Objects of Greek Mythology:
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King of Naples from the Angevin dynasty, who reigned from 1386 to 1414. Son of Charles III and Margaret of Durazio. F,: 1) from 1392 ... - VLADISLAV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
VLADISLAV II (Vladislav II) Jagiellon (1456-1516), king of the Czech Republic (from 1471), Hungary (from 1490). Son of Casimir IV. Pinned ("Vladislav's Lawyer", ... - VLADISLAV in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language.
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Vladislav, (Vladislavovich, Vladislavovna and Vladislavich, ... - JAGAILLO
(Jagiello) Vladislav (c. 1350-1434), Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1377-92, King of Poland from 1386. Founder of the Jagiellon dynasty. In the Battle of Grunwald... - VLADISLAV in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
Serbian (d. 1239), prince, founder of the monastery in Mileshevo, son of St. Stefan of Serbia. Memory in the Orthodox Church on September 24 (7 ... - VLADISLAV-YAGAILLO (YAGELLO)
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Jagiello was born in the 1350s into the family of the Lithuanian prince Olgerd and the Tver princess Juliana. According to some reports, he was baptized in his youth. Olgerd significantly expanded the borders of his state: the prince annexed the Chernigov and Kyiv lands. In 1377, Olgerd died. For Lithuania, his death was marked by a series of civil strife; He bequeathed his part of the Grand Duchy not to the eldest heir, but to his beloved son from his second wife, Jogaila. In 1381, a bloody civil war began in the principality. Jogaila fought for the throne with his cousin Vytautas; it is known that he entered into a secret agreement with the Teutonic Order. By order of Jagiello, his uncle Keistut, who was pursuing a rapprochement with Moscow, was killed. Keistut's wife Biruta was also killed. After her death, the cult of Biruta developed in Lithuania, and sanctuaries were built in different parts of the principality in memory of the deceased. Vytautas managed to escape to the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.
Jagiello before the Madonna, fresco 1418
It is known that Jagiello planned to marry the daughter of Dmitry Donskoy, but later “reoriented” to an alliance with Poland. In 1385 the Union of Krevo was concluded. The agreement provided for the prince's marriage to the Polish Queen Jadwiga. Jagiello pledged to facilitate the return of lands lost to Poland, annex Russian territories and pay compensation to the Duke of Austria, who had previously been Jadwiga's fiancé. The Krevo Union operated for 184 years.
Jagiello's wife - Jadwiga
Jagiello pledged to accept the Catholic faith and baptize the inhabitants of Lithuania, as well as free the captured Poles. In a short time, about 30 thousand people were baptized. These events led to unrest in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Vitovt stood at the head of the protesters. The Teutonic Order also opposed the accession of Jagiello to the Polish throne; Thus, Master Konrad Zellner argued that a pagan would lead Christians to destruction. In 1389, Prince Vitovt, with the support of the Order, tried to take possession of Vilna. The attempt ended in failure, but the following year Vitovt nevertheless captured the capital of the principality. More than 10 thousand Teutonic knights fought on his side. Vytautas achieved recognition as the Grand Duke of Lithuania under the supreme authority of Jagiello.
Polish knights at war
Contemporaries left scant information about Jogaila's lifestyle and character. It is known, however, that he was a passionate hunter. His favorite place for this activity was the Belovezhskaya Pushcha nature reserve; in accordance with the king's decree, only the ruling elite of Poland could hunt here. Jagiello announced that during the hunt the 100,000-strong Polish army would be provided with provisions. Numerous images in medieval castles tell the story of the king's pastime in Belovezhskaya Pushcha.
After the death of Jadwiga, the ruler became engaged to Anna, the granddaughter of King Casimir the Great of Poland (Jagiello was married 4 times in total). In 1409 he started a war with the Teutonic Order. Three years later he won, having achieved the payment of a significant indemnity. Jagiello ruled until his death in 1434. According to one version, he died as a result of complications from a cold. The Jagiellonian dynasty remained on the Polish throne until 1572.
JAGAILLO(Jogaila, Jagiello) (1351–1434) – Grand Duke of Lithuania (1377–1392), King of Poland (Wladislaus II Jagiello, 1386–1434), founder of the dynasty of Polish kings Jagiellon.
