Life on Earth began over 3.5 billion years ago, immediately after the completion of the formation of the earth's crust. Throughout time, the emergence and development of living organisms influenced the formation of relief and climate. Also, tectonic and climatic changes that occurred over many years influenced the development of life on Earth.

A table of the development of life on Earth can be compiled based on the chronology of events. The entire history of the Earth can be divided into certain stages. The largest of them are eras of life. They are divided into eras, eras into epochs, epochs into centuries.

Eras of life on Earth

The entire period of the existence of life on Earth can be divided into 2 periods: the Precambrian, or cryptozoic (primary period, 3.6 to 0.6 billion years), and the Phanerozoic.

The Cryptozoic includes the Archean (ancient life) and Proterozoic (primary life) eras.

The Phanerozoic includes the Paleozoic (ancient life), Mesozoic (middle life) and Cenozoic (new life) eras.

These 2 periods of life development are usually divided into smaller ones - eras. The boundaries between eras are global evolutionary events, extinctions. In turn, eras are divided into periods, and periods into epochs. The history of the development of life on Earth is directly related to changes in the earth’s crust and the planet’s climate.

Eras of development, countdown

The most significant events are usually identified in special time intervals - eras. Time is counted down in reverse order, from ancient life to modern life. There are 5 eras:

1. Archean.
2. Proterozoic.
3. Paleozoic.
4. Mesozoic.
5. Cenozoic.

Periods of development of life on Earth

The Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras include periods of development. These are smaller periods of time compared to eras.

Palaeozoic:

• Cambrian (Cambrian).
• Ordovician.
• Silurian (Silurian).
• Devonian (Devonian).
• Carboniferous (carbon).
• Perm (Perm).

Mesozoic era:

• Triassic (Triassic).
• Jurassic (Jurassic).
• Cretaceous (chalk).

Cenozoic era:

• Lower Tertiary (Paleogene).
• Upper Tertiary (Neogene).
• Quaternary, or Anthropocene (human development).

The first 2 periods are included in the Tertiary period lasting 59 million years.

Table of the development of life on Earth

Era, period	Duration	Live nature	Inanimate nature, climate
Archean era (ancient life)	3.5 billion years	The appearance of blue-green algae, photosynthesis. Heterotrophs	The predominance of land over the ocean, the minimum amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.
Proterozoic era (early life)	2.7 billion years	The appearance of worms, mollusks, the first chordates, soil formation.	The land is a rocky desert. Accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere.
The Paleozoic era includes 6 periods:
1. Cambrian (Cambrian)	535-490 Ma	Development of living organisms.	Hot climate. The land is deserted.
2. Ordovician	490-443 Ma	The appearance of vertebrates.	Almost all platforms are flooded with water.
3. Silurian (Silurian)	443-418 Ma	Exit of plants to land. Development of corals, trilobites.	with the formation of mountains. The seas dominate the land. The climate is varied.
4. Devonian (Devonian)	418-360 Ma	The appearance of mushrooms and lobe-finned fish.	Formation of intermountain depressions. Prevalence of dry climate.
5. Coal (carbon)	360-295 Ma	The appearance of the first amphibians.	Subsidence of continents with flooding of territories and the emergence of swamps. There is a lot of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
6. Perm (Perm)	295-251 Ma	Extinction of trilobites and most amphibians. The beginning of the development of reptiles and insects.	Volcanic activity. Hot climate.
The Mesozoic era includes 3 periods:
1. Triassic (Triassic)	251-200 million years	Development of gymnosperms. The first mammals and bony fish.	Volcanic activity. Warm and sharply continental climate.
2. Jurassic (Jurassic)	200-145 million years	The emergence of angiosperms. Distribution of reptiles, appearance of the first bird.	Mild and warm climate.
3. Cretaceous (chalk)	145-60 million years	The appearance of birds and higher mammals.	Warm climate followed by cooling.
The Cenozoic era includes 3 periods:
1. Lower Tertiary (Paleogene)	65-23 million years	The rise of angiosperms. Development of insects, appearance of lemurs and primates.	Mild climate with distinct climatic zones.
2. Upper Tertiary (Neogene)	23-1.8 million years	The appearance of ancient people.	Dry climate.
3. Quaternary or Anthropocene (human development)	1.8-0 Ma	The appearance of man.	Cold weather.

Development of living organisms

The table of the development of life on Earth involves division not only into time periods, but also into certain stages of the formation of living organisms, possible climate changes (ice age, global warming).

• Archean era. The most significant changes in the evolution of living organisms are the appearance of blue-green algae - prokaryotes capable of reproduction and photosynthesis, and the emergence of multicellular organisms. The appearance of living protein substances (heterotrophs) capable of absorbing organic substances dissolved in water. Subsequently, the appearance of these living organisms made it possible to divide the world into plant and animal.

• Mesozoic era.

• Triassic. Distribution of plants (gymnosperms). Increase in the number of reptiles. The first mammals, bony fish.
• Jurassic period. The predominance of gymnosperms, the emergence of angiosperms. The appearance of the first bird, the flourishing of cephalopods.
• Cretaceous period. Distribution of angiosperms, decline of other plant species. Development of bony fish, mammals and birds.

• Cenozoic era.
  • Lower Tertiary period (Paleogene). The rise of angiosperms. Development of insects and mammals, appearance of lemurs, later primates.
  • Upper Tertiary period (Neogene). The formation of modern plants. The appearance of human ancestors.
  • Quaternary period (Anthropocene). Formation of modern plants and animals. The appearance of man.

Development of inanimate nature conditions, climate change

The table of the development of life on Earth cannot be presented without data on changes in inanimate nature. The emergence and development of life on Earth, new species of plants and animals, all this is accompanied by changes in inanimate nature and climate.

Climate Change: Archean Era

The history of the development of life on Earth began through the stage of the predominance of land over water resources. The relief was poorly outlined. The atmosphere is dominated by carbon dioxide, the amount of oxygen is minimal. Shallow waters have low salinity.

The Archean era is characterized by volcanic eruptions, lightning, and black clouds. The rocks are rich in graphite.

Climatic changes in the Proterozoic era

The land is a rocky desert; all living organisms live in water. Oxygen accumulates in the atmosphere.

Climate Change: Paleozoic Era

During various periods of the Paleozoic era the following occurred:

• Cambrian period. The land is still deserted. The climate is hot.
• Ordovician period. The most significant changes are the flooding of almost all northern platforms.
• Silurian. Tectonic changes and conditions of inanimate nature are varied. Mountain formation occurs and the seas dominate the land. Areas of different climates, including areas of cooling, have been identified.
• Devonian. The prevailing climate is dry, continental. Formation of intermountain depressions.
• Carboniferous period. Subsidence of continents, wetlands. The climate is warm and humid, with a lot of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
• Permian period. Hot climate, volcanic activity, mountain building, drying out of swamps.

During the Paleozoic era, mountains were formed. Such changes in relief affected the world's oceans - sea basins were reduced, and a significant land area was formed.

The Paleozoic era marked the beginning of almost all major oil and coal deposits.

Climatic changes in the Mesozoic

The climate of different periods of the Mesozoic is characterized by the following features:

• Triassic. Volcanic activity, climate is sharply continental, warm.
• Jurassic period. Mild and warm climate. The seas dominate the land.
• Cretaceous period. Retreat of the seas from the land. The climate is warm, but at the end of the period global warming gives way to cooling.

In the Mesozoic era, previously formed mountain systems are destroyed, the plains go under water (Western Siberia). In the second half of the era, the Cordillera, the mountains of Eastern Siberia, Indochina, and partly Tibet were formed, and the mountains of Mesozoic folding were formed. The prevailing climate is hot and humid, promoting the formation of swamps and peat bogs.

Climate Change - Cenozoic Era

During the Cenozoic era, a general rise of the Earth's surface occurred. The climate has changed. Numerous glaciations of the earth's surfaces advancing from the north changed the appearance of the continents of the Northern Hemisphere. Thanks to such changes, the hilly plains were formed.

• Lower Tertiary period. Mild climate. Division into 3 climatic zones. Formation of continents.
• Upper Tertiary period. Dry climate. The emergence of steppes and savannas.
• Quaternary period. Multiple glaciations of the northern hemisphere. Cooling climate.

All changes during the development of life on Earth can be written down in the form of a table that will reflect the most significant stages in the formation and development of the modern world. Despite the already known research methods, even now scientists continue to study history, making new discoveries that allow modern society to learn how life developed on Earth before the advent of man.

Of course, the train remains one of the main ways to travel around Russia. The duration of the trip is compensated by the relatively low ticket price. The plane wins both in speed and in price over long distances, although it is not always available and only to residents of large cities. But railway stations are much more common and for most people they are the only salvation when they need to get from one point to another.

I wrote about a more convenient way to purchase tickets through the Russian Railways app.

The cheapest train tickets on the Russian Railways website

Registration and train selection

First of all, we register on the website rzd.ru. Registration is standard, without it you will not be able to buy an electronic train ticket. It gives you access to your personal account, which will contain information about all your previous orders. We can come up with any username and password. From this account you can buy tickets not only for yourself, but also for anyone.

After this, go to the train selection panel. From the main page of the site you can access it by clicking here:

The train selection page looks like this (for example, I’ll take the route St. Petersburg – Moscow):

1. Selecting the place of departure and arrival;
2. Date selection. To the right of the date you can select the train departure time interval. This is convenient on popular routes with many flights per day. Now it is possible to immediately buy return tickets. This will save some time, although it will not yet reduce the cost on most routes;
3. Click “Buy ticket”;
4. Current information related to discounts, special rates, promotions, etc. Read in detail at the link. From there we learn, for example, that “travel in luxury class carriages when purchasing a round-trip ticket at the same time” is 15% cheaper or that the upper seats in a compartment will cost less if purchased more than 10 days before departure (or even better - more than 30 days);
5. We turn to the list of trains that appears;
6. Each train has a variety of icons, the essence of which can be found out if you hover over the cursor: ER - the possibility of electronic registration (now on most trains, which is good), DC - dynamic pricing for a given train (we read about it in detail; over time, a list of trains will increase in this program); WiFi – yes, some branded trains already have free wireless Internet, which is good news;
7. Points that will be awarded for a trip when participating in the Russian Railways Bonus bonus program. I'll tell you more about it later;
8. Who hasn't traveled on double-decker trains yet? It's funny, although not very comfortable :)
9. Click on the circle to select the desired train, then click “CONTINUE”.

Selecting a carriage and entering personal data.

Everything is simple on this page. We see possible options for wagons and prices. If a price range is indicated, this means that different seats in this car have different prices. Look at the carriage diagram and find out which seats are free.

After selecting the car, click CONTINUE again.

We get to the page for entering personal data.

1. It is possible to specify the boundaries of the range of places from which a ticket will be selected for you. For example, I indicated from 5 to 32 so as not to end up in the first or last compartment. Everyone knows about the last compartment in the reserved seat; I also stopped liking the first one lately;
2. I recommend checking the “Pay for bed linen” checkbox (if you need it, of course), because otherwise you will still pay for it in the carriage upon boarding;
3. If you are traveling in a group, you can indicate the required location of seats;
4. Entering your personal data. Enter everything exactly according to the document you will be traveling with (in addition to your passport, you can use a foreign passport, military ID, etc.). If there are errors, you may not be allowed to board the train;
5. Enter your member number in the Russian Railways Bonus loyalty program, if you have one;
6. But I recommend unchecking the “Issuing an insurance policy” checkbox. In my opinion, this is a waste of money that makes little sense. But whoever likes it better with insurance, then leave it, of course.

Checking the order and payment

Continue and get to the order verification page:

1. We check information about the train, date;
2. We check our data and find that we were assigned place number 12;
3. We put a tick to confirm that we are familiar with the rules.

Next we move on to payment. If you've ever paid for purchases online, you know how it's done. You will need a personalized Visa or MasterCard. Unfortunately, Russian Railways does not yet provide other ways to pay for an electronic ticket.

Payment confirmation and electronic registration

After successful payment, you receive a confirmation and a ticket form, which can always be found in your Personal Account in the “My Orders” section. The e-ticket looks like this:

1. You will need the electronic ticket number if you decide to print the orange ticket at the terminal (I wrote about this in the section about Self-Service Terminals in);
2. Be sure to pay attention to confirmation that electronic registration has been completed. This means that no additional ticket is required. If electronic registration is possible, it is now completed automatically. But if not, then to board the train you will have to print a ticket at the terminal or at the ticket office;
3. Russian Railways requires you to present this electronic ticket (printed or on a mobile device) along with your passport when boarding the train. In my experience, they almost never actually ask for one, just a passport. But in fact, they have the right not to put you on the train without this printout, so I recommend not to risk it.

That's all about how to buy an electronic ticket on the Russian Railways website. As you can see, the process is simple and straightforward. I will be glad to answer questions on this topic or on other pages in the comments

A geological era is a generally accepted period in geology in the development of the Earth from the formation of the planet to the present day. Modern science estimates the age of the Earth at approximately 4.5 billion years, and in order to characterize the most large-scale changes in the development of the planet, scientists introduced both the very concept of “geological time” of the planet’s life, and its segments - that is, “geological eras”. Eras will be divided into periods, and those, in turn, into eras.

Five Geological Eras

The following gradation of eras is accepted in science:

• Archean (4 billion years ago - 2.5 billion years ago);
• Proterozoic (2.5 billion years ago - about 500 million years ago);
• Paleozoic (approximately 500 million years ago - 250 million years ago);
• Mesozoic (225-250 million years ago - 70 million years ago);
• Cenozoic (70 million years ago - until our time).

The Archean era got its name from the Greek word “Ancient” (archaeus), the Proterozoic era - from the words in the same language “first” (protero) and “life” (zoi).

The names of the periods within the era were given or the areas where rocks formed during that period were discovered, or the names of those tribes that, according to scientists, lived in those places. For example, the periods of the Paleozoic era (from the Greek words “paleo” - “ancient” and “zoi” - “life”) were given names:

• Cambrian period - the Latin name for Wales (Cambrian);
• Ordovician period - the ancient Ordovician tribe in Britain;
• Silurian period - another tribe, the Silurians;
• Devonian period - the county of the same name in England;
• Permian period - from the name of the Russian city of Perm (unlike many others, it was isolated not in England, but in Russia).

Mesozoic Era (from the Greek words for "middle" and "animal")

The names of the periods were given:

• Jurassic period - the Jura Mountains in Europe;
• Cretaceous period - the word “chalk” itself.

Cenozoic era (from Greek "new" and "life")

The eras got their name from the Greek words:

• Paleocene - translated as “the oldest part of the new era”;
• Eocene - translated as "dawn of a new era";
• Oligocene - translated as “not very new”;
• Miocene - translated as “relatively new”;
• Pliocene - translated as “very new”.

Er

(Eure), department in northern France, in the lower reaches of the river. Seine. Area 6 thousand square meters. Population 425 thousand people (1975). The administrative center is the city of Evreux. 35% of the economically active population is employed in industry, and ≈ 19% in agriculture (1968). Wool and pulp industry (Evreux, Louviers), mechanical engineering (Evreux, Breteuil), cotton and paper (Fleury) and food industry, plastics production (Ezy). Crops of wheat, potatoes and fodder crops. Dairy farming.

Wikipedia

Er (department)

Er - department in northern France, part of the administrative region of Normandy. After the administrative reform of 1956, the region was divided into two: Upper Normandy and Lower Normandy, the latter including Eure along with the Seine-Maritime department. As a result of the territorial reform of 2015, the Normandy region was restored into five departments. The department is named after the river Eure, which flows through its territory before its confluence with the Seine. Serial number - 27. Administrative center - Evreux. Population - 595,043 people (43rd place among departments, 2013 data).

Eure (tributary of the Seine)

Er- a river in northern France, a left tributary of the Seine. Length 226 km.

The Eure originates in Lower Normandy near the village of Marchenville (Orne department), then flows through the Eure-et-Loire department, after which it flows into the Seine near the village of Marteaux (Eure department) above Rouen.

Tributaries: One, Drouet, Vegr, as well as Donet, Blaise, Avre and Eton.

Ayr (city)

Er- a city in the southwestern part of Scotland, the administrative center of the South Ayrshire region. Located on the shores of the Firth of Clyde.

Ehr (a village in Germany)

Er- a commune in Germany, in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

Part of the Rhine-Lahn district. Subject to the management of Nastetten. The population is 84 people (as of December 31, 2010). Covers an area of ​​1.22 km². Official code - 07 1 41 035 .

Ayr (Cape)

Cape Air- the northernmost cape of the Isle of Man, located in the northern part of Ramsey Bay, 10 kilometers north of the town of Ramsey. The headland is accessible from the A16 via Bride County.

It is the closest headland of the Isle of Man to the British mainland, being 26 kilometers from the Burrow Head peninsula in Scotland.

The name Ayr comes from the Norwegian word Eyrr, which translates as "gravel jar". Strong water flows close to the shore cause an uneven build-up of pebbles, which literally changes the relief and shape of the shore. Such changes occur twice a day.

The significant difference between high and low waters allows for excellent fishing directly from the shore. But what attracts most visitors is the carpet of gorse and heather that surrounds the lighthouse, which gradually blends into the sand dunes that extend to the southwest, providing protection for rare wildflowers belonging to the Isle of Man National Park.

Er (Bishop of Carcassonne)

Er(, ; died no earlier than 860) - Bishop of Carcassonne (mentioned in 860).

Eure (Hautes-Pyrenees)

Er - commune in France, located in the Midi-Pyrenees region. Department - Hautes-Pyrenees. Included in canton Castelnau-Rivier-Basse. The district of the commune is Tarbes.

The INSEE code of the commune is 65219.

Ayr (river, UK)

Er is the largest river in Yorkshire, England. Its length is 114 kilometers. It originates near the village of Malham, in the Craven region of North Yorkshire. The mouth at the confluence with the River Ouse near the village of Ermin three kilometers north-west of Goole, East Riding of Yorkshire. The river is part of the Air Calder water system. One of the longest rivers in Great Britain.

On the north bank of the River Aire are the ruins of Kirkstall Abbey.

Ayr (Ardennes)

Er - commune in France, located in the Champagne-Ardenne region. Department of the Commune - Ardennes. Included in canton Asfeld. The district of the commune is Rethel.

The INSEE code of the commune is 08004.

The commune is located approximately 150 km northeast of Paris, 65 km north of Chalons-en-Champagne, 55 km southwest of Charleville-Mezières.

Examples of the use of the word er in literature.

According to the ancient Indians, human history consists of four er: Kritayug, Tretayug, Dvaparayug and Kaliyuga.

There lay defeated dragons, destroyed towers, slain monsters of dark, ancient er: pterodactyls buried themselves in the ground like downed planes, terrible crayfish were thrown ashore by the ebb of life.

And the one who violates his nature for the sake of the five taste sensations, even if he is smart like Yu Er, I won’t call it great either.

In the midst of this life, both alien and forgotten, I wander like a man of the past er.

Spain lost to Louis Franche-Comte, Er, Kassel, Ypres, Cambrai, Bouchen and some other cities in Belgium.

Jimeira, the present abode of the best part of the animals of the ancient geological er, already disappears: they move to higher layers.

Reinhardt's Panzer Corps also reached the canal in the area Er, Saint-Omer, Gravelines.

But even the temporal controller himself did not suspect the possibility of a collision between operatives of the second and third er.

ER: Yes, this is a very likely outcome in the medium to long term.