Born in 1351 in Vilnius; father - Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd, mother - Tver Princess Ulyana Alexandrovna. He was baptized into Orthodoxy. He became the Grand Duke of Lithuania according to his father's will in 1377. His uncle Keistut, who dreamed of a grand princely throne for his son Vytautas, did not at first dare to break his word given to Olgerd in the presence of Lithuanian and Russian nobles and boyars and insist on his desires. He put the Grand Duke's hat on Jagiello's head, threw an ermine robe over his shoulders, and gave him a sword - symbols of the Grand Duke's power. Jagiello inherited a powerful state stretching from the Baltic to the Black Seas. It was possible to divide and conquer, but Jagiello had 11 siblings and 6 more cousins (sons of Keistut), which did not promise a quiet life.
In 1380, Jagiello concluded an agreement with the Golden Horde against the Principality of Moscow, became an ally of Mamai in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, but did not participate in the battle itself, stopping approximately one day's journey from the battlefield.
In 1382 he fought for power with Keistut, who had many crusaders among the mercenaries of his army. Jagiello outbought them and captured Keistut along with his wife Biruta and son Vitovt. In Krevsky Castle, Keistut, according to some sources, in a fit of despair laid hands on himself, and according to others, he was strangled on the orders of Jagiello. They said that Jogaila ordered Biruta to be drowned, having previously taken Vilnius and the castle in Troki (now Trakai) from them. Jagiello's cousin Vitovt, imprisoned with his father Keistut in that castle, managed to escape to the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order and begin to fight Jagiello. It ended with the capture by the Teutonic Order of the Principality of Samogitia in Lithuania. In 1383–1384, feeling the instability of power, Jagiello began to seek support from Poland. As a result of the Union of Krevo on August 14, 1385, Jagiello pledged to convert to Catholicism and return to Poland the lands previously seized from it. In 1386, ambassadors from Krakow came to Jagiello, asking to accept the Polish crown (the Krakow residents protested against the transfer of it by the childless Polish king Casimir to the Podolian prince Konstantin Olgerdovich - Jagiello's half-brother, Olgerd's son from his first wife Maria Yaroslavna, Princess of Vitebsk).
After consulting with his mother and lords, realizing that the road to the east to the Moscow lands was prohibited for him, Jagiello rushed to the west. He undoubtedly converted to the Roman faith, was baptized under the name of Vladislav II, and on February 18, 1386 married the Polish queen Jadwiga I, which allowed Poland to unite with Lithuania and form a single state with the Polish system of government. When the Principality of Lithuania was included in the Kingdom of Poland, Jogaila was ordered to “forever annex all his lands, Lithuanian and Russian, to the Polish crown.” The question of whether Jagiello was a Polish king or only the consort of a Polish queen was questioned by Polish scholars back in the 19th century. But the fact of the establishment of the Polish Jagiellon dynasty on the Polish throne for 200 years (from 1386 to 1572) does not require proof.
In 1386, Jagiello, who arrived in Lithuania, began the mass baptism of Lithuanians. The baptized knights received significant privileges from him. On February 20, 1387, he gave the right of city self-government to Vilnius. However, not everyone liked this policy. A significant group of Lithuanian princes opposed to him in 1392 achieved the transfer of power in the Principality of Lithuania to Vytautas, although Jogaila retained the title of “supreme prince” of Lithuania. Thus, the union of Lithuania and Poland was not violated. It continued to serve as a powerful basis of resistance to the advance of the Teutonic Order, which held Lithuanian (Zemaitija) and Polish (Dobrzyn Province) lands.
In 1402, Yagyalo married Anna of Tsiliskaya for a second marriage, lived with her for 15 years while waiting for an heir, but daughters were born. In 1409 he began the Great War with the Teutonic Order, supported by the Holy Roman Empire. In the famous Battle of Grunwald in 1410, the combined forces of Poland and Lithuania, with the participation of Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian and Czech regiments, defeated the main forces of the Teutonic Order, which was followed by the liberation of Samogitia and Dobrzyn land. In all these events, Jagiello proved himself to be a talented organizer and military leader, who also achieved the payment of a significant indemnity by the Teutonic Order in 1411.
In 1413, a new union was concluded in Gorodl (Western Bug), which limited the participation of Orthodox Christians in government. This was opposed by Jagiello’s brother Svidrigailo, who relied on the Ukrainian and Belarusian princes and opposed rapprochement with Poland. But success did not accompany him, but Jagiello. In June 1431, Jagiello, at the head of Polish troops, invaded Volyn (the death of Vytautas in 1430 freed his hands). Jagiello was supported by the Polish nobility, the church, which opposed the union of Poland with the Czech Republic and strived in every possible way to spread Catholicism in Lithuania, as well as further in Western Rus'. Svidrigailo tried to resist his relative, but as a result of his defeat in the Battle of the Holy River, Sigismund (1435–1440) became the Prince of Lithuania. By an act of January 3, 1433, Jagiello confirmed his determination to transfer all Lithuanian lands to Polish rule in the event of Sigismund’s death.
From 1417, wanting to have an heir, Jagiello married more than once (in 1417 he was already 66 years old): first to Elizaveta Granovskaya, but the marriage was short-lived and fruitless, then, for the fourth time, to Sophia, from whom sons were finally born , including the future kings of Poland Wladyslaw III and Casimir VI.
Jagiello died on June 1, 1434 in Gorodok. Historians differ in their assessment of his personal qualities. Some believe that he was a man of small intelligence and weak character, and his role in history is attributed to a coincidence of circumstances. Others, and in particular Lithuanian historians, note his great abilities and personal influence on the course of historical events; but both of them consider him a cruel and treacherous ruler.
Lev Pushkarev, Natalya Pushkareva
- (Jagiello; Lithuanian Jogaila, Polish Jagiello) (c. 1350 May 31/June 1, 1434, Grodek, near Lvov), Lithuanian Grand Duke in 1377 1392, King of Poland from 1386 as Władysław II Jagiello, founder of the Jagiellonian dynasty (see . JAGELLONS). Jagiello, son of the prince... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Or Jagiello, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. The son of the Orthodox Princess Juliana, he already professed Orthodoxy in his youth, according to some researchers; other historians prove that he remained a pagan until the very moment... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
Jagiello- historian Belor. (1348? – 1434) Grand Duke of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, King of Poland, statesman on a European scale and founder of the Belarusian-Polish royal dynasty. Together, Vytautas and Jagiello stopped... Universal additional practical explanatory dictionary by I. Mostitsky
Jogaila (about 1350 1.6.1434), Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1377 92 (with a break), King of Poland (Władysław II Jagiellław Władysław II Jagiełło) from 1386, founder of the Jagiellonian dynasty (See Jagiellonians). Son of Olgerd. In the Great... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Or Jagiello, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. The son of the Orthodox Princess Julia, he already professed Orthodoxy in his youth, according to some researchers; other historians prove that he remained a pagan until the very moment... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Jogaila (ca. 1350 1.VI.1434), led. Prince of Lithuania in 1377 92 (with a break), King of Poland (under the name Wladyslaw II Jagiello Wladyslaw II Jagiello) from 1386, founder of the Jagiellon dynasty. Son of Olgerd, grandson of Gediminas. In 1380 he concluded... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia
JAGAILLO- (or Jogaila; (c. 1350 1434) Grand Duke of Lithuania; meaning popular) You ask, who commands? Omnipotent god of details, Omnipotent god of love, Jagiello and Jadwig. P917 (I,167) ... Proper name in Russian poetry of the 20th century: dictionary of personal names
Jagiello- Jogaila (ca. 1350 1434), led. Lit. book (1377 99), Polish. king (under the name of Vladislav II Jagiello). Founder of the Jagiellonian dynasty. Son of Olgerd. In the Battle of Kulikovo (1380) he was a supporter of Mamai. In the Battle of Grunwald (1410) he leads... ... Dictionary of generals
Jagiello- the name of the human family, the origin of a historical person... Spelling dictionary of Ukrainian language
Jagiello V.- JAGILO, Jagiełło Vladislav (c. 13501434), Grand Duke of Lithuania in 137792, King of Poland from 1386. Founder of the Jagiellonian dynasty. Son of Olgerd, grandson of Gediminas. He was an ally of Mamai. In 1382 he won the internecine struggle for... ... Biographical Dictionary
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- Jagiello - Prince of Lithuania, Gennady Levitsky, 1377. One of the co-rulers of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Olgerd, dies. In his last hour, he transfers the grand ducal title to Vladislav Jogaila. Vladislav’s uncle, Keistut... Category: Second-hand books Series: World History in Novels Publisher: Veche,
- Jagiello - Prince of Lithuania, Gennady Levitsky, 1377. One of the co-rulers of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Olgsrd, dies. In his last hour, he will transfer the grand ducal title to Vladislav Jagiels. Vladislav's uncle - Keistut... Category: Second-hand books Series: Historical Novels Series Publisher: